Design and Development of Model Predictive Primary Control of Micro Grids: Simulation Examples in MATLAB

Description

This book provides a design and development perspective MPC for micro-grid control, emphasizing step-by-step conversion of a nonlinear MPC to linear MPC preserving critical aspects of nonlinear MPC. The book discusses centralized and decentralized MPC control algorithms for a generic modern-day micro-grid consisting of vital essential constituents. It starts with the nonlinear MPC formulation for micro-grids. It also moves towards the linear time-invariant and linear time-variant approximations of the MPC for micro-grid control. The contents also discuss how the application of orthonormal special functions can improve computational complexity of MPC algorithms. It also highlights various auxiliary requirements like state estimator, disturbance compensator for robustness, selective harmonic eliminator for eliminating harmonics in the micro-grid, etc. These additional requirements are crucial for the successful online implementation of the MPC. In the end, the book shows how a well-designed MPC is superior in performance compared to the conventional micro-grid primary controllers discussed above. The key topics discussed in this book include – the detailed modeling of micro-grid components; operational modes in micro-grid and their control objectives; conventional micro-grid primary controllers; the importance of MPC as a micro-grid primary controller; understanding of MPC operation; nonlinear MPC formulation; linear approximations of MPC; application of special functions in the MPC formulation; and other online requirements for the MPC implementation. The examples in the book are available both from a calculation point of view and as MATLAB codes. This helps the students get acquainted with the subject first and then allows them to implement the subject they learn in software for further understanding and research. Contents About the Authors Abbreviations Nomenclature 1 Micro-grid Introduction and Overview 1.1 Conventional Power Systems Review 1.2 Concept of Distributed Generation 1.3 Necessity of Distributed Generation 1.4 Single DG Challenges 1.5 Concept of Micro-grid and Definitions 1.6 General Constituents of a Micro-grid 1.7 Advantages of a Micro-grid 1.8 Micro-grid Challenges 1.9 Micro-grid Operational Modes 1.10 Key Takeaways References 2 An Overview of Micro-grid Control 2.1 Control Objectives in a Micro-grid 2.2 Control Architectures in a Micro-grid 2.3 Hierarchical Control of a Standalone Micro-grid 2.3.1 Primary Control 2.3.2 Secondary Control 2.3.3 Tertiary Control 2.4 Key Takeaways References 3 Mathematical Modelling of a Micro-grid 3.1 Micro-grid Description and Reference Frames 3.2 Synchronous-DG Model 3.3 EI-DG Model 3.3.1 AC Side Dynamics of the EI-DG in abc Frame 3.3.2 AC Side Dynamics of the EI-DG in Its Local d3-q3 Frame 3.3.3 Phase-Locked Loop Dynamics 3.3.4 DC Side Dynamics of the EI-DG 3.4 Load Modelling in the Micro-grid 3.5 Network Modelling in the Micro-grid 3.6 Complete Model of the Grid-Connected Micro-grid 3.7 Complete Model of the Standalone Micro-grid 3.8 Key Takeaways References 4 Introduction to Model Predictive Control 4.1 MPC Description 4.2 Advantages of MPC 4.3 MPC Types 4.4 Linear Model-Based MPC/Linear-MPC/L-MPC 4.4.1 Augmented Model 4.4.2 Prediction Vector Within the Prediction Horizon 4.4.3 Optimal Control Problem Formulation 4.5 Nonlinear Model-Based MPC/Nonlinear-MPC/N-MPC 4.6 Brief Review of MPC in Power Engineering 4.7 Micro-grid MPC Methodologies Discussed in the Book 4.8 Key Takeaways References 5 LTI-MPC for the Micro-grid Control 5.1 Mathematical Formulation of the LTI-MPC 5.1.1 Augmented Model 5.1.2 Prediction Vector Within the Prediction Horizon 5.1.3 Optimal Control Problem Formulation 5.2 LTI-MPC for the Micro-grid Control 5.2.1 Role of Each DG Unit in the Micro-grid Control 5.2.2 Operational Constraints 5.2.3 Choice of the Controller Parameters 5.3 Performance Analysis 5.4 Key Takeaways References 6 LTV-MPC with Extended “TAIL” 6.1 Mathematical Formulation of the LTV-MPC 6.1.1 Prediction of the Forced Response 6.1.2 Prediction of the Natural Response 6.1.3 Optimal Control Problem Formulation 6.1.4 Choice of the Input Reference Trajectories Vref(t) 6.2 Performance Analysis 6.3 Key Takeaways References 7 Special Functions in the MPC Formulation 7.1 Role of Orthonormal Special Functions in the MPC 7.2 Approximation of the Original Control Trajectories 7.2.1 Laguerre Functions 7.2.2 Kautz Functions 7.3 Mathematical Formulation of the LTI-MPC Using Special Functions 7.3.1 Augmented Model 7.3.2 LTI-MPC Using Special Functions 7.4 Mathematical Formulation of the LTV-MPC Using Special Functions 7.4.1 Augmented Model 7.4.2 Prediction of the Natural Response 7.4.3 LTV-MPC Using Special Functions 7.4.4 Choice of the Input Reference Trajectories Vref(t) 7.5 Performance Analysis 7.5.1 Choice of the Laguerre and Kautz Network Parameters 7.6 Key Takeaways References 8 Auxiliary Requirements for Real-Time Implementation 8.1 Scalability 8.2 Harmonics 8.3 State Estimation 8.4 Choice of a Particular MPC Formulation 8.4.1 Computational Complexity 8.4.2 Performance Point of View 8.5 Robustness 8.5.1 Disturbance Compensator 8.5.2 Mathematical Formulation of the Robust LTI-MPC 8.5.3 Mathematical Formulation of the Robust LTI-MPC with Special Functions 8.6 Performance Analysis of the Robust LTI-MPC 8.7 Key Takeaways References 9 Conclusion and Future Scope 9.1 Summary of the Book 9.2 Novel Concepts in the Book 9.3 Limitations 9.4 Future Scope Appendix 1 Micro-grid Information Load Information (Islanded Mode) Controller Information (Islanded Mode) Appendix 2 Steps to Execute the Examples in MATLAB