System of Systems Modeling and Analysis

Description

System of Systems Modeling and Analysis provides the reader with motivation, theory, methodology, and examples of modeling and analysis for system of system (SoS) problems. In addition to theory, this book contains history and conceptual definitions, as well as the theoretical fundamentals of SoS modeling and analysis. It then describes methods for SoS modeling and analysis, including use of existing methodology and original work, specifically oriented to SoS. Providing a bridge between theory and practice for modeling and analysis of SoS, this book includes generalized concepts and Methods, Tools, and Processes (MTP) applicable to SoS across any application domain. Examples of application from various fields will be used to provide a practical demonstration of the use of the methodologies. Features Offers a modern presentation of SoS principles and guided description of applying a modeling and analysis process to SoS engineering Provides additional modeling approaches useful for SoS engineering, including agent-based modeling Covers the current gap in literature between theory and modeling/application Features examples of applications from various fields, such as energy grids and regional transportation Includes questions, examples, and exercises at the end of each chapter This book is intended for senior undergraduate students in engineering programs studying SoS modeling, SoS analysis, and SoS engineering courses. Professional engineers will also benefit from MTP and examples as a baseline for specific user applications. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Preface Contributors Authors PART I: Systems of Systems: Theory and Process for Modeling and Analysis Chapter 1: What Is a System of Systems? 1.1. Motivation: A Better Approach for Generational Challenges 1.2. Systems and Systems Thinking 1.3. Defining Systems 1.3.1. Complex Systems 1.4. Brief History of System of Systems 1.5. What is a System of Systems? 1.5.1. Distinguishing SoS on Attributes 1.5.2. Classifying SoS on Control Authority 1.5.2.1. Directed System of Systems 1.5.2.2. Acknowledged System of Systems 1.5.2.3. Collaborative System of Systems 1.5.2.4. Virtual System of Systems 1.6. Chapter Summary 1.7. Discussion Questions and Exercises 1.7.1. Discussion Questions 1.7.2. Exercises Chapter 2: What Is System of Systems Engineering? 2.1. Overview of Systems Engineering 2.2. Role of Modeling and Analysis 2.3. System of Systems Engineering 2.3.1. What is Different? 2.3.2. Systems Thinking: A Key to SoSE 2.3.3. Distinctive Features of SoSE 2.3.4. SoSE: An Industrial Snapshot 2.3.5. SoSE in Academia: Small Start, Steady Growth 2.4. Example: Air Transportation System as a System of Systems 2.5. Chapter Summary 2.6. Discussion Questions Chapter 3: A Formal Process of SoS Modeling and Analysis 3.1. SoS Representation 3.1.1. SoS Representation and Hierarchy 3.1.2. Lexicon 3.1.3. Taxonomy 3.2. A 3-Phase Method for SoS Problems 3.3. Definition Phase and Tools 3.3.1. Example Definition: ATS 3.4. Abstraction Phase and Tools 3.4.1. Example Abstraction: ATS 3.5. Implementation Phase and Tools 3.5.1. Verification and Validation 3.5.2. Example Implementation: ATS 3.6. Chapter Summary 3.7. Discussion Questions and Exercises 3.7.1. Discussion Questions 3.7.2. Exercises PART II: Methods and Tools for System of Systems Modeling and Analysis Chapter 4: Bridging Theory and Practice 4.1. Choosing the Right Questions 4.2. Choosing the Right Tools 4.3. Putting it All Together: The SoS M&A Project 4.3.1. Overall Project Description 4.3.1.1. Overview 4.3.1.2. Project Learning Objectives 4.3.1.3. Project Technical Objective 4.3.1.4. Project Deliverable Items 4.3.2. Definition Phase Deliverable 4.3.2.1. Format 4.3.2.2. Procedure 4.3.3. Abstraction Phase Deliverable 4.3.3.1. Format 4.3.3.2. Procedure 4.3.4. Implementation Phase Deliverable 4.3.4.1. Deliverable Items and Expectations 4.3.4.2. Report Specifics 4.3.4.3. Poster Presentation Specifics 4.4. Notes on Applications and Selected List of SoS M&A Project Topics 4.5. Chapter Summary Chapter 5: Network Theory 5.1. Basic Graph Theory and Network Measures 5.1.1. Types of networks 5.1.1.1. Undirected Network 5.1.1.2. Directed Network 5.1.1.3. Hypergraphs 5.1.1.4. Bipartite Graphs 5.1.1.5. Network Types Based on Topology 5.1.2. Measures in Network Theory 5.1.2.1. Degree, Degree Distribution, and Network Density 5.1.2.2. Paths, Cycles, and Network Diameter 5.1.2.3. Clustering Coefficient 5.1.2.4. Node Centrality 5.1.2.5. Assortativity 5.2. Modeling Network Dynamics 5.2.1. Growth Algorithms: Random Network 5.2.2. Growth Algorithms: Scale-Free Network 5.3. Using Networks for SoS Modeling and Analysis 5.3.1. Modeling Interactions and Flow within Networks 5.3.2. Behaviors of Complex Networks 5.3.2.1. Example 4: Disease Spread via Random Geometric Graphs 5.4. Modeling the Air Transportation System Using Network Theory 5.5. Chapter Summary 5.6. Discussion Questions and Exercises 5.6.1. Discussion Questions 5.6.2. Exercises Chapter 6: Agent-Based Modeling 6.1. A Brief Introduction to Agent-Based Modeling 6.1.1. What are Agents? 6.1.2. Types of Agents 6.2. The When and Why of ABM 6.3. Agent-Based Modeling for System of Systems 6.4. Examples of Application to System of Systems 6.5. Chapter Summary 6.6. Discussion Questions and Exercises 6.6.1. Discussion Questions 6.6.2. Exercises Chapter 7: Specialized Methods and Tools for System of Systems Engineering 7.1. Analytic Workbench 7.1.1. Robust Portfolio Optimization 7.1.1.1. General Formulation of Investment Portfolio Approach 7.1.1.2. Robust Mean Variance Optimization 7.1.1.3. The Bertsimas-Sim Method 7.1.1.4. Conditional Value-at-Risk Optimization 7.1.2. Systems Operational Dependency Analysis 7.1.2.1. Genesis of the Model 7.1.2.2. Operational Dependencies 7.1.2.3. Model Parameters 7.1.2.4. Modeling Dependency on a Single System 7.1.2.5. Modeling Dependency on Multiple Systems 7.1.2.6. Evolution of Operability over Time and Robustness 7.1.2.7. Robustness and Resilience 7.1.2.8. Deterministic Analysis 7.1.2.9. Stochastic Analysis 7.1.2.10. Synthesis and Architectural Design Updates 7.1.2.11. SODA Problem Setup 7.1.2.12. Source of Parameters 7.1.3. Example of Application of SODA: an Earth Observation System 7.1.3.1. Deterministic Analysis 7.1.3.2. Stochastic Analysis 7.1.3.3. Flexibility and Resilience 7.1.4. Systems Developmental Dependency Analysis 7.1.4.1. Developmental Dependencies 7.1.4.2. Parameters of the Model 7.1.4.3. Basic Formulation of SDDA 7.1.4.4. Conservative Formulation of SDDA 7.1.4.5. Deterministic Analysis 7.1.4.6. Stochastic Analysis 7.1.4.7. Source of Parameters 7.1.5. Example of Application of SDDA: a Communication 7.1.5.1. Delay Absorption 7.1.6. Multi-stakeholder Dynamic Optimization 7.1.6.1. SoS Manager’s Problem 7.1.6.2. SoS Participant’s Problem 7.1.6.3. Transfer Contract Coordination Mechanism and Approximate Dynamic Programming 7.2. Other Useful Methods for SoS Modeling and Analysis 7.2.1. System Dynamics 7.2.2. Design Structure Matrix 7.3. Chapter Summary Chapter 8: Enhancing System of Systems Engineering 8.1. Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Autonomy 8.1.1. AI/ML as Driver and Analyzer 8.1.2. AI/ML for Extraction and Analysis of Data 8.2. Uncertainty 8.2.1. Uncertainty in System of Systems 8.2.2. Uncertainty Quantification 8.3. Complexity 8.3.1. Can Complexity Aid SoS M&A? 8.3.2. Effective Complexity and Complex Adaptive Systems 8.3.3. Sources of Complexity 8.3.4. Complexity Metrics 8.3.5. Example of an SoS-relevant Complexity Metric 8.4. Model-Based Systems of Systems Engineering 8.5. Chapter Summary PART III: Examples of Application of System of Systems Modeling and Analysis Chapter 9: Advanced Air Transportation System of Systems 9.1. Problem Introduction 9.2. Definition Phase 9.2.1. Operational Context, Status Quo, and Barriers 9.2.2. Scope Categories and Levels 9.2.2.1. Example 1: Robust, Scalable Transportation System Concept 9.2.2.2. Example 2: Assessing New Technologies on Future Fleet and Emissions 9.2.2.3. Example 3: Air Transportation Network Restructuring 9.3. Abstraction Phase 9.3.1. Resources, Stakeholders, and Networks 9.3.2. Drivers and Disruptors 9.3.2.1. Example 1: Robust, Scalable Transportation System Concept 9.3.2.2. Example 2: Assessing New Technologies on Future Fleet and Emissions 9.3.2.3. Example 3: Air Transportation Network Restructuring 9.4. Implementation Phase 9.4.1. Example 1: Robust, Scalable Transportation System Concept 9.4.2. Example 2: Assessing New Technologies on Future Fleet and Emissions 9.4.3. Example 3: Air Transportation Network Restructuring Chapter 10: Human Space Exploration System of Systems 10.1. Problem Introduction 10.2. Definition Phase 10.2.1. Hierarchy of the Mars Exploration Architectures 10.3. Abstraction Phase 10.3.1. γ Level 10.3.2. β Level 10.3.3. α Level 10.4. Implementation Phase 10.4.1. “What-ifs” and SODA Analysis 10.4.2. “What-ifs” and SDDA Analysis 10.4.3. “What-ifs” and Combined SODA/SDDA Analysis 10.5. Beyond the Initial SoS 10.5.1. Lower Level of Abstraction: Propulsion Systems and Lunar Gateway Habitat Subsystems 10.5.1.1. Propulsion Systems 10.5.1.2. Lunar Gateway Habitat 10.5.2. Including other Aspects of ROPE: Budget and Policies for Technology Prioritization Glossary References Index