Proceedings of 17th Symposium on Earthquake Engineering (Vol. 4)

Description

This book presents select proceedings of the 17th Symposium on Earthquake Engineering organized by the Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. The topics covered in the proceedings include engineering seismology and seismotectonics, earthquake hazard assessment, seismic microzonation and urban planning, dynamic properties of soils and ground response, ground improvement techniques for seismic hazards, computational soil dynamics, dynamic soil–structure interaction, codal provisions on earthquake-resistant design, seismic evaluation and retrofitting of structures, earthquake disaster mitigation and management, and many more. This book also discusses relevant issues related to earthquakes, such as human response and socioeconomic matters, post-earthquake rehabilitation, earthquake engineering education, public awareness, participation and enforcement of building safety laws, and earthquake prediction and early warning system. This book is a valuable reference for researchers and professionals working in the area of earthquake engineering. Contents About the Editors Probabilistic Arias Intensity Maps of Uttarakhand State (India) 1 Introduction 2 The Geological and Seismo-tectonic Framework of the Study Area 3 Seismic Source Zone Delineation 4 Development of Earthquake Catalogue 5 Estimation of Recurrence Parameters 5.1 Maximum Magnitude ( mmax ) 6 Ground Motion Prediction Models for Arias Intensity Assessment 7 Logic Tree Structure 8 Seismic Hazard Assessment 9 Results and Discussions 10 Conclusion References Statistical Analysis of Seismicity Parameters and Completeness Period of Earthquake Catalog for Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala 1 Introduction 2 General Analysis of Earthquake Catalog 3 Declustering Process 4 Completeness of Catalog 4.1 Visual Cumulative Method 5 Gutenberg–Richter Recurrence Relationship 6 Maximum Magnitude 7 Conclusions References Effect of Open Stories on Expected Seismic Losses in Hilly Buildings 1 Introduction 2 Numerical Modeling and Ground Motion Selection 2.1 Numerical Modeling of Hilly Buildings 2.2 Ground Motion Selection and Scaling 2.3 Numerical Study 3 Seismic Performance of Hilly Buildings 4 Seismic Loss Estimation 5 Conclusions References Influence of Source Offset on the Resolution of Dispersion Image 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Details of Test Setup 3 Results and Discussions 3.1 Offset Distance Influence 3.2 Selection and Extraction of Dispersion Curve 4 Conclusions References Co-seismic Deformation of Iran, 2021 Earthquake Using DInSAR Technique 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Methodology and Data Set 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Three-dimensional Crustal Velocity Structure of Tehri, Garhwal Himalaya 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Seismic Observation Network and Dataset 4 Methodology 5 Results 5.1 Three Dimensional Velocity Structure 5.2 Checkerboard Test 6 Conclusion References Correlation Between Cone Tip Resistance and Shear Wave Velocity for Quaternary Alluvium 1 Introduction 2 Some Existing CPT-VS Correlations 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Regression Analysis 4.2 Validation of Results 5 Conclusions References Ground Motion Predictive Equations and Its Applicability in North-Eastern Indian Region: A Critical Appraisal 1 Introduction 2 Seismotectonics of the Study Area 3 GMPEs Used in the Study 4 Methodology 5 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusion References Influence of Site-City Interaction on the Response of Buildings on Trapezoidal Basin 1 Introduction 2 Model Parameters 3 S-Wave Response of 3D Trapezoidal Basin 3.1 Seismic Response of Basin 3.2 Spectral Amplification in Basin 4 Site-City Interaction Effects in Basin 4.1 Response of Standalone Building 4.2 SCI Effects in Cluster 1 (9 Buildings) 4.3 SCI Effects in Cluster 2 (25 Buildings) 5 Discussion 6 Conclusions References Assessment of Double Resonance from Microtremor Observations for Jammu Region in India 1 Introduction 2 Single Station Microtremor Testing 3 Field Survey and Structural Integrity of Building Scenario 4 Evaluation of Empirical Relationship Between Vibration Period (Tf) and Building Height (H) 5 Double Resonance Effect (DRE) in Jammu Region (JR) 6 Conclusion References Influence of Epistemic Uncertainty on the Seismic Vulnerability of Indian Code-Compliant RC Frame Building 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Study RC Frame 2.1 Material and Geometry Nonlinearity 2.2 SVA of Selected 4-Storey RC Frame 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Spatial Distribution of the Gutenberg-Richter Parameters and Fractal Dimension and Their Correlations in Northeast India and Its Vicinity 1 Introduction 2 Seismotectonics of Study Region 3 Earthquake Data Used and Seismic Zonation 4 Methods Applied 4.1 Frequency-Magnitude Recurrence Relation 4.2 Fractal Dimension 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 a- and b-values Variation 5.2 Fraction Dimension Variation 5.3 Correlation Between G-R Parameters and Dc Values 6 Conclusions References Seismic Hazard Analysis Considering the Effect of the Shape, Size, and EQ Distribution of Seismic Sources for Different Locations in Sikkim, NE India 1 Introduction 2 Study Area and Its Past Earthquake Scenario 3 Methodology 3.1 Seismic Source Models Used for the Analyses 3.2 Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis of the Locations 3.3 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis of the Locations 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 DSHA Results 4.2 PSHA Results 5 Conclusion References A Comparative Study on Application of Machine Learning Algorithms in Ground Motion Prediction Equations 1 Introduction 2 Dataset 3 Machine Learning Algorithms 3.1 Support Vector Regression (SVR) 3.2 Decision Trees (DT) 3.3 Random Forest (RF) 4 Performance Analysis 4.1 Evaluation Metrics 4.2 Physical Observed Trends 4.3 Weighted Average Ensemble Technique 5 Comparison with Existing Models 6 Summary and Conclusions References Study of an Anomalous Behavior of Atmospheric Parameters—As an Earthquake Precursors for Himalayan Region Earthquakes 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Atmospheric Parameters 3 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion 6 Funding and Acknowledgments References Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment of North East India 1 Introduction 2 Seismicity and Seismotectonics 2.1 Tectonic Provinces 2.2 Earthquake Database and Treatment of Catalog 3 Seismic Source Models 3.1 Areal Sources 3.2 Linear Sources 3.3 Gridded Seismicity Sources 4 Seismicity Parameters and Maximum Magnitude 5 Ground Motion Prediction Equation 6 Logic Tree Structure 7 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis and Results 8 Conclusions References Experimental Investigation of Seismic Response of Hybrid Shear Wall with External Energy Dissipating Reinforcement 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Experimental Model 2.1 Material Properties 2.2 Instrumentation 2.3 Post-tensioning 2.4 Loading 3 Experimental Results and Discussions 3.1 Comparison of Backbone Curves 3.2 Comparison of Stiffness Degradation 3.3 Comparison of Energy Dissipation 4 Summary and Conclusions References 1D Velocity Model for NW India in and Around Delhi 1 Introduction 2 Data 3 Methodology 3.1 Inversion of the Velocity Model 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Anomalous Deviations in Atmospheric Parameters as Pre-earthquake Signals-A Case Study on Sumatra Region Earthquakes (M ≥ 6.0) 1 Introduction 1.1 Study Area 2 Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 01–09–1993: M6.3 Simeulue, Indonesia Earthquake 3.2 02–11–2002: M7.4 Simeulue, Indonesia Earthquake 3.3 26–12–2004: M9.1 Sumatra–Andaman Islands Earthquake 3.4 07–04–2007: M6.1 Simeulue, Indonesia Earthquake 3.5 20–02–2008: M7.4 Simeulue, Indonesia 3.6 09–12–2009: M6.0 Simeulue, Indonesia 3.7 09–05–2010: M7.2 Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 3.8 25–07–2012:M6.4 Simeulue, Indonesia Earthquake 3.9 Discussion 4 Conclusion References Spatial Distribution of Stress Orientation by Inversion of Focal Mechanism Solutions Using MSATSI: A Case Study Across Japan Trench 1 Introduction 2 Stress Inversion 3 Methodology 4 Estimated Stress Patterns and Their Comparison with Tectonic Motions 5 Conclusion References Seismic Landslide Hazard Assessment of Mandi Town, Himachal Pradesh 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Estimation of Critical Acceleration (ky) 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusions References Infill Wall Effect on Seismic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Buildings 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Theoretical Background 2.2 Details of the Building Models 2.3 Modelling of Infill Wall 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Experimental Results 3.2 Results from Numerical Analysis 4 Conclusion References Geotechnical Seismic Base Isolation Using Rubber Sand Mixtures—Review 1 Introduction 2 Historical Background 3 Mechanical and Engineering Properties of Sand-Tire Chip Mixtures 4 Static and Dynamic Properties of Rubber–Sand Mixtures 5 Numerical Studies on Soil-Scrap Tire Mixtures 6 Limitations of Rubber–Sand Mixtures 7 Conclusions References Development of Soil Amplification Factors Using 1D and 2D Ground Response Analysis 1 Introduction 2 Selected Sites and Earthquake Ground Motions 2.1 Sites Selected for the Study 2.2 Ground Motion Selection 3 Methodology 3.1 Ground Response Analysis 3.2 GRA Using DEEPSOIL (Discrete Soil Modelling) 3.3 GRA Using ABAQUS (Continuum Soil Modelling) 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for Assam, North-East India 1 Introduction 2 Geological and Tectonic Setting 2.1 Seismic Source Models 3 Earthquake Catalogue 3.1 Declustering of Catalogue 3.2 Evaluation of Seismicity Parameters 3.3 Maximum Magnitude (Mmax) 4 Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) 5 Computation Model for PSHA 5.1 Results and Discussion 6 Conclusions References Effect of Randomness of Slip and Source Time Function on Pseudo-Dynamically Simulated Ground Motion Characteristics 1 Introduction 2 Methodology Adopted 3 Ground Motion Simulations 3.1 Validation of Pseudo-Dynamic Rupture Implementation 3.2 Effect of Randomization of Slip Pattern 4 Conclusions References Quantification of Ridge-Weathering Effects on the Simulated Ground Motion Characteristics Across 2D and 3D Topography Models 1 Introduction 2 Methodology Adopted 3 Geometry of Models 4 Seismic Response of 2D Cross-Section of 3D Topography 4.1 SH-Wave Response 4.2 SV-Wave Response 5 Effect of 3D Topography 6 Comparison of 2D and 3D Weathering Effect 7 Conclusions References Developing a Comprehensive Historical Tsunami Database for the Indian Ocean 1 Introduction 2 Magnitude Homogenisation 3 Calculation of Tsunami Magnitude (Mt) 4 Tsunami Intensity-Magnitude Relationship 5 Conclusions References Seismically Induced Landslide Hazard Analyses for a Road Corridor in the Lower Himalayas 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Methodology 3.1 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment 3.2 Generation of Landslide Potential Index (LPI) 4 Preparation of Thematic Layers of Landslide Controlling Parameters 5 Seismically Induced Landslide Hazard Zonation: Results and Discussion 5.1 Assignment of Ranks (Ri) to Landslide Thematic Layers 5.2 Assignment of Weights (Wi) to Subclasses of Landslide Thematic Layers 5.3 Generation of the Seismically Induced Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) Map of the Study Area 5.4 Validation of the Seismically Induced Landslide Hazard Map 6 Conclusion References Assessment of Proxy-Based Vs30 Estimation in Roorkee, Uttarakhand 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Methodology 3.1 Geotechnical Method—Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) 3.2 Proxy-Based Vs30 Estimation and Site Classification 4 Results 5 Conclusions References Ground Motion Prediction Equation for NW Himalaya Region 1 Introduction 2 Geology and Tectonics 3 Data 4 Development of Ground Motion Relationships 5 Results and Conclusions References Identification of Strong Motion Generation Area of the 2019 Hualien Earthquake 1 Introduction 2 Geology and Seismotectonics of Hualien Region 3 Data 4 Methodology 5 Analysis of Strong Motion Generation Areas 6 Discussions and Conclusions References Role of SH Wave in the Mapping of Shallow Subsurface 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Data 4 Methodology 5 2D Shear-Wave Velocity Model 6 Comparison of Experimental and Numerical Study 7 Conclusions References A Variational Mode Decomposition Approach for Modal Identification of Structures 1 Introduction 2 Modal Identification Algorithm 2.1 Extracting Modal Responses and Frequencies 2.2 Identification of Modal Damping Ratios 2.3 Identification of Mode Shapes 2.4 Modal Assurance Criteria (MAC) 2.5 Effect of Measurement Noise 3 Numerical Study and Validation 3.1 Identification of 3-DOF Shear-Beam Type Building 3.2 Identification of Multistory Building 4 Conclusions References Geo-Factor Inference Modelling with Empirical Susceptibility Weights Approach for GIS-Based Seismic Hazard Mapping of Thiruvananthapuram City 1 Introduction 2 Study Area and Geo-Factor Data 2.1 Regional Geographical and Geological Settings 2.2 Regional Geomorphological, Geotechnical Aspects and Seismicity 3 Methodology and Data Analysis for GFI Model 3.1 Empirical Susceptibility Weights Approach (ESWA) in GIS Layers 3.2 Testing and Calibration of ESWA Weights with ROC Weighting 3.3 Comparison of ESWA Weights with AHP 4 GIS Data for Spatial Analysis 5 Results and Discussion 5.1 Reliability of ESWA Weights for the GFI Model 5.2 Weighted Overlay Analysis 5.3 Estimation of PGA for Susceptible Hazard Spot of Study Area 5.4 Comparison with Other Studies 6 Conclusions References Octave Tool for Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment 1 Introduction 2 Seismic Hazard Analysis 2.1 Earthquake Catalogue and Treatment 2.2 Gutenberg–Richter (G-R) Recurrence Law 2.3 Identify Earthquake Distances 2.4 Predictive Relationships 2.5 Seismic Hazard Curves and Mean Annual Rate of Occurrences 3 Regional Seismicity and Seismic Hazard Curves 4 Conclusions References Site Amplification Study Using Strong Motion Data Recorded at Various Stations in India from Far-Field Earthquakes 1 Introduction 2 Data Processing and Methodology 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References ROSERS—A Deep Learning Framework for Earthquake Early Warning and Its Interpretation 1 Introduction 2 ROSERS Framework 3 Implementation on NGA-West2 Database 3.1 Computation of Latent Variables Using VAE 3.2 Estimation of Latent Variables Using DNNs 4 Interpretation of Neural Networks of ROSERS 4.1 Interpretation of the VAE Decoder 4.2 Interpretation of the DNN 5 Conclusions References Early Warning System: An Efficient Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Tool 1 Introduction 2 EEWS Set up Around the Globe 3 Scenario Earthquake Warnings, Mock Drills, and Awareness 4 Benefit-Cost Study of Earthquake Mitigation Approaches 5 Losses Due to Earthquakes 6 Maps 7 Tentative Lead Time 8 Conclusion References Application of Regression Techniques for Preparing a Homogeneous Earthquake Catalog—An Overview 1 Introduction 2 Regression Methodologies 2.1 SLR 2.2 GOR 2.3 A Graphical Representation of GOR 2.4 Chi-Squared Regression 3 Homogenization of Earthquake Catalogs in Seismic Literature 4 Conclusions References A Cluster-Based Seismic Risk Assessment: Economic Loss Using GIS for Jaipur Sub-Urban Area 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Methodology 3.1 Study of City Urbanization Process Through Identifying the Homogenous Built-Form Regions Using Satellite Image 3.2 Field Survey 3.3 Creation of GIS-Based Dataset 3.4 Hazard 3.5 Vulnerability Estimation 3.6 Economic Loss Estimation 4 Result and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Modelling of Empirical Accelerograms of 1999 Chamoli Earthquake (Himalaya) Using a Modified Hybrid Approach 1 Introduction 2 Seismotectonics 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Development and Implementation of a Regional Earthquake Early Warning System in Northern India 1 Introduction 2 Regional Eew System in Uttarakhand 3 Sensor Array 4 Warning Dissemination System 5 EEW Warning Dissemination Devices 6 Warning Dissemination App: Uttarakhand Bhookamp Alert 7 Mock Drills and Success Stories 8 Conclusion 9 Future Scope References A Critical Review of Existing Building Regulations and Bye-Laws in Hilly Regions of India 1 Introduction 2 Overview 3 Building Regulations for Residential Buildings 4 Summary and Conclusions References Microseismic Analysis Using Event Count and Potency Displacement for Stability Evaluation of an Underground Cavern 1 Introduction 2 Microseismic Monitoring System at the Underground Powerhouse of Tala Hydropower Plant 3 Four Major Wall Stability Status Using Microseismic Data Processing and Analysis 3.1 Upstream Wall of the Machine Hall 3.2 Downstream Wall of the Machine Hall 3.3 Upstream Wall of Transformer Hall 3.4 Downstream Wall of Transformer Hall 4 Statistical Hazard Assessment of THP Underground Powerhouse Cavern 5 Conclusions References Characteristics of Strong Ground Motions for Delhi National Capital Region (NCR) Using Small to Moderate Size Earthquakes 1 Introduction 2 Geology and Seismotectonic 3 Strong Ground Motion Data and Analysis 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Detection of Liquefaction Phenomenon from the 2015 Nuweiba Earthquake Using Remote Sensing Data 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Dataset and Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Estimation of Site Amplification Factor and Predominant Frequency in and Around Panchkula City, Haryana, India 1 Introduction 2 Geology and Seismotetonics of the Study Area 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Use of GIS for Hypsometric Analysis for Determining Erosion Proneness of Mandakini Watershed, Lesser Himalaya, Uttarakhand, North India 1 Introduction 2 Study Area 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Hypsometric Curve (HC) Estimation 3.2 Hypsometric Integral (Hsi) Estimation 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Hypsometric Curve 4.2 Hypsometric Integral 4.3 Relationship with Past Earthquakes 4.4 Prioritization, Conservation and Management of Watershed 5 Conclusions References Understanding the Structure and Tectonic Configuration of Bengal Basin for Earthquake Magnitude Prediction 1 Introduction 1.1 Data and Methods 2 Geology of Bangladesh 3 Tectonics of Bengal Basin 4 Crustal Configuration and Sediment Thickness 5 The Geometry of Tectonic Motion Vector in and Around Bengal Basin 6 Exploring the State of Moho and Deep Crustal Configuration of the Bengal Basin 7 Seismic Zonation Maps 8 Discussion References Exploring an Alternate Perspective of the Importance Factor for Seismic Design of Structures 1 Introduction 2 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment 2.1 Hazard Computation with GMPE Rule and Logic Tree 3 Results and Discussion 4 Summary and Conclusion References Simplified Damping Modification Factor for Vertical Response Spectra 1 Introduction 2 Seismic Events and Ground Motions Considered 3 Median Vertical Spectrum for Scenario-Based Assessment 3.1 Damping Modification Factor Using a Set of Recorded Events 4 Dependence of Damping Modification Factor on Seismological Parameters 5 Simplified Damping Modification Factor for V/H 6 Assessment of Proposed Damping Modification Factor 7 Demonstration of Utility of Damping Modification Factor 7.1 Site-Specific Spectrum 7.2 Code Specific Spectrum 8 Summary and Conclusion References December 01, 2020, Haridwar, Earthquake: Fault Plane Solution and Tectonic Implications 1 Introduction 2 Geology and Tectonic of the Area 3 Methodology and Qualitative Analysis 3.1 Moment Tensor Inversion 4 Data Set and Analysis 5 Results 6 Discussion References Local Seismicity Around Tehri Dam, Garhwal Himalaya 1 Introduction 2 Seismological Network 3 Data Set 4 Data Analysis 4.1 Spatial Variation of Local Seismicity 4.2 Depth Distribution and Depth Sections of Seismicity 4.3 Focal Mechanism 5 Seismic Hazard Parameter—b-Value 6 Reservoir-Induced Seismicity (RIS) 7 Conclusions References