Making Our World: The Hacker and Maker Movements in Context

Description

Making Our World: The Hacker and Maker Movements in Context describes and situates the political, historical, national, and organizational elements of hacking and making. Hackers and makers are often mythologized, leading to people misunderstanding them as folk heroes for the modern age. In response, this book describes and critiques these movements from a variety of interdisciplinary perspectives to help readers appreciate their worldwide scope and highly localized interpretations. Making Our World is essential reading for students and scholars of technology and society, particularly those interested in social movements and DIY cultures. Cover Table of Contents Introduction (Jeremy Hunsinger / Andrew R. Schrock) References Section I. Histories Introduction (Andrew R. Schrock) 1. Learning by Doing: The Tenuous Alliance of the “Maker Movement” and Education Reform (T. Philip Nichols / Debora Lui) Making and Education Making as “Ethos” Aims of Education in the Maker Movement Internal Conflicts References 2. Kevin Mitnick, The New York Times, and the Media’s Conception of the Hacker (Molly R. Sauter) Hacker Mitnick: Threat or Menace? History of Mitnick’s Case and Times Coverage Metaphor and Metonym in Mitnick Coverage Hackers Reified as Enemies Persistent Metaphors, Characterizations, and Narratives The Rise of the Ex-Hacker Figure Impacts on Technology Discourse and Reporting New York Times Articles Cited References 3. Making Civic Media in the Post-Fukushima Japanese Media Ecology (Yasuhito Abe) Media System Dependency (MSD) Theory Structural Dependency Relations in Japan Post-Fukushima Japanese Society as a Risk Society Safecast as Civic Media in Post-Fukushima Japanese Society Conclusion Note References 4. Project Chanology and the Formation of Anonymous as an Activist Movement (Rhea Vichot) Historical Context for the Emergence of Anonymous Scientology, Online Schism, and the Formation of Project Chanology Anonymous as a Tactical Media Group Attitudes Between Anonymous and Project Chanology Conclusion Notes References Section II. Politics Introduction (Andrew R. Schrock) 5. Conscientious Hacking and the Weak Collective (Nathanael Bassett) Theory & Background What Hacking Does What Hackers Do Alone and Together Methods Findings Typologies Free Form Mixed Methods Organizational Values and Motivations at the Hackathon Analysis Conclusion References 6. Policy Hacking: Opening Up the Code of Media and Communications Regulation (Arne Hintz) Introduction Communication Policy, Civil Society Advocacy, and Hacking Policy Hackathons Hacking the Law Policy Hacking: Experimentation, Participation, and Policy Change Conclusion: Policy Hacking as a New Practice? Notes References 7. Hacking Administration—A Report From Los Angeles (Morgan Currie) What Is Civic Hacking? Civic Hacking in LA Critiques of Civic Hacking Neoliberalism and Silicon Valley Languishing in the Speculative Confined by Solutionism The Problem of Writing About an Emerging Topic Theories of Participation in Administration Hacking the Administrative Beyond Civic Hacking Notes References 8. Why Locality and Presence (Still) Matter for Political Activism (Sebastian Kubitschko) Introduction Underworld, Government, and Something Civic in Between The Social Dimension of Locality The Political Dimension of Presence Organizational Capacity References Section III. Organizing Introduction (Jeremy Hunsinger) 9. Basteln, Tinkering, and Bricolage: A Cultural History of Hacking (Alexander von Lünen) Introduction Tinkering With Radios Radio in Britain Weimar Germany Hacking in Aviation Bricolage Hacking and Making Attempt of a Definition Escaping the Iron Cage Conclusions Notes References 10. Women’s Hacking of the Poison Gift of Free/Libre/Open Source Software (Jennifer Maher) F/LOSS as Gift The Gift as Poison Women’s Writing The Gift Reimagined Conclusion References 11. Making Space for a Revolution: Occupy Wall Street as a Maker Movement (Alison E. Vogelaar / Charlotte M. McKernan) A Movement in the Making: The Contemporary Maker Movement Expert/Novice Public/Private Operation Occupy Wall Street and the Politics of Making Politics as Pro-Am: Making Democratic Subjectivities Political Platforms 2.0: Putting Politics in Its (Public) Place Conclusions: Making OWS Notes References 12. The Détente Model of Managing Divergent Values in the Maker-Sphere (Ann Light) Introducing the Maker-Sphere Theoretical Background Values and Making The Studies Study 1: Discourses of Production Three Examples of Managing Production Understanding Détente Study 2: Effectiveness in Action Bottom-up Making Discussion: How Values Are Negotiated Conclusion Note References Section IV. Case Studies Introduction (Jeremy Hunsinger) 13. Hacker Agency and the Raspberry Pi: Informal Education and Social Innovation in a Belfast Makerspace (Pip Shea) Introduction Background Hacker Agency: Enacting the Conditions of Hacking Farset Labs’ Raspberry Jam Revealing Affordances Through Pi Play Farset Labs and Digital Social Innovation Discussion: Challenges and Opportunities Conclusion Notes References 14. Hacking as a Way of Life: “Makers” at the Margins of Global Digital Culture (Nicholas Balaisis) “Tools for Makers:” New Media and the Rhetoric of Creativity “The Maker Manifesto,” or, the Neoliberal Discourse of “Making” Creativity at the Back End the Technology Spectrum References 15. The Paradox of Maker Movement in China (Xin Gu) The Arrival of Maker Movement in China Maker Culture—The Answer to the Future of Manufacturing Shanzhai—The Politics of Chinese Maker Movement Maker Movement: Shanzhai 2.0 Practices in the Construction of Maker Industry in China Entrepreneurialism—A Non-business Business Model Maker Faire and Mobile Makers Education Reform Urban Farming Conclusion Notes References 16. Our Community Hacks: Exploring Hive Toronto’s Open Infrastructures (Karen Louise Smith) Introduction Research Involvement Forming Hive Toronto and the Network’s First Hack Jam Learning Activities for Making Producers Not Consumers of the Web Equity and Inclusion in Hacking/Making Educhacking Through the Hive Toronto Network Getting to Know the Network ROERs Conclusion Notes References Afterword: Hackers and Makers Are Ordinary (Andrew R. Schrock) References