Assessing Social Science Research Ethics and Integrity: Case Studies and Essays

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Foreword Preface Acknowledgments About the Book Contents About the Author Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 History of US Research Ethics 1.2 Social Science Association Ethics 1.3 Applied Social Science Association Ethics 1.3.1 AACS 1.3.2 SfAA 1.3.3 AAPC 1.4 Ethical Research and Practice Principles 1.5 The Chapters 1.5.1 History of US Research Ethics and Regulations 1.5.2 IRB Mission and Authority 1.5.3 Controversial Case Studies 1.5.3.1 Public Health Service Tuskegee Syphilis Study 1.5.3.2 The Wichita Jury Study 1.5.3.3 Obedience to Authority 1.5.3.4 Tearoom Trade 1.5.3.5 Stanford Prison Experiment 1.5.3.6 The Yanomami: A Case of Retrospective Ethics 1.6 Concluding Comments References Part I: Essays Chapter 2: A History of Social Science Ethics and Regulations in the United States 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Evolution of Medical Research Ethics 2.2.1 Lesser Harms 2.2.2 The Nuremberg Code 2.2.3 The Declaration of Helsinki 2.3 Developing US Biomedical and Social Science Research Ethics 2.3.1 Concerns About Biomedical and Social Science Research 2.3.2 The USPHS Tuskegee Syphilis Study 2.3.3 The Codification of Research Ethics in the United States (1973-1994) 2.3.4 The National Commission and Belmont Report 2.3.5 The Common Rule (45 CFR 46) 2.3.6 The Canadian Tri-Council Policy Statement 2.4 Revising the Common Rule (45 CFR 46) 1995-2018 2.4.1 The Inspector General´s Report 2.4.2 The NBAC 2.4.3 The National Research Council (NRC) 2003 2.4.4 Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) 2011 2.4.5 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) 2015 2.4.6 The Revised Common Rule (45 CFR 46) 2018 2.5 Conclusion References Chapter 3: IRBs and Police Power: The Intersection of Law and Ethics 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 IRBs 3.2 Folkway, Mores and Laws 3.2.1 Types of Law 3.3 Police Power 3.3.1 Bureaucracies of Virtue 3.3.2 A Collegial IRB 3.4 Limiting IRB Excesses 3.4.1 Public Policy 3.4.2 Accreditation and Certification 3.4.3 Appeal Process 3.4.4 The Revised Common Rule 2018 3.5 Conclusion References Part II: Case Studies Chapter 4: The US Public Health Tuskegee Syphilis Study: A Sociological Perspective 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Syphilis 4.1.2 Syphilis Becomes a Public Health Problem 4.1.3 Race-Related Differences in Disease 4.2 Background and Context of Syphilis Study 4.2.1 Julius Rosenwald´s Legacy for the African American Community 4.2.2 Macon County in the 1930s 4.2.3 Prevalence Surveys 4.2.4 Developing the Study 4.2.5 The Initial Study 4.2.6 The 1936 Report 4.2.7 The Chicago Syphilis Control Program 4.3 The USPHS Tuskegee Longitudinal Study 4.3.1 Penicillin 4.4 The Exposé 4.4.1 Sociology of Whistleblowing 4.4.2 USPHS´s Early Internal Critics 4.4.3 External Critics 4.4.4 The Whistleblower 4.5 After the Exposé 4.5.1 The Ad Hoc Advisory Panel 4.5.2 The Institutionalization of Research Ethics 4.5.3 The Class Action Lawsuit 4.5.4 The Legacy Committee 4.6 Discussion and Conclusions 4.6.1 Ethical Research 4.6.2 Moral Responsibility 4.6.3 Racism and Health References Chapter 5: The Wichita Jury Study: Violating a Sacred Trust 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Chicago Jury Project 5.2.1 The Mock Jury Studies 5.2.2 Access to Actual Jury Deliberations 5.2.3 Taping Jury Deliberations 5.2.4 Presenting Preliminary Findings 5.3 The Scandal 5.4 Subsequent Studies 5.4.1 Entertainment and Jury Consulting 5.5 Discussion and Conclusion 5.5.1 Research Ethics 5.5.2 Research and Jury Integrity 5.5.3 Ownership of Data 5.5.4 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Obedience to Authority: A Whirlwind of Controversy 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Background 6.2.1 Developing Obedience to Authority 6.2.2 The Grant Proposal 6.3 The Controversy 6.3.1 Diana Baumrind 6.3.2 Milgram´s Reply 6.3.3 Gina Perry in the Milgram Archives 6.3.4 Credibility of the Cover Story 6.3.5 Our Moral Compass 6.3.6 Scientific Replications 6.4 Nonlaboratory Replications 6.4.1 The Experiment as Entertainment 6.4.2 Prank Calls 6.5 Discussion and Conclusions 6.5.1 Ethics 6.5.2 Theoretical Explanations 6.5.3 The Holocaust 6.5.4 The Importance of Milgram´s Experiments References Chapter 7: Tearoom Trade: The Ethics of Studying Social Problems 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Study Background and Description 7.2.1 Study Design and Methods 7.2.2 Creating Samples 7.3 The Ethics Controversy 7.3.1 The Moralizers 7.3.2 Humphreys´ Postscript 7.4 Related Participant Observation Studies of the Period 7.4.1 Personal and Professional Ethics 7.4.2 Ethics of Journalism and Social Sciences 7.5 Humphreys´ Impact on Ethics 7.5.1 Interpreting and Implementing Research Ethics 7.6 Discussion and Conclusion References Chapter 8: The Stanford Prison Experiment: The Power of the Situation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Preliminary Experiments 8.2.1 The NYU Deindividualization Experiment 8.2.2 Research on Liberating Behavior Through Hypnosis 8.2.3 The Stanford Student Project 8.3 From Application Through Prisoner Rebellion 8.3.1 Constructing the Mock Prison 8.3.2 Creating a Total Institution 8.3.3 The Prisoners Rebel 8.4 Who´s Who in the SPE 8.4.1 The Prisoners 8.4.1.1 Prisoner 819: Withdrawal 8.4.1.2 Prisoner 8612: Intransigence/Rebellion 8.4.1.3 Prisoner 3401: Colonization 8.4.1.4 Prisoner 2093: Conversion 8.4.2 Prison Guards 8.4.2.1 A Study of Guards at State Correctional Institutions 8.4.2.2 The Stanford Prison Guards 8.4.3 Father McDermott 8.4.4 Carlo Prescott 8.4.5 A Psychology Department Colleague and Wife 8.4.6 Prisoner 1037´s Parents 8.4.7 Christina Maslach 8.5 Discussion and Conclusion 8.5.1 Ethical Issues 8.5.2 Should the Prison Experiment Be Replicated? 8.5.3 Research on Evil Practices 8.5.4 Conclusion References Chapter 9: The Yanomami: A Case of Retrospective Ethics 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 James Neel 9.1.2 The Genetics of Primitive Societies 9.1.3 The Measles Outbreak 9.2 Napoleon Chagnon 9.2.1 Chagnon, Anthropology Outcast 9.2.2 The Gold Rush 9.3 The Acrimonious Debate 9.3.1 Getting to El Dorado 9.3.2 The Controversy over El Dorado 9.3.3 The 2000 AAA Annual Meeting 9.3.4 The Task Force Investigates the Controversy 9.3.5 The Referendum 9.4 Ethical Issues 9.4.1 Yanomami Blood Samples 9.4.2 International Ethics Research Codes 9.4.3 Protecting Indigenous Peoples 9.4.4 Professional Codes of Ethics 9.5 Conclusion References Index