Introducing Empiricism : a Graphic Guide.

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Title Page Copyright Contents What is Empiricism? Knowledge and Belief Inside and Outside Originals and Copies Questions Lead to Uncertainty To Begin at the Beginning Aristotle and Observation Medieval Scholasticism New Ways of Thinking Rationalists and Empiricists Logic and a Deeper Reality? Francis Bacon Empiricist Ants and Rationalist Spiders Scientific Bees and Induction Bacon, Scientism and Thomas Hobbes Hobbes’s Leviathan Hobbes the Empiricist Locke and Empiricist Theory Innate Ideas on Blank Sheets The Empiricist Account Direct Realism Differences of Property and Experience Appearances Are All We Have Responding to Scepticism Representative Realism Mental Images Simple Ideas Mental Jamjars Complex Ideas Problems of Reflection Primary and Secondary Qualities The Philosophy of Corpuscles Secondary Qualities Subjective Objects of Sense Substances Underlying Qualities The Word “Idea” and Concepts Concepts as Images Looking and Thinking Language as Ideational Abstract Ideas Nominal and Real Essences Identity in Time Personal Identity Locke’s Politics The Legacy of Locke’s Empiricism Was He Right? The Prodigy Berkeley’s Aims Ending in Scepticism Berkeley’s Idealism Esse est Percipi A New Theory of Vision Abstract Ideas Shape and Colour Triangles Images of Particulars Language How It All Works Dr Johnson’s Refutation Berkeley’s Monist Argument Imagination and Truth Purely Mental Existence The Argument from God The Existence of the Self Science Depends on God Space and Numbers God and Minds Is Berkeley Irrefutable? Are the Arguments Convincing? Begging the Question God’s Intervention The Counter-argument from Evolution David Hume Hume’s Philosophy of Scepticism Ideas and Impressions Impressions and Truth The Criteria of Force and Vivacity The External World Philosophy and Everyday Life Hume’s Fork Science, Theology and Proof The Problem of Cause and Effect What is Cause? The Appearance of Constant Conjunction What is Necessity? Cause is Psychological and not Logical Hume Explains “Why” Induction and Deduction Rules of Deductive Logic The Uses of Induction Solutions to the Problem The Response of Pragmatism What About Identity? Looking Within Hume on Free Will Religion, Proof and Design Ethics, Moral Language and Fact Meta-Ethics Conclusions on Hume Kant’s Criticism of Hume J.S. Mill’s Empirical Philosophy The Permanent Possibility of Sensation Possible Sensations Why Do We Believe in Objects? Problems with Mill’s Position Mathematics Mill’s Logic Induction Mill’s Treatment of Cause What are Minds? Mill’s Ethics and Politics Higher Pleasures Mill’s Politics Bertrand Russell Relative Perception Sense Data Russell’s Theory of Knowledge Logical Atomism Meaning and Atomic Facts Mathematics and Logic A.J. Ayer and the Vienna Circle Meaning and Logical Positivism Language Bewitchment The Isness of Is Ayer’s Phenomenalism The A Priori Tautologies Is This Correct? Analytic Philosophy What of Religion? And Ethics? Problems with Verificationism Ayer’s Theory of Meaning Meaning as Use The Doctrine Examined Knowledge Claims The Foundations of Empiricism Images as Sense Knowledge The Knowledge Building What Does Science Tell Us? The Person Inside the Head The Argument from Observer Relativity Questions of Reliability A Private World of Representations How Real Are Sense Data? The Adverbial Solution Perceptions as Beliefs Immediacy Looking and Seeing Logical and Psychological Processes What Do We See? The Private Language Argument Public Language Wittgenstein’s Criticism The Outside Within Experience Knowledge in the World The Power of Knowledge Kant on Perception The Kantian Categories Conceptual Frameworks Language and Experience Making Our World Empiricism Denied British and European Philosophy The Unknowable Mind A Future for Empiricism? Further Reading About the Author Acknowledgements Index