New Media in Times of Crisis

Description

New Media in Times of Crisis provides an interdisciplinary look at research focused around how people organize during crises. Contributors examine the latest practices for communicating during crises, including evacuation practices, workplace safety challenges, crisis social media usage, and strategies for making emergency alerts on U.S. mobile phones constructive and helpful. The book is grounded in the practices of first responders, crisis communicators, people experiencing tragic events, and communities who organize on- and offline to make sense of their experiences. The authors draw upon a wide range of theories and frameworks with the goal of establishing new directions for research and practice. The text is suitable for advanced students and researchers in crisis, disaster, and emergency communication. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Acknowledgments Introduction Messages Technology Temporal Considerations in Times of Crisis Beyond Phases Toward an Organizing Focus Overview of This Book SECTION I: Focusing on Crisis Responders Social Media Evolution Sensemaking in Teams 1 Organizational Crisis Communication in the Age of Social Media: Weaving a Practitioner Perspective into Theoretical Understanding Organizational Crisis Response during the Era of Smartphones and Social Media How It Was and What It Became Evolving Social Media Use during Crises Social Media and the Transformed Nature of Crisis Storytelling Using Theory to Understand the Evolution of Crisis Response in the Social Media Age: A Focus on Organizing Weick’s Model of Organizing Using Weick to Understand Current Challenges in Organizational Crisis Communication Social Media Use Increases Need for Communication Cycles and Interrupts Feedback Loops Implications and Future Directions 2 This Is Getting Bad: Embodied Sensemaking about Hazards When Business-as-Usual Turns into an Emergency Hazards, Threats, and Risk Assessment Sensemaking in Response to Cosmology Events Embodied Sensemaking Method Data Collection Data Analysis Findings Instantiating Performances Failure Performances Improvisational Performances Discussion Sensemaking as a Social and Corporeal Process The Role of Sensemaking in Developing Expertise Gaining a Voice in an Expertise-Driven Occupation Conclusion 3 The Cultivation of Shared Resources for Crisis Response in Multiteam Systems Multiteam Systems System Relationships and Resources Method The System Data Collection Data Analysis Results Resources for Crisis Response Pre-Crisis Processes for Developing Interdependence Implications Limitations and Future Directions Conclusion SECTION II: How Individuals Seek, Share, and Get Messages 4 Identifying Communicative Processes Influencing Risk-Information Seeking at Work: A Research Agenda Risk-Information Seeking as Uncertainty Management An Interdisciplinary Approach to Risk-Information Seeking Research Organizational Information Seeking Crisis Communication Research Sources of Information Health Communication Contributions Practical Implications 5 Trouble at 30,000 Feet: Twitter Response to United Airlines’ PR Crises United Airlines in Trouble… Twice Situational Crisis Communication Theory Situational Crisis Communication Theory and Messaging Method Data Analysis Results United’s “Leggings” Crisis United’s “Re-accommodation” Crisis Discussion and Practical Implications Limitations 6 Mobile Crisis Communication: Temporality, Rhetoric, and the Case of Wireless Emergency Alerts Temporality and Crisis Communication Research Theories and Methods Temporality Wireless Emergency Alerts and Map Inclusion Explaining the Divergent Findings From Control to Convergence: Exploring a Rhetorical Approach The Rhetorical Construction of Temporality Practical Implications Conclusion 7 Transportation Network Issues in Evacuations Transportation Issues Understanding Behavior: When, Where, and How People Evacuate When to Evacuate? Where to Evacuate? How to Evacuate? Tools for Planning and Carrying Out an Evacuation Issuance of Evacuation Orders Contraflow, Signal Control, and Network Design Designing Shelter Locations Planning for Shared Modes of Transportation Recovery Conclusion Practical Implications SECTION III: Opportunities for New forms of Organizing During Times of Crisis 8 Community Resilience and Social Media: A Primer on Opportunities to Foster Collective Adaptation Using New Technologies Community Resilience Models and Frameworks Community Resilience and Communication Community Resilience and Social Media Social Media Strategic Communication Processes for Community Resilience Social Media Relationship-Building for Community Resilience Challenges for Social Media and Community Resilience Rumors Polarization Inequality Conclusion Practical Implications 9 Site-Seeing in Disaster: Revisiting Online Social Convergence a Decade Later Convergence Framework Helping Being Anxious Returning Supporting Mourning Exploiting Being Curious Discussion 10 Dormant Disaster Organizing and the Role of Social Media Extant Research on Organized Behavior What Is Dormant Organizing? Ecological and Evolutionary Theories of Organized Behavior A Typology of Dormant Disaster Organizing Types of Dormant Disaster Organizing Exhibited by Each Group Practical Implications 11 Conclusions and Future Interdisciplinary Opportunities Interdisciplinary Research to Help Practitioners and First Responders Resilience Research and Crisis Responders Apply Team Knowledge to Informal Crisis Teams Expanding beyond Media of Today and Better Understanding Message Interpretation Incorporate Evacuation Knowledge with Maps and Organizing Big Data, Artificial Intelligence, and Simulations Conclusion About the Editor and Authors Index