Thermodinamics of Atmospheres and Oceans

Description

Front Cover Thermodynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans Copyright Page Contents Preface Acknowledgements Publisher's Credits Part I: Basic Concepts Chapter 1. Composition, Structure, and State 1.1 Composition of the Atmosphere 1.2 Composition of the Ocean 1.3 Pressure 1.4 Density 1.5 Temperature 1.6 Kinetic-Molecular Model of the Ideal Gas 1.7 Equation of State for Air 1.8 Equation of State for Seawater 1.9 Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients 1.10 Hydrostatic Equilibrium Notes Problems Chapter 2. First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 2.1 Work 2.2 Heat 2.3 First Law 2.4 Applications of the First Law to Ideal Gases 2.5 Entropy 2.6 Second Law 2.7 Equilibrium and the Combined First and Second Laws 2.8 Calculation of Thermodynamic Relations 2.9 Heat Capacity 2.10 Dry Adiabatic Processes in the Atmosphere 2.11 Adiabatic Processes in the Ocean Notes Problems Chapter 3. Transfer Processes 3.1 Time-dependent Thermodynamics 3.2 Radiant Energy 3.3 Radiative Transfer 3.4 Diffusive Transfer Processes 3.5 Turbulence and Turbulent Transport 3.6 Time-dependent Equations for the Ocean and Atmosphere Notes Problems Chapter 4. Thermodynamics of Water 4.1 Molecular Structure and Properties of Water 4.2 Thermodynamic Degrees of Freedom 4.3 Phase Equilibria 4.4 Atmospheric Humidity Variables 4.5 Colligative Properties of Water Solutions 4.6 Simple Eutectics Notes Problems Chapter 5. Nucleation and Diffusional Growth 5.1 Surface Tension 5.2 Nucleation of the Liquid Phase 5.3 Nucleation of the Ice Phase 5.4 Diffusional Growth of Cloud Drops 5.5 Ice Crystal Morphology and Growth 5.6 Formation of the Initial Sea Ice Cover 5.7 Formation of Sea Ice Transition and Columnar Zones Notes Problems Part II: Applications Chapter 6. Moist Thermodynamic Processes in the Atmosphere 6.1 Combined First and Second Laws 6.2 Isobaric Cooling 6.3 Cooling and Moistening by Evaporation of Water 6.4 Saturation by Adiabatic, Isobaric Mixing 6.5 Saturated Adiabatic Cooling 6.6 The Ice Phase 6.7 Conserved Moist Thermodynamic Variables 6.8 Aerological Diagrams Notes Problems Chapter 7. Static Stability of the Atmosphere and Ocean 7.1 Stability Criteria 7.2 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere 7.3 Processes Producing Changes in Stability Notes Problems Chapter 8. Cloud Characteristics and Processes 8.1 Cloud Classification and Characteristics 8.2 Precipitation Processes 8.3 Radiative Transfer in a Cloudy Atmosphere 8.4 Fogs, Stratus Clouds, and Stratocumulus Clouds 8.5 Cumuliform Clouds 8.6 Parameterization of Cloud Microphysical Processes Notes Problems Chapter 9. Ocean Surface Exchanges of Heat and Freshwater 9.1 Ocean Surface Energy Budget 9.2 Ocean Surface Salinity Budget 9.3 Ocean Surface Buoyancy Flux 9.4 Air Mass and Upper Water Mass Modification Notes Problems Chapter 10. Sea Ice, Snow and Glaciers 10.1 Large-scale Morphology of Sea Ice 10.2 Ice Thickness Distribution 10.3 Evolution of the Salinity Profile in Sea Ice 10.4 Thermal Properties of Sea Ice 10.5 Optical Properties of Sea Ice and Snow 10.6 Surface Energy Balance over Snow and Sea Ice 10.7 Growth and Decay of Sea Ice 10.8 Metamorphosis of Surface Snow 10.9 Glaciers Notes Problems Chapter 11. Thermohaline Processes in the Ocean 11.1 Radiative Transfer in the Ocean 11.2 Skin Temperature and the Diffusive Surface Layer 11.3 Surface Density Changes and the Ocean Mixed Layer 11.4 Instability and Mixing in the Ocean Interior 11.5 Oceanic Convection and Deep Water Formation 11.6 Global Thermohaline Circulations Notes Problems Part III: Special Topics Chapter 12. Global Energy and Entropy Balances 12.1 Planetary Radiation Balance 12.2 Global Heat Engine 12.3 Entropy and Climate 12.4 Global Hydrologic Cycle Notes Problems Chapter 13. Thermodynamic Feedbacks in the Climate System 13.1 Introduction to Feedback and Control Systems 13.2 Radiation Climate Sensitivity and Feedbacks 13.3 Water Vapor Feedback 13.4 Cloud-radiation Feedback 13.5 Snow/Ice-albedo Feedback 13.6 Thermodynamic Control of the Tropical Ocean Warm Pool 13.7 High-latitude Ocean Feedbacks Notes Chapter 14. Planetary Atmospheres 14.1 Atmospheric Composition and Mass 14.2 Vertical Structure of Planetary Atmospheres 14.3 Planetary Energy Balance 14.4 Water on the Terrestrial Planets 14.5 Cloud Physics of the Terrestrial Planets 14.6 Cloud Physics of the Jovian Planets 14.7 Surface Ice Notes Problems Appendices A. Notation B. Physical Constants C. Units and Their SI Equivalents D. Atmospheric Humidity Tables E. Atmospheric Thermodynamic Chart F. Properties of Seawater Answers to Selected Problems References Index International Geophysics Series