Rome and the Near Eastern Kingdoms and Principalities, 44-31 BC: A Study of Political Relations During Civil War

Description

The study presents a critical analysis of the political relations between Rome and Near Eastern kingdoms and principalities during the age of civil war from the death of Julius Caesar in 44 to Mark Antony's defeat at Actium in 31 BC. By examining each bilateral relationship separately, it argues that those relations were marked by a large degree of continuity with earlier periods. Circumstances connected to the civil war had only a limited impact on the interstate conduct of the period despite the effects that the strife had on Rome's domestic politics and the res publica. The ever-present rival Parthia and its external policies were more influential in steering the relations between Rome and Near Eastern powers. Contents Preface Figures A Note on the Maps, Texts and Abbreviations Introduction 1 The Near East 2 Structure 3 Sources 4 Client Kings Part 1 Prelude Chapter 1 Pompey’s Reorganisation of the Near East, 66–63 BC 1.1 The End of the Great Armenian Empire 1.2 War in the Caucasus and the Relations with the Parthians 1.3 Amisus and the Friendship with Antiochus of Commagene 1.4 Amicitia and Societas 1.5 The War against Darius the Mede and the Dissolution of the Seleucid Kingdom 1.6 Pompey’s Dealings with the Emisenoi and His Reorganisation of the Princedom of Chalcis 1.7 The Reorganisation of Judaea Part 2 Section 144–42 BC Chapter 2 Parthia 2.1 Parthian Support for Cassius 2.2 The Embassy of Labienus and the Battle of Philippi Chapter 3 Ptolemaic Kingdom 3.1 Supporting Dolabella 3.2 Recognition for Ptolemy XV Caesarion Chapter 4 Judaea 4.1 Judaean Support for the Caesarians in Syria 4.2 The Imposition of Financial Contributions 4.3 Herod’s Promotion 4.4 Internal Conflicts and Cassius Chapter 5 Princedom of Chalcis and the Emisenoi 5.1 The Princedom of Chalcis and Caecilius Bassus 5.2 Caecilius Bassus and Emisenian Support Section 242–31 BC Chapter 6 Parthia 6.1 The Parthian Invasion of Syria and Asia Minor 6.2 Antony’s Parthian Campaign Chapter 7 Ptolemaic Kingdom 7.1 Antony and Cleopatra in Cilicia 7.2 The Assassination of Arsinoe and Serapion 7.3 The Territorial Grants of 37/36 7.4 The “Donations of Alexandria” in 34 Chapter 8 Judaea 8.1 The Quest for Antony’s Favour 8.2 Privileges Restored to Judaeans 8.3 Herod and Phasael Made τετράρχαι of Judaea 8.4 The Parthian Invasion and Herod’s Promotion to the Kingship 8.5 Herod’s Return to Judaea, Roman Support and the Intervention at Samosata 8.6 Antony between Cleopatra and Herod 8.7 Actium and Herod in War with Malichus of Nabataea Chapter 9 Princedom of Chalcis 9.1 Antony in the East 9.2 The Parthian Invasion, the Death of Ptolemy and the Ascension of Lysanias 9.3 The Princedom of Chalcis Annexed by Cleopatra Chapter 10 Nabataea 10.1 Ventidius Bassus and Nabataea 10.2 The Grant of Territory to Cleopatra 10.3 Nabataean Support at Actium Chapter 11 Armenia 11.1 Armenia, the Caucasus and Antony’s Parthian Campaign 11.2 The Armenian Campaigns of 34 and the Late 30s BC Chapter 12 Media Atropatene 12.1 The Parthian and Armenian Invasions 12.2 Medes at Actium Chapter 13 Commagene 13.1 The Parthian Invasion 13.2 The Defeat of the Parthians and the Siege of Samosata 13.3 Commagenian Presence at Actium Part 3 Types of Conduct Introduction to Part 3 Chapter 14 Conduct of Near Eastern Rulers towards Rome 14.1 Requests for Intervention in Internal Affairs 14.2 Divided Rome: The Mobilisation of Rome’s Representatives in the East 14.3 Requests for the Enlargement of Territories 14.4 The Conclusion of an Alliance with Rome against a Third Party 14.5 Involvement in a Foreign War 14.6 Involvement in a Civil War Chapter 15 Rome’s Conduct towards Near Eastern Kingdoms and Principalities 15.1 At War with a Near Eastern Kingdom 15.2 The Conclusion of Alliances for the Conduct of a War against a Third Party 15.3 The Arrangement of Dynastic Intermarriage 15.4 Demands for Financial and Military Contributions 15.5 Rome Calling Near Eastern Kings and Princes to Account 15.6 Nomination and Removal of Near Eastern Rulers 15.7 Territorial Rearrangements Epilogue Appendices List of Editions Used Bibliography Index of Ancient Sources Index of Personal Names Index of Geographical Names General Index