Materials Chemistry

Description

This award-winning textbook delivers an earnest and comprehensive treatment of the rapidly evolving field of Materials Chemistry. It addresses inorganic-, organic-, and nano-based materials from a structure vs. property treatment, providing a suitable breadth and depth coverage of the field―in a concise and accessible format. The updated 4th edition features significant updates to glasses and ceramics, solid-state impurities, nanomaterial toxicity, as well as materials used in energy storage, photovoltaic, and electronics applications. Advanced fabrication techniques such as additive manufacturing (3-D printing) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) characterization of suspended nanoparticles are now also included. This new edition also expands the coverage of sustainability and life cycle analysis, of increasing importance for a world plagued with the effects of climate change. Recognized by a 2008 Textbook Excellence Award from the Text and Academic Authors Association (TAA), Fahlman’s Materials Chemistry is ideal for upper-level undergraduate students, as well as first-year graduate students in chemistry, physics, or engineering fields, and may also serve as a valuable reference to industrial researchers. Each chapter concludes with a section that describes important materials applications and an updated list of thought-provoking questions. Preface Contents 1 What is “Materials Chemistry”? 1.1 Historical Perspectives 1.2 “Bottom-Up” Materials Synthesis 1.3 Materials Discovery 1.4 Materials Sustainability Further Reading 2 Solid-State Chemistry 2.1 Structural Order 2.2 Bonding in Solids I: Intermolecular Forces 2.2.1 Ionic Solids 2.2.2 Metallic Solids 2.2.3 Covalent Network Solids 2.2.4 Molecular Solids 2.3 Bonding in Solids II: Band Theory 2.4 The Crystalline State 2.4.1 Crystal Growth Techniques 2.4.2 Crystal Structures 2.4.3 Crystal Symmetry and Space Groups 2.4.4 Archetypical Interstitial Crystal Lattices 2.4.5 Superconductivity of Perovskites: Toward a Room-Temperature Superconductor 2.4.6 Crystal Imperfections 2.4.7 Physical Properties of Crystals 2.5 Ceramics 2.5.1 Sol–Gel Processing 2.5.2 Cementitious Materials 2.5.3 Biomaterials Applications 2.6 Glasses 2.7 Solid-State Case Study I: Solid Electrolytes for Energy Storage Applications 2.8 Solid-State Case Study II: Porous Materials: Zeolites And Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Further Reading 3 Metals 3.1 Mining and Processing of Metals 3.1.1 Powder Metallurgy 3.1.2 Additive Manufacturing (AM) 3.2 Metallic Structures and Properties 3.2.1 Phase Behavior of Iron-Carbon Alloys 3.2.2 Hardening Mechanisms of Steels 3.2.3 Stainless Steels 3.2.4 Nonferrous Metals and Alloys 3.3 Metal Surface Treatments for Corrosion Resistance 3.4 Magnetism 3.5 Metals Case Study: Hydrogen Storage Further Reading 4 Semiconductors 4.1 Properties and Types of Semiconductors 4.2 Silicon-Based Applications 4.2.1 Silicon Wafer Production 4.2.2 Integrated Circuits 4.2.3 Field-Effect Transistors (FETs) 4.2.4 Transistor Scaling: Advantages and Limitations 4.2.5 Integrated Circuit Fabrication 4.2.6 Thin-Film Deposition Methodologies 4.3 Light-Emitting Diodes: There is Life Outside of Silicon! 4.4 Thermoelectric (TE) Materials 4.5 Semiconductors Case Study: Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells Further Reading 5 Polymeric Materials 5.1 Polymer Classifications and Nomenclature 5.2 Polymerization Mechanisms 5.3 “Soft Materials” Applications: Structure Versus Properties 5.3.1 3-D Printing 5.3.2 Biomaterials Applications 5.3.3 Conductive Polymers 5.3.4 “Soft” Lithography 5.4 Polymer Additives Further Readings 6 Nanomaterials 6.1 The Toxicity of Nanomaterials 6.2 What is “Nanotechnology”? 6.3 Nanoscale Building Blocks and Applications 6.3.1 Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials 6.3.2 One-Dimensional Nanostructures 6.3.3 Two-Dimensional Nanostructures 6.4 Important Nanomaterials Applications I: Lithium-Ion Batteries 6.5 Important Nanomaterials Applications II: Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) Further Reading 7 Materials Characterization 7.1 Light Scattering 7.2 X-ray Scattering 7.2.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 7.2.2 Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) 7.3 Optical Microscopy 7.4 Electron Microscopy 7.4.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 7.4.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 7.5 Surface Characterization Techniques Based on Particle Bombardment 7.5.1 Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) 7.5.2 X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) 7.5.3 Ion-Bombardment Techniques 7.5.4 Atom-Probe Tomography (APT) 7.6 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) 7.7 Bulk Characterization Techniques Further Reading Appendix A Timeline of Materials and Technological Discoveries Appendix B “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” Appendix C Materials-Related Laboratory Experiments C.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes C.1.1 Background Information C.1.2 Procedure C.2 Supercritical Fluid Facilitated Growth of Copper and Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles C.2.1 Procedure C.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Liquid Crystals C.3.1 Procedure C.4 Template Synthesis and Magnetic Manipulation of Nickel Nanowires C.4.1 Procedure C.5 Introduction to PhotolithographyIntroduction to Photolithography C.5.1 Procedure C.6 Synthesis of Gold Nanoclusters C.6.1 Procedure C.7 Synthesis of Porous Silicon C.7.1 Procedure C.8 Solid–Liquid–Solid (SLS) Growth of Silicon Nanowires C.8.1 Procedure C.9 Synthesis of Ferrofluids C.10 Metallurgy/Phase Transformations C.11 Synthesis of Quantum Dots Index