Encyclopedia of Cyber Warfare

Description

This definitive reference resource on cyber warfare covers all aspects of this headline topic, providing historical context of cyber warfare and an examination its rapid development into a potent technological weapon of the 21st century. • Provides comprehensive coverage of the major individuals, organizations, impacts, and issues related to cyber warfare that enables readers to better understanding of the impact of cyber warfare on modern conflicts • Includes a detailed chronology that documents the evolution and use of cyber warfare over the past few decades • Supplies further readings and a lengthy bibliography that offer a wealth of options to students conducting extensive research on the subject Cover......Page 1 Title......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 List of Entries......Page 8 Guide to Related Topics......Page 12 List of Documents......Page 16 Preface......Page 18 Introduction......Page 20 Advanced Persistent Threat (APT)......Page 22 Air Gapping......Page 24 Alexander, Keith B.......Page 25 Alperovitch, Dmitri......Page 26 Al Qaeda......Page 27 Anonymous......Page 28 Antivirus Software......Page 30 Apple Inc.......Page 32 Aramco Attack......Page 33 Arpanet......Page 34 Arquilla, John......Page 35 Assange, Julian......Page 36 Attribution......Page 37 Authentication......Page 39 Bitcoin......Page 41 Black Hat......Page 42 Botnet......Page 43 Brenner, Joel F.......Page 45 Bush, George W.......Page 46 Cebrowski, Arthur K.......Page 48 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)......Page 49 Certificates......Page 51 Closed Network......Page 52 Cloud Computing......Page 53 Comprehensive National Cybersecurity Initiative (CNCI)......Page 54 Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT)......Page 56 Conficker Worm......Page 57 Cray, Seymour......Page 58 Cryptography......Page 59 Cyber Attack......Page 61 Cyber Crime......Page 65 Cyber Defence Management Authority (CDMA)......Page 67 Cyber Defense......Page 68 Cyber-Defense Exercise......Page 72 Cyber Deterrence......Page 74 Cyber-Equivalence Doctrine......Page 76 Cyber Escalation......Page 77 Cyber Espionage......Page 78 Cyber Ethics......Page 80 Cyber Sabotage......Page 82 Cyber Security......Page 83 Cyberspace Policy Review (2009)......Page 87 Cyber Terrorism......Page 88 Cyber War......Page 91 Cyber Warriors......Page 96 Cyber Weapon......Page 97 Dark Web......Page 100 Deep Web......Page 101 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)......Page 102 Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA)......Page 104 Department of Defense (DOD)......Page 105 Department of Energy (DOE)......Page 108 Department of Homeland Security (DHS)......Page 109 Department of Justice (DOJ)......Page 111 Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDOS) Attack......Page 112 Domain Name System (DNS)......Page 114 E-Commerce......Page 116 Einstein (Cyber System)......Page 117 Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)......Page 119 Encryption......Page 120 Escalation Dominance......Page 122 Estonian Cyber Attack (2007)......Page 123 Ethernet......Page 126 Evron, Gadi......Page 127 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)......Page 128 Firewall......Page 130 Flame Worm......Page 131 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA)......Page 132 4chan......Page 133 Gates, Bill......Page 135 Gates, Robert M.......Page 136 Georbot......Page 137 Georgian Cyber Attack (2008)......Page 138 Ghostnet......Page 142 Google......Page 144 Hacker......Page 147 Hacktivist......Page 149 Hardware......Page 150 Hayden, Michael V.......Page 151 Honeypot......Page 152 Identity Theft......Page 154 Iloveyou Virus......Page 155 Information Warfare Weapons Treaty......Page 156 Informatization......Page 157 Infrastructure......Page 159 Intel Corporation......Page 161 Intellectual Property......Page 163 Internet......Page 164 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)......Page 168 Internet Governance......Page 169 Internet Protocol (IP) Address......Page 171 Internet Relay Chat (IRC)......Page 172 Interpol......Page 173 Iran Cyber Capabilities......Page 175 Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)......Page 177 Israel Cyber Capabilities......Page 178 JPMorgan Hack......Page 181 Just War......Page 182 Jwics Network......Page 183 Kaspersky, Yevgeniy “Eugene” Valentinovich......Page 185 Laws of Armed Conflict......Page 187 Live Free or Die Hard......Page 189 Logic Bomb......Page 190 Low Orbit Ion Cannon (lOIC)......Page 191 Lulzsec......Page 192 Malware......Page 194 Mandia, Kevin......Page 195 Manning, Bradley......Page 196 Matrix, The......Page 198 Microsoft Corporation......Page 199 Microsoft Windows......Page 202 Minimum Essential Emergency Communications Network (MEECN)......Page 204 Mitnick, Kevin......Page 205 Moonlight Maze......Page 206 Ms Blaster Worm......Page 208 Mydoom Virus......Page 209 National Cyber Security Strategy......Page 211 National Infrastructure Advisory Council (NIAC)......Page 213 National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP)......Page 214 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)......Page 215 National Security Agency (NSA)......Page 216 Nato Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (CCDCOE)......Page 220 Net-Centric Warfare (NCW)......Page 222 Net Neutrality......Page 223 Nimda Worm......Page 225 Niprnet......Page 226 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)......Page 227 North Korea Cyber Capabilities......Page 228 Obama, Barack......Page 231 Office of Personnel Management Data Breach......Page 232 Operation Ababil......Page 234 Operation Aurora......Page 235 Operation Babylon......Page 238 Operation Buckshot Yankee......Page 239 Operation Cartel......Page 240 Operation Cast Lead......Page 241 Operation Night Dragon......Page 242 Operation Orchard......Page 244 Operation Payback......Page 245 Operation Shady Rat......Page 247 Operation Titan Rain......Page 248 Patriotic Hacking......Page 251 People’s Liberation Army Unit 61398......Page 253 People’s Republic of China Cyber Capabilities......Page 255 Phishing......Page 259 Presidential Decision Directive 63 (1998)......Page 260 President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection (PCCIP)......Page 261 Prism Program......Page 263 Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)......Page 265 Putin, Vladimir......Page 266 Quadrennial Defense Review......Page 267 Rand Corporation......Page 269 Red Team......Page 270 Remote Administration Tool (RAT)......Page 271 Riga Summit......Page 272 Rogers, Michael S.......Page 273 Rumsfeld, Donald H.......Page 274 Russia Cyber Capabilities......Page 275 Rustock Botnet......Page 279 Second Army/Army Cyber Command......Page 281 Second Life......Page 282 Server......Page 283 Shamoon Virus......Page 284 Siprnet......Page 285 Snowden, Edward J.......Page 286 Social Engineering......Page 289 Solar Sunrise......Page 291 Solid-State Drive (SSD)......Page 293 Sony Hack......Page 294 Spear Phishing......Page 295 Spoofing......Page 296 Spyware......Page 297 SQL Injection......Page 298 SQL Slammer Worm......Page 299 Stuxnet......Page 300 Sun Microsystems......Page 303 Symantec Corporation......Page 305 Syrian Electronic Army (SEA)......Page 306 Tallinn Manual......Page 308 Target Corporation Hack......Page 309 Tenenbaum, Ehud “UDI”......Page 311 The Onion Router (TOR)......Page 312 Tier 1 Internet Service Provider......Page 313 TJX Corporation Hack......Page 314 Torrent......Page 315 Trojan Horse......Page 316 24th Air Force......Page 317 United States Cyber Capabilities......Page 319 Unrestricted Warfare......Page 323 USA Patriot Act......Page 324 U.S. Coast Guard Cyber Command (CGCYBER)......Page 325 U.S. Cyber Command (USCYBERCOM)......Page 326 U.S. Tenth Fleet......Page 331 Wargames......Page 332 Weapons of Mass Disruption......Page 333 Whitelist......Page 334 Wi-Fi......Page 335 Wikileaks......Page 336 Worm......Page 339 Zero-Day Vulnerability......Page 341 1. Remarks of President Barack Obama on Securing the Nation’s Cyber Infrastructure, Washington, D.C., May 29, 2009......Page 344 2. Excerpts of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton on Internet Freedom, Washington, D.C., January 21, 2010......Page 347 3. Excerpts from the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare, NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2010......Page 350 4. Excerpts of “International Strategy for Cyberspace,” May 2011......Page 352 5. Excerpts of Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta on Cyber Security, October 11, 2012......Page 358 6. Excerpts from U.S. Department of Defense, Defense Science Board, Task Force Report: “Resilient Military Systems and the Advanced Cyber Threat,” January 2013......Page 362 7. Statement of General Keith B. Alexander, Commander, United States Cyber Command, before the Senate Committee on Armed Services, March 12, 2013......Page 365 8. Excerpts from U.S. Department of Defense, The Department of Defense Cyber Strategy, April 2015......Page 368 Chronology......Page 372 Bibliography......Page 380 Contributors......Page 384 Index......Page 388