Climate Change Science: Causes, Effects and Solutions for Global Warming

Description

Climate Change Science: Causes, Effects and Solutions for Global Warming presents unbiased, state-of-the-art, scientific knowledge on climate change and engineering solutions for mitigation. The book expands on all major prospective solutions for tackling climate change in a complete manner. It comprehensively explains the variety of climate solutions currently available, including the remaining challenges associated with each. Effective, complementary solutions for engineering to combat climate change are discussed and elaborated on. Some of the more high-risk proposals are qualitatively and quantitatively compared and contrasted with low-risk mitigation actions to facilitate the formulation of feasible, environmentally-friendly solutions. The book provides academics, postgraduate students and other readers in the fields of environmental science, climate change, atmospheric sciences and engineering with the information they need for their roles. Through exploring the fundamental information currently available, exergy utilization, large-scale solutions, and current solutions in place, the book is an invaluable look into how climate change can be addressed from an engineering-perspective using scientific models and calculations. Cover Title Copyright Contents Contributors Preface References Acknowledgments 1 - Enhancing crop water productivity under increasing water scarcity in South Africa 1 - Introduction 2 - Understanding water productivity 2.1 - Spatial distribution of water resources in South Africa 2.2 - Considerations in improving water productivity 2.3 - Options to improve water productivity at all levels 2.4 - Available options to improve water productivity at field level 2.5 - Options to improve water productivity at system and basin levels 2.6 - Policies related to water productivity in South Africa 3 - The value of water markets in water scarce regions 4 - Improving water productivity from a WEF nexus perspective 5 - Recommendations 6 - Conclusions References 2 - Can renewable energy sources be a viable instrument for climate change mitigation? Evidence from EU countries via M... Nomenclature 1 - Introduction 2 - Literature review 3 - Research methods 3.1 - CRITIC method 3.2 - TOPSIS method 3.3 COPRAS method 4 - Data and descriptive statistics 5 - Climate change mitigation profile of EU countries 6 - Empirical results 7 - Conclusion and policy implications References 3 - Carbon emission as a result of forest land change in Islamabad, Pakistan 1. Introduction 1.1 - Forestland change 1.2 - Reasons behind foreland change 1.3 - Trend of carbon emission change 1.4 - Problem statement 2 - Aim & research questions 2.1 - Research questions of the study 3 - Materials and methods 3.1 - Study area 3.2 - Tools and techniques 3.2.1 - Calculating carbon emissions 4 - Results and discussion 4.1 LULCC—1992–2000, 2000–08, 2008–17 4.2 - Forestland to other land and carbon emissions—1992–2000, 2000–08, and 2008–17 4.3 - Forestland change for individual study sectors 5 - Conclusion Acknowledgment References 4 - “Integrated coastal management” enhances coastal resilience to climate change—The East Asia experience 1 Introduction 2 - ICM system 3 - ICM adoption in the East Asian Seas region 4 - Climate change impacts on the coastal area 5 ICM strengthens environmental and societal resilience 6 Conclusion References 5 - Underground methanation, a natural way to transform carbon dioxide into methane 1 - Introduction 1.1 - Integration of the renewable energies into the electricity system 2 - Power to gas 2.1 - Power to hydrogen versus power to methane 2.1.1 - Hydrogen storage 2.1.2 - H2 injection into the gas network 2.1.3 - CO2 capture and reuse 3 - Underground methanation 3.1 - Underground hydrogen storage 3.1.1 - Types of underground storage 3.1.2 - Underground gas storage in the world 3.1.3 - Properties of hydrogen in the context of its underground storage 3.1.4 - First projects 3.1.5 - Recent projects 3.1.6 - Hydrogen interactions in the reservoir 3.1.6.1 - Abiotic reactions 3.1.6.2 - Biotic reactions 3.2 - Underground methanation reactor 3.2.1 - Concept 3.2.2 - Superficial infrastructure 3.2.3 - Microbiological characteristics 3.2.4 - Geological characteristics 3.2.5 - Results: Optimum conditions of underground methanization 3.2.6 - Limitations 3.2.7 - Comparison with surface bioreactors 4 - Conclusions Acknowledgment References 6 - Analysis of plant oil-based fuel characteristics for green supply chains 1 - Introduction 2 - Model structure: fuel-related properties of plant oils 3 - Conclusions References 7 - The effects of couple layout on thermoelectric generator performance Nomenclature 1 - Introduction 1.1 - Applications of TEG technology 1.2 - Improvements in TEG performance 1.3 - Objectives and scope 2 - Methodology 2.1 - Electrical characteristics 2.2 - Thermal transfer process 2.3 - Efficiency 2.4 - Governing equations for TEG model 2.5 - Boundary conditions for TEG model 2.6 - Numerical solution 3 - TEG model establishment and validation 3.1 - Establishment and simplification of TEG model 3.2 - Model validation 4 - Effects of layout on the TEG performance 5 - Conclusions Acknowledgment References 8 - Spatio-temporal patterns for human-based architecture to solve metropolitan collapse in Latin America 1 - Introduction 2 - Architecture as an intelligent living organism 2.1 - “Space-Time” rule of growth 2.2 - Intelligence of evolution 2.2.1 - Intelligence of Latin American endemic species 2.2.2 - Human intelligence through cultural evolution in Latin America 2.2.3 - Human intelligence evolution and artificial intelligence emergence 3 - Realizing spatio-temporal architecture 3.1 - Materials and methods 3.1.1 - Self-organization 3.2 - Spatio-temporal mathematical models 3.2.1 - Cellular automata 4 - Developing the spatio-temporal architecture in Latin America (case study) 4.1 - Demographic and anthropogenic study of the Colombian population 4.1.1 - Materiality and systems of bioactive design 4.1.2 - Lateral cities attained by possible adjacent and cellular automata urbanism 4.1.3 - Algorithms applied to the creation of spatio-temporal architecture 5 - Conclusion References 9 - The nexus of climate change and urbanization 1 - Introduction 2 - Part 1: how urbanization impacts climate change 2.1 - Transportation 2.2 - Buildings’ energy demand 3 - Part 2: how climate change impacts urban life 3.1 - Increasing buildings’ energy demand for cooling 3.2 - Exacerbating air pollution 3.3 - Affecting the quality of adjacent waters 3.4 - Affecting city dwellers’ health and productivity 3.5 - Causing acid rains 3.6 - Ripple impacts on the economy 3.7 - Contributing to the wildfires impacting cities 3.8 - Affecting the quality of life and welfare 3.9 - Damaging building structures and deterioration 4 - Part 3: Fundemental climate change mitigation strategies in cities 4.1 - Emission control through transportation management 4.2 - Preservation and restoration of green space and open space in cities 4.3 - Smart growth and compact development 4.4 - Building and neighborhood renovations 4.5 - Maximized collaboration and holistic approaches 4.6 - Worldwide commitment to sustainable development in action 5 - Summary References 10 - Bioshading system design method (BSDM) 1 - Introduction 2 - Related work 3 - Bioshading system design method 4 - Architecture domain—definition process 5 - Nature domain—abstraction process 6 - Artifact domain—emulation process 7 - Discussion 8 - Conclusions References 11 - Green science: smart building technology to mitigate global energy and water crises 1 - Introduction 2 - Material, methods, and simulation 2.1 - Design of PV panel 2.2 - Electrostatic force generation 3 - Results and discussion 4 - Electricity transformation 4.1 - Electrostatic force analysis 4.2 - On-site water treatment 5 - Conclusions Acknowledgments References 12 - How green energy giants increase their revenues? Impacts on global warming 1 - Introduction 2 - Stock market data variation 2.1 - Iberdrola 2.2 - E.ON 2.3 - Alstom 2.4 - ENEL 2.5 - General Electric 2.6 - Scottish and Southern Energy 3 - Influencing factors for share price variation 3.1 - Strategic decisions 3.2 - Financial activities 3.3 - Management 3.4 - Dividend 3.5 - Other factors 4 - Results, evaluation, and discussion 5 - Conclusions References Index Back cover