The Early Dutch Sinologists (1854-1900). Training in Holland and China, Functions in the Netherlands Indies

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Volume I. Training Acknowledgments List of Maps and Figures Abbreviations Maps Introduction 1 The Origins of Dutch Sinology Historical and Legal Context The Need for a University Chair for Chinese A Regional Government Report from Batavia The Banka Case and Other Arguments Hoffmann’s Report (1853) Hoffmann’s Earliest Students The Beginning of Sinology and Japanology as an Academic Study Plans and Preparations in Batavia 2 Hoffmann’s Students (1854–1865) Teaching a Scientist: De Grijs (1854–1855) The First Student-Interpreters for Chinese: Francken (1855–1857), Schaalje (1855–1859), and Schlegel (1854–1857) A Japanese Intermezzo: Buddingh, Groeneveldt (both 1858–1861) and De Breuk (1858–1864) Student Life and Studies An Extraordinary Student of Japanese: St. Aulaire (1859–1861) An Unexpected Reversal: From Japan to China Competition for the Last Chance: Meeter (1862–1865) Hoffmann’s Later Students: Vissering, Maclaine Pont, and Serrurier Hoffmann’s Teaching Methods Writing and Pronunciation Grammars and Dictionaries Textbooks: Books of Sayings Natural History, Short Stories, and the Four Books Chinese Books in Leiden Japanese Studies 3 Studying in China (1856–1867) Pioneers in Canton The Choice of Dialect: Cantonese or Hokkien? The First Students in Amoy Living in the Vice-Consulate in Amoy A Grandiloquent Newspaper Report and Its Denial The Elimination of Mandarin Studies Graduation and Appointment of the First Interpreters Financial Problems in Amoy The Chinese Storyteller Schlegel and Francken as Interpreters in Amoy in 1860 From Amoy to Canton Student Life in Amoy in 1862–1863 Studying the Hakka Dialect The Last Two Students: De Breuk and Meeter Study Methods Teachers and Chinese Names Learning to Speak Hokkien Learning to Speak Other Dialects Studying Written Chinese Translations by De Grijs The Students’ Libraries 4 Contributions to Science De Grijs Collecting Flora Schlegel Collecting Fauna Buddingh Collecting Fauna 5 De Grijs and the Sino–Dutch Treaty of Tientsin (1863) The Need of a Treaty with China Preparing for the Embassy In Tientsin The Negotiations De Grijs’ Visit to Peking Travel to Holland and back to China The Exchange of Ratifications Later Developments for De Grijs 6 Chinese Teachers/Clerks in the Indies The Origin of the Teacher System The First Teachers A Raise in Salary for the Teachers The Quality of the Teachers The Discharge of Teachers Reports on the Need of a Teacher/Clerk The Final Regulation of the Teacher System (1866) The Teachers Tan Siu Eng and Jo Hoae Giok Later Developments Engaging a Second Language Teacher 7 Studying Chinese in Batavia and China (1864–1877) A New Training Programme (1864–1867) The Examination System and the Choice of Dialect (1868–1870) The First Student-Interpreter in Batavia: J.J. Roelofs (1871–1872) The Second Student-Interpreter in Batavia: J.W. Young (1873–1875) The Failure and Success of the Batavian System 8 Schlegel and his Students in Leiden (1873–1878) Schlegel’s Proposal for a New Training Course in Leiden (1873) Schlegel’s and Hoffmann’s Advice The First Examination: Hoetink, De Groot, and Stuart (1873) The Motivation to Study Chinese Schlegel’s Teaching Methods The Second Examination: Van der Spek, Moll, and De Jongh (1875) Schlegel Becomes a Titular Professor (1875) Student Life in Leiden The Graduation of the First Group (1876) The Establishment of a Chair for Chinese (1877) Schlegel’s Inaugural Lecture: The State of the Art in Sinology and Its Practical Use The Graduation of the Second Group (1878) A Sudden Anti-Climax: A Moratorium in the Training Course 9 Schlegel’s Later Students (1888–1895) Schlegel’s Extraordinary Students in the 1880s: Lind and Schaank The Expansion of the Chinese Library in Leiden University J.T. Cremer and the Dialect in the Outer Possessions De Groot’s Scholarly Mission to China Splitting the Corps of Interpreters? A New Training Course The Third Examination: Ezerman, Borel, Goteling Vinnis, and Van Wettum (1888) Schlegel Disciplining his Students and Borel’s Attitude Schlegel’s Teaching Methods and Borel’s Studies Borel’s Life in Art and Culture Borel’s Personal and Student Life The Graduation of the Third Group (1892) The Fourth Examination: Van de Stadt, De Bruin, and Thijssen (1892) The Studies and Graduation of the Fourth Group (1892–1895) The Reorganisation of the Interpreter Corps and Another Moratorium Extraordinary Students in the 1890s: Schaank, Kann, Von Zach 10 Schlegel’s Students in China (1877–1898) The First Group: De Groot, Hoetink, Stuart (1877–1878) The Second Group: Van der Spek, Moll, de Jongh (1879–1880) Studying in Zhangzhou Financial Problems of the Third Group: Ezerman, Borel, Van Wettum (1892–1894) The Extension to Two Years in China The Dialect Question Again (1893) Life on Gulangyu Borel’s Teachers Borel’s Studies Travels Borel’s Publications The Students’ Relations with the Consulate The Third Group Finish Their Studies in Amoy The Fourth Group: De Bruin, Thijssen, Van de Stadt (1896–1898) Von Varchmin’s Complaint About De Bruin Studying Hoklo in “Swatow and the Interior” Van de Stadt’s Request to Study Mandarin in Peking The Decision to Study Hakka as Well Studying Hakka in Kia Ying Chow 11 The Compilation of Dictionaries Hoffmann’s Japanese Dictionary Manuscript Chinese Dictionaries and Word Lists Linguistic Problems The Publication History of Francken and De Grijs’ Amoy–Dutch Dictionary (1864–1882) Description and Evaluation of Francken and De Grijs’ Dictionary The Publication History of Schlegel’s Dutch–Chinese Dictionary (1882–1891) The Reception of the Dictionary J.H. Ferguson: An Offensive and Scandalous Work Schlegel and Li Hongzhang in 1896 Description and Evaluation of Schlegel’s Dictionary Van de Stadt’s Hakka Dictionary (1912) Volume II. Functions 12 Working as Interpreters and Translators The Interpreters’ Directive of 1863 Working as Interpreters Replacement by Ethnic Chinese Interpreters Working as Translators The Establishment of a Chinese Printing Facility in Batavia (1862) Some Problems of Legal Translation The Techniques of Translation Translating and Excerpting Chinese Account Books Private Translation and Interpreting 13 The Interpreters’ Advisory Functions Extraordinary Members of the Orphans and Estate Chambers (1866) The Weak Position of the Interpreters as Advisors Reduction of the Number of Interpreters (1879) Relations with the Chinese Acting as Experts on Chinese Law and Customs for the Courts A Mystification The Chinese Oath 14 Studies and Missions Studies and Publications Study Missions Secret Societies Arranging the Emigration of Coolies Other Coolie Matters 15 The Reform of 1896 Officials for Chinese Affairs Other Administrative Functions Leaving the Interpreter Corps Epilogue Conclusion Appendices A Biographies and Bibliographies of the Sinologists Albrecht, Johannes Eduard Borel, Henri Jean François Breuk, Johannes de Bruin, Annes Gerhardus de Buddingh, Johan Adriaan Ezerman, Johannes Lodewijk Juliaan Franciscus Faber, Maximiliaan von Francken, Johannes Jacobus Cornelis Grijs, Carolus Franciscus Martinus de Groeneveldt, Willem Pieter Groot, Jan Jacob Maria de Hoetink, Bernardus Hoffmann, Johannes Josephus Jongh, Arie Arend de Meeter, Pieter Moll, Alexander Eliza Roelofs, Johannes Jacobus Schaalje, Maurits Schaank, Simon Hartwich Schlegel, Gustaaf Spek, Jacobus van der Stadt, Peter Adriaan van de Stuart, Hermanus Nicolaas Thijssen, Emile Franciscus Wettum, Bertus Anton Jacobus van Young, James William B Dates of Appointment and Discharge of European Interpreters of Chinese and Officials for Chinese Affairs in the Netherlands Indies (1860–1917) C Chinese Names of Dutch Sinologists (1860–1917) D Students of Hoffmann, Schlegel, and de Groot E Names of Some Teachers/Clerks in the Indies F Table of Students in China 1856–1867 G Sinologists in the Board of Directors of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences H Graph of the Number of Sinologists in Active Service, 1860–1917 I Schlegel’s Transcription System of Tsiangtsiu and Amoy Dialects Compared with Other Systems J Some Phonetic Differences between Amoy and Tsiangtsiu Dialects K Chinese Translations of Some Dutch Administrative and Legal Terms L Some Legal Translations into Chinese by Dutch Interpreters (1860–1900) M List of Geographical Names in Various Spellings N Explanation of Some Netherlands Indies Administrative and Legal Terms O Ministers of Colonies and Governors-General of the Netherlands Indies, 1840–1920s P A Chronology of Dutch Sinology Mainly with Respect to the Indies (1830–1954) Q The Interpreters’ Directive and Standard Fees of 1863 (Dutch) R Training Regulations of 1873 (Dutch) S Regulations for the Officials for Chinese Affairs in 1896 (Dutch) General Bibliography Index of Personal Names Index of Subjects Index of Titles Index of Geographical Names