Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine

Description

ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS OF THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE CONTENTS PREFACE NOTATIONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 Introduction 1-2 Early History 1-3 Engine Calssifications 1-4 Terminology and Abbreviations 1-5 Engine Components 1-6 Basic Engine Cycles 1-7 Engine Emissions and Air Pollution Problems Design Problems CHAPTER 2 OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS 2-1 Engine Parameters 2-2 Work 2-3 Mean Effective Pressure 2-4 Torque and Power 2-5 Dynamometers 2-6 Air-Fuel Ratio and Fuel-Air Ratio 2-7 Specific Fuel Consumption 2-8 Engine Efficiencies 2-9 Volumetric Efficiency 2-10 Emissions 2-11 Noise Abatement 2-12 Conclusions-Working Equations Problems Design Problems CHAPTER 3 ENGINE CYCLES 3-1 Air-Standard Cycles 3-2 Otto Cycle 3-3 Real Air-Fuel Engine Cycles 3-4 SI Engine Cycle at Part Throttle 3-5 Exhaust Proces 3-6 Diesel Cycle 3-7 Dual Cycle 3-8 Comparison of Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles 3-9 Miller Cycle 3-10 Comparison of Miller Cycle and Otto Cycle 3-11 Two-Stroke Cycles 3-12 Stirling Cycle 3-13 Lenoir Cycle 3-14 Summary Problems Design Problems CHAPTER 4 THERMOCHEMISTRY AND FUELS 4-1 Thermochemistry 4-2 Hydrocarbon Fuels-Gasoline 4-3 Some Common Hydrocarbon Components 4-4 Self-Ignition and Octane Number 4-5 Diesel Fuel 4-6 Alternate Fuels 4-7 Conclusions Problems Design Problems CHAPTER 5 AIR AND FUEL INDUCTION 5-1 Intake Manifold 5-2 Volumetric Efficiency of SI Engines 5-3 Intake Valves 5-4 Fuel Injectors 5-5 Carburetors 5-6 Supercharging and Turbocharging 5-7 Stratified Charge Engines and Dual Fuel Engines 5-8 Intake for Two-Stroke Cycle Engines 5-9 Intake for CI Engines 5-10 Conclusions Problems Design Problems CHAPTER 6 FLUID MOTION WITHIN COMBUSTION CHAMBER 6-1 Turbulence 6-2 Swirl 6-3 Squish and Tumble 6-4 Divided Combustion Chambers 6-5 Crevice Flow and Blowby 6-6 Mathematical Models and Computer Simulation 6-7 Internal Combustion Engine Simulation Program 6-8 Conclusions Problems Design Problems CHAPTER 7 COMBUSTION 7-1 Combustion in SI Engines 7-2 Combustion in Divided Chamber Engines and Stratified Charge Engines 7-3 Engine Operating Characteristics 7-4 Modern Fast Burn Combustion Chambers 7-5 Combustion in CI Engines 7-6 Summary Problems Design Problems CHAPTER 8 EXHAUST FLOW 8-1 Blowdown 8-2 Exhaust Stroke 8-3 Exhaust Valves 8-4 Exhaust Temperature 8-5 Exhaust Manifold 8-6 Turbochargers 8-7 Exhaust Gas Recycle-EGR 8-8 Tailpipe and Muffler 8-9 Two-Stroke Cycle Engines 8-10 Summary and Conclusions Problems Design Problems CHAPTER 9 EMISSIONS AND AIR POLLUTION 9-1 Air Pollution 9-2 Hydrocarbons (He) 9-3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 9-4 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) 9-5 Particulates 9-6 Other Emissions 9-7 Aftertreatment 9-8 Catalytic Converters 9-9 CI Engines 9-10 Chemical Methods to Reduce Emissions 9-11 Exhaust Gas Recycle-EGR 9-12 Non-Exhaust Emissions Problems Design Problems CHAPTER 10 HEAT TRANSFER IN ENGINES 10-1 Energy Distribution 10-2 Engine Temperatures 10-3 Heat Transfer in Intake System 10-4 Heat Transfer in Combustion Chambers 10-5 Heat Transfer in Exhaust System 10-6 Effect of Engine Operating Variables on Heat Transfer 10-7 Air Cooled Engines 10-8 Liquid Cooled Engines 10-9 Oil as Coolant 10-10 Adiabatic Engines 10-11 Some Modern Trends in Engine Cooling 10-12 Thermal Storage 10-13 Summary Problems Design Problems CHAPTER 11 FRICTION AND LUBRICATION 11-1 Mechanical Friction and Lubrication 11-2 Engine Friction 11-3 Force on Piston 11-4 Engine Lubrication Systems 11-5 Two-Stroke Cycle Engines 11-6 Lubricating Oil 11-7 Oil Filters 11-8 Summary and Conclusions Problems Design Problems APPENDIX A-1 Thermodynamic Properties of Air A-2 Properties of Fuels A-3 Chemical Equilibrium Constants A-4 Conversion Factors for Engine Parameters REFERENCES ANSWERS TO SELECTED REVIEW PROBLEMS INDEX