Herbicides and Plant Physiology

Description

HERBICIDES AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY Discover the latest developments in herbicide and weed biology In the newly revised Third Edition of Herbicides and Plant Physiology, distinguished researcher Professor Dr. Andrew H. Cobb delivers an insightful and comprehensive examination of the interaction between herbicides and plant physiology. The book discusses many of the advances in plant physiology, utilizing data from the Arabidopsis genome, and gene editing techniques that have occurred in the last dozen years. This latest edition includes a variety of new and recent references addressing the latest developments in plant research. In addition to a complete introduction to weed biology, the book discusses the modern plant protection industry and the processes by which herbicides are discovered and developed. Readers will find discussions of new targets for the future development of new herbicides, as well as the mechanisms by which modern herbicides interact with plants and achieve their weed control objectives. The book also offers: Thorough introductions to weed biology, the modern plant protection products industry, and how herbicides are discovered and developedComprehensive explorations of how herbicides gain entry into the plant and move to their sites of action, as well as the basis of herbicide selectivityPractical discussions of how herbicides interact with the major physiological processes in plants and accomplish weed control, including the inhibition of photosynthesis, pigment biosynthesis, and moreReviews recent developments following the use of genetically modified-herbicide resistant crops Perfect for plant biologists and agricultural scientists, this latest edition of Herbicides and Plant Physiology is an indispensable resource for anyone seeking a comprehensive and robust treatment of the latest advances in plant physiology and herbicide action. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Chapter 1 An Introduction to Weed Biology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Distribution 1.3 The importance of weeds 1.4 Problems caused by weeds 1.4.1 Yield losses 1.4.2 Interference with crop management and handling 1.4.3 Reduction in crop quality 1.4.4 Weeds as reservoirs for pests and diseases 1.5 Biology of weeds 1.5.1 Growth strategies 1.5.2 Germination time 1.5.3 Germination depth 1.5.4 Method of pollination 1.5.5 Seed numbers 1.5.6 Seed dispersal 1.5.7 Dormancy and duration of viability 1.5.8 Plasticity of weed growth 1.5.9 Photosynthetic pathways 1.5.10 Vegetative reproduction 1.6 A few examples of problem weeds 1.7 Positive attributes of weeds 1.8 The ever-changing weed spectrum 1.9 Weed control 1.9.1 Traditional methods 1.9.2 Chemical methods 1.9.3 An integrated approach References Chapter 2 Herbicide Discovery and Development 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Markets 2.3 Prospects 2.4 Environmental impact and relative toxicology 2.5 Chemophobia 2.6 The search for novel active ingredients 2.7 The search for novel target sites 2.8 Mode of action studies 2.9 The role of natural chemistry 2.10 Recent developments 2.11 A lower limit for rates of herbicide application? References Chapter 3 Herbicide Uptake and Movement 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The cuticle as a barrier to foliar uptake 3.3 Physicochemical aspects of foliar uptake 3.4 Herbicide formulation 3.5 Uptake by roots from soil 3.6 Herbicide translocation from roots to shoots 3.7 A case study: the formulation of acids 3.8 The formulation of glyphosate 3.9 Further developments References Chapter 4 Herbicide Selectivity and Metabolism 4.1 Introduction 4.2 General principles 4.2.1 Phases of herbicide metabolism 4.3 Herbicide safeners and synergists 4.3.1 Safener modes of action 4.3.2 Synergists References Chapter 5 Herbicides that Inhibit Photosynthesis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Photosystems 5.3 Inhibition at Photosystem II 5.4 Photodamage and repair of Photosystem II 5.5 Structures and uses of Photosystem II inhibitors 5.6 Interference with electron flow at Photosystem I 5.7 RuBisCo activase 5.8 How treated plants die 5.8.1 Active oxygen species 5.9 Chlorophyll fluorescence 5.10 Inhibition of photosynthetic carbon reduction in C4 plants References Chapter 6 Inhibitors of Pigment Biosynthesis 6.1 Introduction: structures and functions of photosynthetic pigments 6.2 Inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis 6.3 Inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis 6.3.1 Inhibition of phytoene desaturase 6.4 Inhibition of plastoquinone biosynthesis 6.5 How treated plants die 6.6 Selectivity and metabolism 6.7 Summary References Chapter 7 Auxin-type Herbicides 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Structures and uses of auxin-type herbicides 7.3 Auxin, a natural plant growth regulator 7.4 Biosynthesis and metabolism of auxins 7.5 Auxin receptors, gene expression and herbicides 7.5.1 Auxin binding protein 7.5.2 Transport inhibitor response 1 protein 7.6 Signal transduction 7.7 Auxin transport 7.8 Resistance to auxin-type herbicides 7.9 An ‘auxin overdose’ 7.10 How treated plants die 7.11 Selectivity and metabolism References Chapter 8 Inhibitors of Lipid Biosynthesis 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Structures and uses of graminicides 8.3 Inhibition of lipid biosynthesis 8.4 Activity of graminicides in mixtures 8.5 How treated plants die 8.6 Plant oxylipins: lipids with key roles in plant defence and development 8.6.1 The jasmonate pathway 8.7 Selectivity References Chapter 9 The Inhibition of Amino Acid Biosynthesis 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Overview of amino acid biosynthesis in plants 9.3 Inhibition of glutamine synthase 9.4 Inhibition of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis 9.4.1 Inhibition of EPSP synthase 9.4.2 How glyphosate-treated plants die 9.4.3 Glyphosate and hormesis 9.4.4 Inhibition of dehydroquinate synthase 9.5 Inhibition of branch-chain amino acid biosynthesis 9.5.1 Inhibition of acetolactate synthase 9.5.2 Inhibition of threonine dehydratase 9.5.3 Inhibition of dihydroxy-acid dehydratase 9.5.4 How treated plants die 9.5.5 Selectivity 9.6 Inhibition of histidine biosynthesis References Chapter 10 The Disruption of Cell Division 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The cell cycle 10.3 Control of the cell cycle 10.3.1 Transition from G2 to M phase 10.3.2 After mitosis 10.3.3 Hormones and cell division 10.4 Microtubule structure and function 10.5 Herbicidal interference with microtubules 10.5.1 Dinitroanilines 10.5.2 N-Phenylcarbamates 10.5.3 Others 10.6 Selectivity References Chapter 11 The Inhibition of Cellulose Biosynthesis 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Cellulose biosynthesis 11.3 Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors 11.4 How treated plants die 11.5 Selectivity References Chapter 12 Plant Kinases, Phosphatases and Stress Signalling 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Plant kinases 12.3 Plant phosphatases 12.4 Cyclin-dependent kinases and plant stress 12.5 Post-translational modification of proteins References Chapter 13 Herbicide Resistance 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Definition of herbicide resistance 13.3 How resistance occurs 13.4 A chronology of herbicide resistance 13.5 Mechanisms of herbicide resistance 13.5.1 Target site resistance 13.5.2 Non-target site resistance 13.5.3 Cross-resistance 13.5.4 Multiple resistance 13.6 Case study – black-grass (A. myosuroides Huds) 13.7 Strategies for the control of herbicide-resistant weeds 13.8 The future development of herbicide resistance References Chapter 14 Herbicide-tolerant Crops 14.1 Introduction 14.2 History of genetically modified, herbicide-tolerant crops 14.3 How genetically modified crops are produced 14.4 Genetically engineered herbicide tolerance to glyphosate 14.5 Genetically modified herbicide tolerance to glufosinate 14.6 Genetically modified herbicide tolerance to bromoxynil 14.7 Genetically modified herbicide tolerance to sulphonylureas 14.8 Genetically modified herbicide tolerance to 2,4-D 14.9 Genetically modified herbicide tolerance to fops and dims 14.10 Genetically modified herbicide tolerance to phytoene desaturase inhibitors 14.11 Herbicide tolerance owing to genetic engineering of enhanced metabolism 14.12 Herbicide tolerance through means other than genetic modification 14.13 Gene editing 14.14 Economic, environmental and human health benefits from the adoption of GM technology 14.14.1 Economic 14.14.2 Environmental 14.14.3 Human health benefits 14.15 Gene stacking 14.16 Will the rise of glyphosate be inevitably followed by a fall? 14.17 Why is there so much opposition to GM technology? 14.18 Future prospects References Chapter 15 Further Targets for Herbicide Development 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Protein turnover 15.2.1 Introduction 15.2.2 Proteases 15.2.3 Programmed cell death 15.2.4 The ubiquitin–proteosome pathway 15.2.5 Small plant peptides 15.3 The promotion of ageing in weeds? 15.4 Herbicide leads at the apicoplast 15.5 Control of seed germination and dormancy 15.6 Natural products as leads for new herbicides References Glossary Index EULA