Encyclopedia of Cancer

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Preface to the Fourth Edition Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Editor-in-Chief Contributors A 284461-73-0 85622-93-1 17-1A A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease AAMP Definition Characteristics References See Also AAPC AAV Definition Characteristics AAV Genome Structure AAV Life Cycles Clinical Relevance Are Wildtype AAVs Pathogenic in Humans? Is There a Natural Connection Between AAV Infection and Cancer? What Are Recombinant AAV Vectors? Is AAV Unique as a Human Gene Therapy Vector? What Are Advances in AAV Vector Technology? What Are Clinically Relevant rAAV Applications in Cancer Treatment? Anti-Angiogenesis Immunotherapy Tumor Suppressors Suicide Gene Therapy Drug Resistance Repair Strategies Purging of Tumor Cells from Autologous Transplants RNAi Future Applications Cross-References References See Also Ab (Latin: Away) -Scopus (Greek: Target) Effects ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) Superfamily ABC Drug-Transporters Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also ABC Transporter ABCC Transporters Synonyms Definition Characteristics Members and Functional Properties Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins (MRPs) Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR, ABCC7) Sulfonylurea Receptors SUR1 (ABCC8) and SUR2A/B (ABCC9) Glutathione Transport, Redox Signaling, and Apoptosis References ABC-Transporters Synonyms Definition Characteristics Human ABC-Transporters ABC-Transporters and Multidrug Resistance of Cancer ABC-Transporters as Anticancer Drug Targets Cross-References References See Also Abraxas Definition Cross-References See Also Abscopal Effect Abscopal Effects Synonyms Definition Characteristics Conclusion Cross-References References ABVD Definition Characteristics References AC1L50CF ACDC 2-Acetoxybenzenecarboxylic Acid 2-Acetoxybenzoic Acid Acetylsalicylic Acid Achneiform Rash Definition Cross-References Acral Metastasis ACRP30 Actinic Keratosis Definition Cross-References Activated Natural Killer Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Biology of NK Cells Role of NK Cells in Human Cancer Markers of NK Cells NK Cell Receptors NK Cell and Cytokines Cytotoxicity of NK Cells Against Tumor or Infected Cells NK Cells and Cancer Immunotherapy Cross-References References Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase Synonyms Definition Characteristics Identification of AID AID Deamination Mechanism AID Targeting AID Expression in Cancer B Cell Lineage Malignancies Non-B Cell Lineage Malignancies AID Is Required for Recurrent Chromosomal Translocations AID Expression Associated with Cancer Progression and Poor Prognosis AID as a DNA Demethylase References Active Cell Death Active Specific Immunization Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Activin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Signaling Cascade Functions Activin Antagonists The Role of Activin A in Cancer Development and Progression Conclusion References Activin A Activin B Activin C Activin E Activin Receptor Type 2 Activin Receptor Type 1 Activin Receptor-Like Kinase Activin Receptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure and Signaling Function and Expression Activin Receptors in Cancer Conclusion References ACTR ActRI ActRII Acute Granulocytic Leukemia Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Clinical and pathologic features Cytogenetic and Biological Features Prognosis and Treatment References Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia M7 Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Acute Myeloid Leukemia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Classification Epidemiology Etiology Signs and Symptoms of AML Prognostic Factors Therapy Cross-References References See Also Acute Myeloid Leukemia 1 Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Definition Characteristics Clinical and Laboratorial Presentation Molecular Characterization Modeling APL in Mice Therapeutics References Acute-Phase Response Factor ACVR1 ACVR2 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate 2-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate ADAbp ADA-CP ADAM Molecules Synonyms Definition Characteristics Metalloprotease Function Adhesion Function Signaling Function Other Functions Cross-References References ADAM17 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure Expression and Regulation Biological Function Clinical Relevance Summary Cross-References References See Also Adaptive Immunity Definition Cross-References Adaptor Proteins Definition Characteristics References Adducts to DNA Synonyms Definition Characteristics Rationale for Using DNA Adducts as Biomarkers for Exposure and Adverse Effects Advantages and Disadvantages of DNA Adducts Compared to Other Biomarkers Cellular Defense: Repair of DNA Adducts Adduct Measurements in Disease Epidemiology Association of DNA Adducts with Cancer Risk Background DNA Adduct Levels: Sources, Variations, and Cancer Risk Prediction Contributions of DNA Adduct Measurements to Disease Etiology and Pathogenesis Cross-References References Adenine Nucleoside Adenine-9-beta-d-Ribofuranoside Adenocarcinoma Definition Cross-References See Also Adenoma Definition Cross-References See Also Adenomas Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Adenomatous Polyps Adenomucinosis Adenopathy Definition Adenosine Adenosine and Tumor Microenvironment Synonyms Definition Characteristics Adenovirus Definition Characteristics Infection and Viral Transcription Adenoviral Functions and Oncogenesis Gene Therapy: First- and Second-Generation Adenoviral Vectors ``Gutless´´ Adenoviral Vectors Replication-Competent Adenoviral Vectors for Cancer Gene Therapy Adenoviral Vectors for Genetic Vaccination References ADEPT ADF Adherens Junctions Synonyms Definition Characteristics Implications in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Adhesion Definition Characteristics Cell Adhesion Receptors Adhesion and Cancer Adhesion in Metastasis Adhesion Within The Tumor Mass Malignant Tumor Cells in the Blood Stream: Adhesion to Blood Cells and Platelets Adhesion in the Target Organ Adhesion to Endothelial Cells (EC) Adhesion to Extracellular Matrix Components Cross-References References See Also Adhesion Molecules ADI Adipocyte C1q and Collagen Domain Containing Adipocyte Complement-Related Protein of 30 kDa Adipocytic Tumors Adiponectin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Adiponectin and Carcinogenesis Prostate Cancer Breast Cancer Endometrial Cancer Lung Cancer Kidney Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Liver Cancer Esophageal Cancer Gastric and Colorectal Cancer Leukemia and Myeloma Mechanisms AMPK Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK) 3beta/beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway Other Pathways Adiponectin-based Therapeutics Cross-References References See Also AdipoQ Adipose Most Abundant Gene Transcript 1 Adipose Tissue-Specific Secretory Factor (ADSF) Adipose Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Benign Adipose Tumors Malignant Adipose Tumors Cross-References References See Also Adjuvant Chemoendocrine Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Breast Cancer Adjuvant Hormone Therapy Adjuvant Chemotherapy Planning the Adjuvant Treatment: Adjuvant Chemoendocrine Therapy Prostate Cancer References Adjuvant Chemohormonal Therapy Adjuvant Cytotoxic Therapy Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy Adjuvant Therapy Definition Characteristics Cross-References See Also ADMET Screen Definition Characteristics References Adopted Orphan Nuclear Receptors Adoptive Cellular Transfer Adoptive Immunotherapy Synonyms Keywords Definition Characteristics Unmanipulated T Cells NK Cells Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells Lymphokine-Activated Killer Cells Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Antigen-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Enhancing the Function of Adoptively Transferred Cells Lymphodepletion TCR and Chimeric Antigen Receptors Cross-References References See Also Adoptive T-Cell Transfer Synonyms Definition Characteristics TILs Cancer Antigen-Induced T Cells Antigen-Specific TCR-Transduced T Cells CAR-Transduced T Cells Conclusions Cross-References References Adrenocortical Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology of Adrenocortical Cancer Pathophysiology of Adrenocortical Cancer IGF-II (Insulin-Like Growth Factor II) beta-Catenin Activation in Adrenocortical Cancer TP53 Diagnosis and Treatment of Adrenocortical Cancer Clinical and Hormonal Investigations Imaging of Adrenocortical Cancer Pathology and Molecular Analysis Prognosis of Adrenocortical Cancer Treatment of Adrenocortical Cancer References Adrenomedullin Definition Characteristics Adrenomedullin: Peptide and Gene Structure Signal Transduction AM Serves as a Common Language Between the Different Cellular Components of the Tumor Microenvironment Conclusion References Adriamycin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chemical Properties Clinical Aspects Therapeutic Applications Pharmacokinetics Clinical Toxicities Pharmacological Mechanisms Mechanisms of Action Mechanisms of Resistance Mechanisms for Development of Cardiotoxicity References ADT Adult Stem Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Adult Stem Cell Differentiation Therapeutic Potential Cancer Stem Cells Cross-References References See Also Adult T-Cell Leukemia Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Derived Factor Adult Type Aerobic Glycolysis Afinitor (marketed by NOVARTIS) Aflatoxins Definition Characteristics Biotransformation Carcinogenesis Repair Species/Tissue Susceptibility Cross-References References Aflibercept Synonyms Definition Cross-References AFP Aggressive Fibromatosis Aggressive Fibromatosis in Children Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Presentation Diagnostic Approach Pathogenesis Treatment Side Effects in Survivors Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Aggrus Aging Definition Characteristics Aging Epithelial Cancers Cellular Senescence Alterations in the Microenvironment Tumor Progression in Aging Implications for Treatment Cross-References References See Also Aging-Associated Gene 4 Protein (AAG4) Aging-Associated Inflammation Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia Agranulocytosis AHNP AHR AIB1 AICDA AID AIDS-129717 AIDS-Associated Cancers AIDS-Associated Malignancies Synonyms Definition Characteristics HIV Infection and AIDS Increase the Risk for Certain Cancers The Human Oncogenic Viruses EBV and KSHV and HIV/AIDS Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus and Oncogenesis of AIDS-KS KSHV Oncogenesis and Immunosuppression AIDS-Associated Lymphomas Current Therapies and Clinical Challenges Treatments for AIDS-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma Treatments for AIDS Lymphomas Conclusion Cross-References References AIDS-Related Cancers AIE2 AIF-Mediated Cell Death AIK AIK2 AIK3 AIM1 AIM-1 Akt Signal Transduction Pathway Definition Characteristics Akt in Human Malignancy and Different Functions of Akt Family Members Signal Transduction Akt Pathway as a Target for Cancer Intervention Cross-References References Alcohol Consumption Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Cancer of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract Hepatocellular Cancer (HCC) Breast Cancer Colorectal Cancer Mechanisms of Alcohol-Mediated Carcinogenesis Acetaldehyde Oxidative Stress Altered Methyl Transfer Reduced Retinoic Acid Specific Mechanisms (Cirrhosis, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Estrogens) Cross-References References See Also Alcoholic Beverages Cancer Epidemiology Definition Characteristics Epidemiology of Alcohol-Related Cancer Mechanisms of Alcohol Carcinogenicity Conclusions Cross-References References Alcoholic Pancreatitis Definition Characteristics Incidence Symptoms Treatment Etiology Summary Cross-References Aldehyde Dehydrogenases Synonyms Definition Chracteristics Nomenclature System ALDH Activity and Other Assays ALDH Activity as a Marker for Stem Cells ALDH in Retinoic Acid Synthesis Alcohol Metabolism ALDH and Drug Metabolism ALDH Related Diseases Cross-References References See Also ALDH Aldo-Keto Reductases ALK ALK Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics ALK Protein and Cancer Full-Length ALK ALK Fusion Proteins Structure Distribution Function Tumor Types Therapeutic Options Cross-References References See Also Alkylating Agents Definition Characteristics Classification Mechanism of Action DNA Cross-Links Molecular Pharmacology, Drug Resistance, and Clinical Efficacy Metabolism Toxicology Cross-References References See Also ALL Allele Imbalance Definition See Also Allelic Association Allergic Asthma Allergic Conjunctivitis Allergic Rhinitis Allergy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiological Studies Biological Details References Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation Allogeneic Cell Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Rationale Procedure Mechanisms Clinical Aspects Cross-References References Allogeneic Cellular Immunotherapy Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Alpha1-Fetoglobulin Alpha-Fetoprotein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Immunochemical Techniques AFP in Pathology Fetuin Versus AFP AFP in Laboratory Animals Cross-References References See Also Alpha-Fetoprotein Diagnostics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Alternative Reading Frame Alu Elements Definition Characteristics Structure Function Role in Human Cancer Cross-References References See Also AME Transcription Factor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Amine Oxidases Definition Characteristics Functions Cross-References References See Also Amino-Bisphosphonate 4-Amino-1-(2-deoxy-beta-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one AML1 AML1/ETO AML1/EVI-1 AML1/MTG8 AMN107 Amph II Amphibian Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Amphiphysin II Amphiphysin-Like Amphiregulin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Amphiregulin Expression and Function Cross-References References See Also AMPL Amplaxin Amplification Definition Characteristics Cellular Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Amplified in Breast Cancer 1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular Structure and Functional Domains Functional Mechanisms Physiological Function Role in Cancer References Amrubicin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Preclinical Studies Clinical Studies Amrubicin Monotherapy Amrubicin Combination Chemotherapy Conclusion Cross-References References Anaerobic Anaplastic Astrocytoma Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Genetics Therapy Cross-References References See Also Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Definition Cross-References Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinomas Anchorage-Independent Definition Cross-References See Also Androgen Ablation Therapy Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Androgen Deprivation Therapy Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) Androgen Receptor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure-Function Relationships Between Different Domains of Androgen Receptor that Are Required for its Transcriptional Activity Regulation of Unliganded AR Regulation of Ligand-Bound AR Nongenomic Function of the AR Androgen Receptor in Human Physiology and Pathology References Androgen Suppression Therapy Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer (AIPC) Synonyms Definition Cross-References Aneuploidy Definition Characteristics Aneuploidy in Cancer Aneuploidy as a ``Driving Force´´ and Not a ``Consequence´´ in Cancer Genetic Mechanisms of Aneuploidy in Cancer Conclusions Cross-References References Angiogenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects Cross-References References Angiogenesis-Inhibiting Agents Angiogenin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Angiogenin is the Fifth Member of the Human Ribonuclease A Superfamily Angiogenin Is an Angiogenic Factor Angiogenin Is a Tumorigenic Factor Angiogenin Is a Neuroprotective Factor Angiogenin Acts in Other Diseases Summary Acknowledgments References Angiopoietins Definition Characteristics Structure of Angiopoietins Angiopoietin 1: A Protective Ligand Angiopoietin 2 Promotes Vascular Destabilization Therapeutic Target for Tumor Angiogenesis Cross-References References Angiotensin Angiotensin II Signaling Synonyms Definition Characteristics Angiotensin II Signaling in Carcinogenesis Clinical Aspects Epidemiological Study of the Effect of ACE Inhibitors on Cancer Risk References ANLL Anoikis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Anoxia Synonyms Definition Literal Definition Conceptual Definition Characteristics In Vitro Creation of Hypoxia and Anoxia Causes and Consequences of Tumor Anoxia Information Flow Within the Cell Cell Fate in Anoxia Anoxia-Induced Dormancy Interplay Between HIF1α and p53 Determining Cell Fate in Anoxia p53 and Cell Death p53 and Cell Survival Oxygen Sensing/Signaling Pathways Specific to Anoxia Therapeutic Implications of Anoxia Cross-References References See Also Anoxic Ansamycin Class of Natural Product Hsp90 Inhibitors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Antitumor Activity References Anthracyclines Definition Cross-References Antiangiogenesis Definition Characteristics Rationale for Antiangiogenesis for Therapy Potential Targets for Antiangiogenesis Antiangiogenesis Strategy in Cancer Patients Antiangiogenesis for Ocular Diseases Mechanisms of Action of Pharmacologic Antiangiogenic Agents Biomarkers of Antiangiogenesis Toxicity of Antiangiogenesis Future Directions in Antiangiogenesis Cross-References References See Also Anti-angiogenic Chemotherapy Antibodies to Self-antigens Antibody Toxin Fusions or Conjugates Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity Definition Cross-References Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Anticancer Drugs Anti-Cancer Peptides Definition Characteristics Structure Peptides as Tools to Manipulate Protein Functions Extracellular Acting Peptides Intracellular Acting Peptides References Anti-c-erB-2 Anti-c-erbB2 Monoclonal Antibody Anti-ERB-2 Anti-erbB-2 Anti-erbB2 Monoclonal Antibody Antigen of the Cromer Blood Group Antiglycolytics and Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics 2-Deoxy-d-glucose 3-Bromopyruvate Lonidamine Imatinib Oxythiamine Inhibitors of Lactate Dehydrogenase Other Antiglycolytics Cross-References References See Also Anti-HER2/c-erbB2 Monoclonal Antibody Anti-Her2/Neu Peptide Mimetic Synonyms Definition Characteristics Her2 Regulation AHNP Characteristics Rational for Design of AHNP AHNP AHNP Analogs AHNP as a Drug Carrier AHNP in Breast Cancer Diagnosis Relevance to Cancer Therapy Conclusions Cross-References References Antihormonal Therapy Definition Cross-References Antihormone Therapy Antihormones Definition Cross-References Antihuman p185neu Receptor Immunoglobulin G1 Anti-idiotype Vaccination Anti-inflammatory Drugs Synonyms Definition Characteristics Steroid Anti-inflammatory Drugs Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Cross-References References See Also Antimalarial Antimitotic Drugs Definition Characteristics What are the Current Antimitotic Drugs in Clinical Use to Treat Cancer? How do Antimitotic Drugs Exert Their Anticancer Activity? What Happens to Cells Treated with Antimitotic Drugs? What are the Drawbacks of Antimitotic Drugs? What is the Future of Antimitotic Drugs? Cross-References Antioxidant Enzymes Synonyms Definition Characteristics Antioxidant Enzymes Superoxide Dismutases Copper Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Catalase Glutathione Peroxidases The Thiol-Selenocysteine-Peroxidase Connection Peroxiredoxins Thioredoxins Thioredoxin Reductase Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Antioxidants Anti-p185-HER2 Antisense DNA Therapy Definition Characteristics Target Choice and Oligonucleotide Design Delivery, Subcellular Trafficking, and Pharmacodynamics of ODNs Clinical Applications of Antisense ODNs in Hematological Malignancies Prospects for Antisense DNA Therapy Cross-References References Antiviral Defenses Definition Characteristics Evolution Prerequisites Virus Recognition Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) RIG-like Receptors (RLRs) NOD-like Receptors (NLRs) Response to Virus Infection Type I Interferon (IFN) The Antiviral State and Effector Mechanisms Interferon Stimulated Genes (ISGs) Cell Death RNA Interference Virus-Virus Interference Activation of Adaptive Immune Responses Side-Effects of Antiviral Defenses Virus Antagonism of Antiviral Defenses Antiviral Defenses in Cancer Cross-References References Antizyme Inhibitor Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also AP-1 Definition Characteristics General Structure of the AP-1 Subunits DNA-Binding Domain Transactivation Domain Transcriptional and Posttranslational Control of AP-1 Activity Transcriptional Activation Regulation of AP-1 Activity AP-1 in Physiology and Pathology AP-1 Subunits in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Apactin (Mouse) APAF-1 Signaling Synonyms Definition Characteristics APAF-1 Gene Structure and Regulation APAF-1 Protein Structure Assembly and Structure of the Apoptosome Positive and Negative Regulation of Apoptosome Function APAF-1 Expression and Apoptosome Regulation in Cancer Apoptosome-Dependent and -Independent Pathways of Apoptosis in Normal and Neoplastic Cells Cross-References References See Also APC APC Gene in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Genotype-Phenotype Correlations Cross-References References See Also APC/beta-Catenin Pathway Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation Clinical Relevance References API3 API4 Apico-Basal Polarity Definition aPM1 APO2 Ligand APO2L Apolipoprotein J (APO-J) Apoptosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cellular Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Apoptosis Induction for Cancer Therapy Definition Characteristics Reactivation of Intracellular Pro-apoptotic Systems Inhibition of Intracellular Anti-apoptotic Systems Selective Delivery of Additional External Pro-apoptotic Stimuli Perspectives for Selectively Tipping the Apoptotic Balance in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Apoptosis Inhibitor 4 Apoptosis Regulator Bcl2 Apoptotic Peptidase Activating Factor-1 Appendiceal Epithelial Neoplasms Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epithelial Appendiceal Neoplasms Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Syndrome Treatment Management in Absence of Peritoneal Dissemination Management of Mucinous Neoplasms with Peritoneal Dissemination Outcomes Approaches to Management A New Standard of Care Summary of Changes in Management of Appendiceal Epithelial Neoplasms Cross-References References See Also Appendiceal Mucinous Tumor of Uncertain Malignant Potential APRF Aptamer Bioconjugates for Cancer Therapy Characteristics Cross-References References Apudomas 2ar AR 9-beta-D-Arabinosyl-2-fluoroadenine (F-ara-A) monophosphate Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase Arachidonic Acid Pathway Synonyms Definition Characteristics Fatty Acids as Dietary Precursors Production of Eicosanoids: From AA and EPA by COX and LOX Pathways Signaling by Eicosanoids NSAIDS and Eicosanoid Signaling Interactions with Cancer Signaling Pathways References AREG ARF ARF Tumor Suppressor Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics p53-Dependent Functions of ARF The ARF-MDM2-p53 Pathway ARF and Replicative Senescence p53-Independent Functions of ARF ARF Negatively Regulates Ribosome Biogenesis ARF and the Control of Transcription Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Argentaffin Carcinoma Arginine Definition Characteristics Arginine Metabolism Nitric Oxide, Polyamines, Carcinogenesis, and Chemoprevention Arginine and Cancer: Experimental Studies Arginine and Cancer: Epidemiologic Studies Arginine and Cancer: Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Arginine-Depleting Enzyme Arginine Deiminase Synonyms Definition Characteristics Sensitivity of Cancer Cells to ADI Treatment Mechanisms of Antitumor Activity of ADI Clinical Trials References ARHGAP7 ARK1 ARK2 Aromatase Aromatase and Its Inhibitors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Composition Distribution and Regulation Expression Aromatization Reaction Type I Inhibitors of Aromatase Formestane Exemestane Type II Inhibitors of Aromatase Applications and Indications Cross-References References Aromatic Amine Definition Cross-References ARP2 Array CGH Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Applications Cross-References References Array-Based Comparative Genomic Hybridization Arrhenoblastoma Synonyms Definition Cross-References Arsenic Definition Characteristics History of Use Paradox of Arsenic Mechanisms of Action: Cancer-Causing Effects of Arsenic Genotoxicity Possible Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Aberrations in Signal Transduction Arsenic as a Therapeutic Agent Cross-References References See Also Artemisinin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Biological Activity Artemisinin Monomers Mechanism of Action Other Artemisinin-Like Compounds Synergism with Other Chemotherapeutic Agents Effective on Drug-Resistant Cancer Cells Case Reports and Human Clinical Trials Toxicity Production of Artemisinin Cross-References References Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Historical Perspective Xenobiotic Stress Physiological Effects A Link Between Environment and Cancer? The Signaling Pathway Gene Expression and Biological Pathways Mechanisms of Carcinogenicity of AhR Ligands AhR as a Pharmacological Target Cross-References References See Also Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases Synonyms Definition Characteristics Acetylation Polymorphism Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Arylsulfatase C Asbestos Definition Characteristics Carcinogenic Action of Iron Asbestos: A Vehicle for Iron Asbestos: Usage and Banishment Cross-References References See Also Ascites Definition Characteristics Pathophysiology Diagnosis Treatment References ASI Askin Tumor Definition Cross-References Aspiration Cytology Aspirin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Antipyretic Activity Analgesic Activity Antiplatelet Activity Anticancer Activity Clinical Evidences Experimental Studies Mechanism of Action COX-Dependent Pathways COX-Independent Pathways Side Effect of Aspirin Modified Aspirin Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Assessment of Anaplasia of a Tumor Assessment of the Degree of Tumor Differentiation Asthma Astrocytic Tumor Astrocytoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Clinical Features Diagnosis Prognosis Treatment Pilocytic Astrocytoma Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma (SEGA) Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) Diffuse Astrocytoma Anaplastic Astrocytoma Glioblastoma Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma (DIPG) References Asymmetric Cell Division Synonyms Definition Cross-References Asymmetric Cytokinesis Ataxia-Telangiectasia Variant 1 and Variant 2 Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Mutated ATL ATM ATM Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cellular Functions and Molecular Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Atopic Dermatitis Atopy ATP-Binding Cassette-Transporters ATP-Binding-Cassette Transporters Sub-family C Atrial Myxoma Atrophy Attenuated Adenomatous Polyposis Coli ATX Atypical Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma Atypical Neurocytoma AURA AurB AurC AURKB AURKC Aurora Kinases Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Aurora Kinase as Target for Cancer Intervention References AURORA2 Aurora-A Aurora-B Aurora-C Autoantibodies Definition Characteristics Autoantibodies Can Contribute to Produce Tissue Injury and May Influence Tumor Behavior Autoantibodies as Diagnostic and Prognostic Serologic Biomarkers of Cancer Cross-References References See Also Autocrine Signaling Definition Cross-References See Also Autoimmunity and Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Evidence for Autoreactivity in Patients with Cancer Regulation of Autoreactivity Immunotherapy May Induce Autoimmunity Autoantigens as a Link Between Cancer and Autoimmunity References Autologous (Hematopoietic) Stem Cell Transplantation Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation Autophagocytosis Autophagy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cell Biology of Autophagy Autophagosome formation Signal Transduction Autophagy and Cancer Modulation of Autophagy for Cancer Treatment Cross-References References See Also Autotaxin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Physiological Functions Protective Functions Pathophysiology Crystal Structure Substrate Binding Specificity References Auxilin-2 Avian Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 2 Away from the Target Effects 5-aza-2 Deoxycytidine Synonyms Definition Characteristics History Contemporary Research Clinical Research Cross-References References See Also 5-Azadeoxycytidine Azaepothilone B B Bacillus Calmette„-Gu„érin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Microbiological Background on’BCG and’Tuberculosis Vaccination BCG in’Cancer Immunotherapy Mode of’Action in’Antitumor Activity References Bacteriophage Display Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing Protein 5 BAF47 BARD1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics BARD1 Structure, Conservation, and’Expression„ Functions „of’the’BARD1„-BRCA1„ Heterodimer and’BARD1 Isoforms BRCA1„-Independent„ Tumor Suppressor Function of’BARD1 Mutations and’Differential Splicing of’BARD1 in’Cancer References„ Barrett Epithelium Barrett Esophagus Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Barrett Adenocarcinoma Basal Cell Carcinoma Definition Characteristics Risk Factors and’Therapy Squamous Cell Carcinoma Risk Factors and’Therapy Cross-References References See Also Basalioma Definition BAY 43-9006 BAY 73-4506 BAY-43-9006 Bbc3 BCDF B-Cell CLL/Lymphoma 2 B-Cell Differentiation Factor B-Cell Interferon B-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma-2 Gene (Bcl-2) B-Cell Leukemias B-Cell Lymphoid Neoplasm B„-Cell„ Lymphoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics B„-Cell„ Lymphoma Pathology, Diagnosis, and Classification Molecular Biology of „B-„Cell„ Lymphoma B„-Cell„ Receptor Signaling in „B-„Cell„ Lymphoma Clinical Treatment of „B-„Cell„ Lymphoma References B-Cell Lymphoma Protein 2 B-Cell Lymphomas B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorder B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders/Diseases B-Cell Malignancy B-Cell Stimulating Factor-2 B„-Cell„ Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics What Is a B-„Lymphocyte? Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement Somatic Mutation and Class Switching What Is a „B-„cell„ Tumor? Characteristics of „B-„Cell„ Tumors Immunogenetics of „B-„Cell„ Lymphomas Cross-References References See Also BCG Bcl2 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular Anatomy Biological Functions: Apoptosis, Cell Survival, Differentiation, and Autophagy Regulation of Gene Expression Regulation of Protein Function Bioactivity Cross-„References References See Also Bcl-2 Bcl-2 Binding Component 3 BCL3 Definition Characteristics Structure and’Molecular Function Regulation Expression Physiological Function Oncological Relevance Cross-„References References BCL6 Translocations „in’B-„Cell„ Tumors Definition Characteristics The BCL6 Gene and’Gene Product BCL6 Translocation Affecting the’IG „and’Non„-IG„ Loci The 5′ Noncoding Region of’BCL6 Undergoes Somatic Hypermutation Mouse Model of’BCL6 Translocation to’Develop Lymphoma Clinical Relevance Cross-„References References BCR„-ABL1„ Definition Characteristics A Somatic Mutation of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells Molecular Features of „BCR-„ABL1„ Recombination Complex „BCR-„ABL1„ Rearrangements Translocation„-Associated„ Genomic Deletions Functional Impact of BCR-„ABL1 Clinical Relevance Anti„-BCR„-ABL1„ Therapies New„-Generation„ „BCR-„ABL1„ Tyrosine Kinases Inhibitors BCR„-ABL1„ Kinase Domain Mutations Compound Mutations Disease Monitoring BCR„-ABL1„ in Healthy Individuals What Causes BCR-„ABL1? Cross-References References See Also BD Beckwith„-Wiedemann„ Syndrome Definition Cross-References Beckwith„-Wiedemann„ Syndrome Associated Childhood Tumors Definition Characteristics Diagnostic Criteria (Epi)Genetics BWSCR1: ICR1 and’ICR2 BWSCR2 Diagnostics BWS„-Associated„ Tumors Wilms Tumor Adrenocortical Carcinoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Hepatoblastoma Common Genetic Pathways Cross-References References See Also Behcet Disease Synonyms Definition Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Definition Symptoms Cross-References See Also Benzene and’Leukemia Definition Characteristics Benzene Toxicity and’Carcinogenicity Benzene Metabolism and’Toxicity Benzene, Chromosome Changes, and’Leukemia Cross-References References See Also Benzoquinone Ansamycin Benzpyrene Definition Cross-References Berlin Breakage Syndrome Beta„-Glucosidase„ Definition Cross-References Betulinic Acid Definition Characteristics References Bevacizumab Definition Cross-References References See Also BGP BH3-Interacting Domain Death Agonist BHD syndrome Bid Synonyms„ Definition Characteristics The Bid Molecule Bid Is „a’Pro„-death„ Sensor for’Specific Protease Activation Activation of’Mitochondria by Bid Bid „as’a’Pro„-Life„ Sensor for’Cell Cycle Progression and’DNA Damage Role of’Bid in’Oncogenesis Summary Cross-References References 2′,3-Biindolinylidene-2,3′-dione: 3-(3-Indolinone-2-ylidene)-indolin-2-one BIK (BCL-2 Interacting Killer) BIK Proapoptotic Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Discovery Protein Structure and’Molecular Functions Gene Structure, Expression, and’Phenotypes Relevance to’Cancer Genetics and’Therapy Cross-References References Bilateral Acoustic Neurofibromatosis Bile Acids Definition Characteristics Toxicity of’Bile Acids Effects of’Bile Acids on’Organs Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Liver, Gallbladder, and’Bile Ducts Pancreas Cross-References References Bile Duct Carcinoma Bile Duct Neoplasms Synonyms Definition Characteristics Benign Bile Duct Neoplasms Malignant Bile Duct Neoplasms Cross-References References See Also Biliary Glycoprotein B-immunoblastic Bin1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also BING2 Bioactive Lipid Therapy Bioactive Lipids Bioavailability Definition Bioavailability of Nutrients Bioavailability of Drugs Cross-References See Also Biochip Bioconjugate Definition Cross-References Biodribin Biological Markers Biological Monitoring Biological Therapy Bioluminescence Imaging Synonyms Definition Characteristics About Luciferases How Is In Vivo Bioluminescence Detected? Considerations to Maximize In Vivo Imaging Sensitivity Oncology Model Applications Cross-References References See Also Bioluminescent Reporter Gene Assays Biomarkers Biomarkers in’Detection of’Cancer’Risk Factors and in Chemoprevention Definition Characteristics Background Types of’Biomarkers Biomarker Techniques and’Fields of’Application Cross-References References Biomonitoring Synonyms Definition Characteristics Biomarkers of Exposure Biomarkers of Effect Biomarkers of Susceptibility Ethical and Social Implications Cross-References References See Also Bioradiotherapy Biotechnology-Derived Therapeutic Proteins BIRC5 BIR-Containing Protein 4 (BIRC4) Birt„-Hogg„-Dub„é Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnostic Criteria BHD Gene Mutations Screening and Possible Treatment for BHD Cross-References References See Also Bispecific Antibodies Definition Characteristics Generation of’Bispecific Antibodies Effector Cell Retargeting Clinical Experience with’Bispecific Antibodies Cross-References References Bisphosphonates Definition Characteristics Mechanism of’Action Pharmacokinetic Clinical Use Hypercalcemia of’Malignancy „(HCM) Treatment of’Bone Metastases Multiple Myeloma Bone Metastases from Breast Cancer Bone Metastases from Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases from Lung Cancer and’Other Solid Tumors Prevention of’Bone Metastases Osteoporosis Side Effects Cross-References References See Also Bladder Cancer Definition Characteristics Clinical Epidemiology and Risk Factors Tumor Biology and Genetics Characteristics of Nonurothelial Cell Carcinomas Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Staging Management of Noninvasive Disease Management of Invasive and Metastatic Disease Cross-References References Bladder Cancer Molecular Therapy Synonyms„ Definition Characteristics Molecular Therapy Genetic Alterations in’the’Course of’UC Development Aberrantly„-Regulated„ Signaling Pathways Targetable for’Molecular Therapy Potential Anticancer Agents for’Molecular Therapy of’UCs Cross-References References Bladder Cancer Pathology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Morphologic Aspects Noninvasive Lesions Flat Lesions Papillary or Exophytic Lesions Invasive Lesions Histologic Variants Other Histological Types Neuroendocrine Tumors Molecular Alterations Diagnostic Markers Tumor Staging Primary Tumor „(T) Regional Lymph Nodes „(N) Distant Metastases „(M) Morphological Parameters of Prognostic Value Lymphovascular Invasion Surgical Margins References B-anaplastic Blast Crisis Definition Characteristics Clinical Features Biological Basis Leukemia Stem Cells „(LSCs) Genomic Instability Marks Progression to’Blast Crisis Cytogenetic Evolution High„-Resolution„ DNA Copy Number Profiling/Deep Sequencing Mechanisms of’Genomic Instability in’Blast Crisis CML Failure of’DNA Damage/Repair Responses Centrosome Aberrations Telomere Instability Functional Profiling Self„-Renewal„ Differentiation Arrest Survival: Apoptosis Epigenetic Pathways Treatment of’Blast Crisis CML Future Promise Cross-References References See Also Bleomycin Definition Cross-References BLI Blood„-Brain„ Barrier Definition Characteristics The BBB Junctional Complexes Permeability Properties of the BBB In Vitro BBB Models BBB in Disease Cross-References References See Also Bloom Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Description BLM„-Deficient„ Cells BLM Gene Frequency BLM Protein Mouse Models Genetic Counseling Therapy Cross-References References See Also Bloom-Torre-Mackacek Syndrome Blue Nevi BM-40 BM90, FBLN-1 BMS-247550 Bombesin Amphibian Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Bone Loss Cancer Mediated Synonyms Definition Characteristics Types of’Bone Metastasis Bone Physiology: Control of’Normal Bone Remodeling The Bone Is a’Unique Environment for’Metastasis The Vicious Cycle of’Osteolytic Metastasis The Vicious Cycle of’Osteoblastic Metastases Osteolytic Multiple Myeloma Osteolytic Metastasis from Breast Cancer Osteoblastic Metastasis in’Prostate Cancer References Bone Metastasis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Biology of’Bone Metastasis How Cancer Spreads to’the’Bone How Cancer Grows in’the’Bone Clinical Characteristics, Presentation, and’Diagnosis Treatment Conclusion Cross-References References Bone Metastatic Disease Bone Mets Bone Neoplasms Bone Sarcomas Bone Sialoprotein Bone Tropism Synonyms Definition Characteristics Blood Circulation Patterns Cellular Adhesive Interactions Chemoattraction of Cancer Cells Tissue Conditions Supporting the Growth of Cancer Cells Cross-References References See Also Bone Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Etiology Diagnosis Staging and Prognosis Cross-References References See Also Bone-Seeking Malignant Phenotypes Borderline Appendiceal Mucinous Tumor BORIS Synonyms Definition Characteristics BORIS Functions BORIS in Cancers Clinical Aspects BORIS as a Cancer Biomarker BORIS as a Target for Cancer Immunotherapy Cross-References„ References See Also Bortezomib Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism of’Action Pharmacology Clinical Aspects In Cancer In Graft Versus Host Disease and’Immune Disorders Other Uses Future Directions Cross-References References Bovine Papillomavirus Definition Characteristics BPV Gene Products E5 E6 E7 L1 and L2 BPV and Papillomas BPV and Cancer BPV and Equine Sarcoids Cross-References References See Also Bowen Disease Definition Cross-References Bp4 Brachytherapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Dose Rate Dose Calculations Brachytherapy Techniques Clinical Applications of’Brachytherapy Gynecological Malignancies Prostate Cancer Other Cross-References References See Also BRAF BRaf-Signaling Synonyms Definition Characteristics Physiological Aspects of „BRaf-Signaling BRaf-Signaling and Tumor Development B„-Raf„ Structure and Regulation B„-Raf„ as a Therapeutic Target Cross-References References See also BRAF„ Somatic Alterations Definition Characteristics History of the BRAF Proto„-oncogene„ Chromosomal Aberrations Somatic and Germline Point Mutations and In-frame Deletions/Insertions Amplification and Overexpression Cross-References References See Also BRAF1 B-raf-1 Brain Cancer Pathology Definition Characteristics Astrocytic Tumors Oligodendroglial and’Mixed Oligoastroglial Tumors Ependymal Tumors Choroid Plexus Tumors Neuronal and’Mixed „Neuronal„-Glial„ Tumors Pineal Tumors Embryonal Tumors Cross-References References Brain Tumors Definition Characteristics Classification and Pathology Clinical Presentation of Brain Tumor Patients Clinical Management of Brain Tumor Patients and Prognosis Complications of Therapy Cross-References„ References See Also BRCA1/BRCA2 Germline Mutations and’Breast Cancer Risk Definition Characteristics Clinical Characteristics Molecular and’Cellular Characteristics Tumor Suppressor Genes Expression of’BRCA1 and’BRCA2 BRCA1„- „and’BRCA2„-Related„ Breast Cancer BRCA1 and’BRCA2 as’Caretakers of the’Genome Clinical Relevance When to’Take the’DNA„-Test„? Why Take the’DNA„-Test„? Interpreting a’Negative Test Result Cross-References References BRCA1-Associated Ring Domain 1 Breast Adenocarcinoma Breast Cancer „Definition Characteristics Risk Factors Age Genetics Reproductive Factors Obesity and’Physical Activity Radiation Alcohol Hormone Therapy Breast Cancer Symptoms and’Diagnosis Mammary Paget Disease Targeted Breast Cancer Therapies Cross-References References Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Resistance Definition Characteristics Breast Cancer Subtypes Luminal Type A’Subtype Luminal Type B’Subtype Gene Expression Signatures Predicting Response to Antiestrogens Challenges in Developing New In Vitro Models to Study Antiestrogen Resistance Future Directions Cross-References References See Also Breast Cancer Antiestrogen Therapy Breast Cancer Carcinogenesis Definition Characteristics Breast Cancer Subtypes Pathological Grade Genetic Alterations Endocrine and Reproductive Risk Factors Exogenous Hormones Environmental Factors Radiation Exposure Viruses Clinical Studies Cross-References References See Also Breast Cancer Drug Resistance Definition Intrinsic Drug Resistance Acquired Drug Resistance Additional Factors Contributing to Resistance Characteristics Mediators of Drug Resistance Drug Efflux Transporters Cyclin E Transcription Factors p53 BRCA1 Epidermal Growth Factor „(EGF) Receptor Family Estrogen Receptors Tumor„-Stroma„ „Interaction„-Induced„ Resistance Extracellular Matrix Composition and Integrin Signaling Vessel Integrity, Angiogenesis, and Hypoxia Tumor„-Stromal„ Cell Interactions Cancer Stem Cells and Resistance Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells to Conventional Cancer Therapies Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Enhanced DNA Repair Mechanisms Altered Transcription Factor Activity The Future of Breast Cancer Therapy: Pharmacogenetics and the Promise of Personalized Medicine Cross-References References See Also Breast Cancer Epidemiology Definition Characteristics Global Impact of Breast Cancer Breast Cancer Detection, Staging, and Survival Pathology Mechanisms of Breast Carcinogenesis Risk Factors Hormones Family History Estrogen Replacement Therapy Body Mass Index Diet Prevention References Breast Cancer Familial Risk Definition Characteristics High„-Penetrance„ Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 TP53 Intermediate„-Penetrance„ Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes PTEN STK11 CDH1 CHEK2 ATM BRIP1 PALB2 Low„-Penetrance„ Breast Cancer Susceptibility Alleles Interaction between Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes Conclusion and Outlook Cross-References See Also Breast Cancer Hormonal Therapy Breast Cancer Hormone Therapy Breast Cancer Immunotherapy Definition Characteristics Monoclonal Antibodies for the Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer HER2 and EGFR Trastuzumab Cetuximab VEGF MUC1 Vaccines for the Immunotherapy of Breast Cancer Cellular Vaccines Dendritic Cell Vaccines Vaccines Based on Defined Antigenic Substrates HER2 CEA MUC1 Perspectives Cross-References References See also Breast Cancer Multifocality Definition Characteristics Natural History of Multifocal Breast Carcinomas Relationship Between Multifocality and Other Tumor Characteristics Clinical Importance of Multifocality Diffuse Cases Conclusions Cross-References References Breast Cancer Multistep Development Definition Characteristics Multistep of Breast Cancer Progression Hyperplasia Atypical Hyperplasia Carcinoma In Situ Invasive Carcinoma Metastasis Mechanisms that Drive Multistep Development of Breast Cancer Alternative Model of Breast Cancer Development Cross-References References See Also Breast Cancer New Therapies: HER2, VEGF, and PARP as Targets Definition Characteristics Anti„-HER2„ Therapy Anti„-VEGF„ Therapy PARP Inhibitors Future Directions Cross-References References See Also Breast Cancer Prognostic and’Predictive Biomarkers Definition„ Characteristics Established Prognostic Biomarkers in’Breast Cancer Prognostic Markers Following Breast Conservation Surgery and’Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Established Predictive Biomarkers in’Breast Cancer Proposed Biomarkers in’Breast Cancer Multigene Predictors in’Breast Cancer Conclusion References Breast Cancer Prognostic Biomarkers Definition Characteristics Clinical Prognostic Indicators Traditional Prognostic Markers Hormone Receptors Human Epidermal Growth Factor „Receptor„-2„ „(HER-„2) Ki„-67„ Proliferation Marker Emerging Prognostic Markers Genomic Markers Proliferation Markers Anti„-apoptosis„ Markers Structural Proteins Angiogenesis„-Associated„ Markers Plasminogen Activators and Inhibitors Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans Multigene Arrays MicroRNA Future Directions Cross-References References See Also Breast Cancer Stem Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Origins of’the’Breast Cancer Stem Cells Characterization of’Breast Cancer Stem Cells Signal Transduction Pathways Breast Cancer Metastasis to’Bone Marrow Cross-References References Breast Cancer Susceptibility Genes Definition Characteristics High Penetrance BRCA1 and BRCA2 TP53 Intermediate Penetrance ATM CHEK2 BRIP1 PALB2 RAD50 NBN Uncertain Penetrance PTEN RAD51C STK11 CDH1 Low Penetrance Role in DNA Repair and Damage Signaling as the Common Denominator Clinical Impact Cross-References References See Also Breast Cancer-Initiating Cell (Breast’CIC) Breast Carcinoma Breast Tumor-Initiating Cell (Breast’TIC) Brenner Tumor BRG- and BRM-Associated Factor, 47’kDa Brilliant Yellow S BRIT1 Gene Synonyms Definition Characteristics Significance of’BRIT1 in’the’Development of’Cancer BRIT1 Function in’DNA Damage Response BRIT1 Function in’Cell Cycle Control References Brivanib BRMS1 Definition Characteristics Cellular and Functional Characteristics Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also BRN-5547136 Bronchogenic Carcinoma Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites Bryostatin„-1„ Definition Characteristics Rationale for’Targeting the’PKC Preclinical Activity of’Bryostatin„-1„ Single Agent Activity of’Bryostatin„-1„ Bryostatin„-Based„ Combinations Future Directions Cross-References References See Also BSF-2 BTAK Burkitt Lymphoma Definition Cross-References Bystander Effect Synonyms Definition Characteristics Antitumor Strategies Epigenetic Changes Cell„-Cell„ Communication Cross-References References See Also C C.elegans Cell Death 4 Homolog C.I. 75300 C/EBP-Epsilon-Regulated Myeloid-Specific Secreted Cysteine-Rich Protein (XCP1) c-erb-B2 C21H2006 C33 Ca Homeostasis Definition Characteristics Cellular Ca Homeostasis Cellular Ca Homeostasis During Cell Stimulation Cellular Ca Homeostasis in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Ca-Activated Phospholipid-Dependent Protein Kinase CaBP3 Cachectin Cachexia Definition Characteristics Weight Loss Poor Appetite Increased Metabolism and Energy Expenditure Loss of Adipose Tissue Loss of Muscle Protein Treatment Cross-References References See Also Cachexia-Inducing Agent Cadherin-1 Cafe-Au-Lait Macule Cafe-Au-Lait Spots Synonyms Definition Cajal Bodies Synonyms Definition Characteristics References CAK1 Antigen Calcitonin Definition Characteristics Biosynthesis Biological Actions Actions on Bone Renal Actions Central Actions Other Actions CT in Cancer Mechanism of CT Action Receptors Receptor Isoforms Modulation of CTR Specificity CTR Signaling G Protein-Mediated Signaling G Protein-Independent Signaling Significance of CT-CTR Axis in Cancer: Clinical Aspects CT Is ``Oncogene´´ for Prostate Cancer but ``Tumor Suppressor´´ for Breast Cancer CT Is an Angiogenic Factor Cross-References References Calcium-Binding Proteins Definition Characteristics EF-Hand Motif Calcium-Binding Proteins Annexins and Other Non-EF-Hand Motif Proteins Calreticulin-Like Proteins Cross-References References See Also Calcium-Binding Reticuloplasmin of Molecular Weight 55 kDa CALI CALM Calpain Definition Characteristics Calpain and Cell Proliferation Calpain and Cell Migration Calpain and Apoptosis Cross-References References See Also Calreticulin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure of CRT Functions of CRT in the Cell CRT, a Lectin-Like Molecular Chaperone in the ER CRT, a Regulator of Ca Homeostasis in the ER Other Miscellaneous Functions of CRT In and Out of the ER CRT and Development CRT and Cancer Expression of CRT in Cancer Pathophysiological Relevance of CRT in Malignant Disease CRT as a Tool for Cancer Therapy References Calsequestrin-Like Protein CAM Campto Camptosar CAMs CAMTA1 Definition Characteristics Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Cancer Definition History Characteristics Types of Genetic Damage Cellular Aspects Sporadic Versus Familial Cancer Polygenic Determinants of Risk Cross-References Cancer (or Tumor) Stroma Cancer and Cadmium Definition Characteristics References Cancer Antigen 3 Cancer Causes and Control Synonyms Definition Characteristics Tobacco Trends Physical Activity Trends Weight Control and Obesity Prevention Trends Dietary Improvements Dietary Fat Red Meat Calcium Excess Caloric Intake Whole Grains Vitamin A and Carotenoids Selenium Vitamin D Trends Limitation of Alcohol Use Safer Sex and Decreased Viral Transmission Trends and Disparities Sun Protection Screening Trends and Disparities Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity Cancer Cell-Platelet Microemboli Cancer Epidemiology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Cancer Epigenetics Definition Characteristics DNA Hypermethylation Histone Modification DNA Hypomethylation Epigenetic Alterations as Targets for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Intervention Cross-References See Also Cancer Etiology Cancer Germline Antigens Synonyms Definition Characteristics Identification Nomenclature Regulation of Expression Clinical Studies Cross-References References See Also Cancer of B-Lymphocytes Cancer of the Large Intestine Cancer of the Lung Cancer Prevention Cancer Prevention with Green Tea Cancer Process of the Large Intestine Cancer Stem Cell Therapies Cancer Stem Cells Cancer Stem Cells Targeted Drug Development Definition Characteristics Cancer Stem Cells Novel Concept of Carcinogenesis Suggests Alternative Paradigm of Cancer Treatment Potential Molecular Targets Targeting CSC Signaling Pathways Targeting CSC Resistance to Therapies Targeting Angiogenesis Targeting CSCs with Phytochemicals (Nutraceuticals) CSC-Targeted Preclinical Evaluation of the Anticancer Agents Conclusion References See Also Cancer Stem-Like Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Cancer Vaccines Definition Characteristics T Lymphocytes Tumor Cells Peptides and Carbohydrates Recombinant Vaccines Expressing Tumor Antigens Anti-idiotype Vaccines Dendritic Cell-based Vaccines Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Cancer Without Disease Cancer/Testis Antigen1b Cancer-Mediated Bone Loss Cancers of Hormone-Responsive Organs or Tissues Cancer-Testis Antigen 1.11 Cancer-Testis Antigens Candidate of Metastasis 1 Canine Transmissible Tumor (CTVT) Cannabinoids Synonyms Definition Characteristics Signaling Pathways Modulated by Cannabinoid Receptors Palliative Effects of Cannabinoids in Cancer Mechanism Involved in the Antiemetic Effect of Cannabinoids Mechanism Involved in Appetite Stimulation by Cannabinoids Mechanism Involved in the Analgesic Effect of Cannabinoids Antitumoral Effects of Cannabinoids Induction of Apoptosis Inhibition of Tumor Angiogenesis Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids as Antitumoral Agents Cross-References References See Also CAP20 CAR 8-Carbamoyl-3-methylimidazo(5,1-d)-1,2,3,5-tetrazin-4(3H)-one Carbohydrate Part of Glycoconjugates Carbon Metabolism Definition Characteristics Homeostatic Regulation of Carbon Metabolism References Carbonyl Metabolism Definition Characteristics Alcohol Dehydrogenases (ADHs) Aldehyde Dehydrogenases (ALDHs) Aldo-Keto Reductases (AKRs) References Carbonyl Reductases Carcinoembryonic Antigen Synonyms Definition Characteristics Protein Structure The CEA Gene Family Function of CEA in Normal and Cancerous Tissue Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Carcinofetal Proteins Carcinogen Metabolism Definition Characteristics History Metabolism Mechanisms Cancers Cross-References References See Also Carcinogenesis Definition Characteristics Causes Molecular Genetics Clinical Relevance Prevention Cross-References References See Also Carcinogenesis in Colon Carcinogenic Compounds in Food Carcinoid Synonyms Definition Incidence and Prevalence of Carcinoid Tumors Cross-References See Also Carcinoid (Well-Differentiated Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET) of the Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Tract) Carcinoid Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Carcinoma In Situ Synonyms Definition Cross-References Carcinoma of the Adrenal Cortex Carcinoma Pathogenesis Carcinoma with Amine Precursor Uptake Decarboxylation Cell Differentiation Carcinomatosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Etiology of Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Diagnosis Treatment Cross-References References Carcinosarcoma Definition Cardiac Tumors Definition Characteristics Incidence Clinical Features Primary Tumors Benign Malignant Secondary or Metastatic Tumors Therapy and Prognosis Cross-References References Carney Complex Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Carotenoids Definition Characteristics References Case Control Association Study Synonyms Definition Characteristics Potential Problems in Association Studies Cross-References References See Also Case-Control Association Analysis Casein Kinase 2 Casein Kinase II CASH CASP-8 Caspase Definition Cross-References Caspase Homologue Caspase-8 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure and Physiological Functions of Caspase-8 Caspase-8 and Cancer Cross-References References See Also Caspase-Eight-Related Protein Caspase-Independent Apoptosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Characteristics of Apoptotic Cells Molecules Involved in the Caspase-Independent Apoptosis Process Inter-regulations Between Caspase-Dependent and Caspase-Independent Apoptosis in Cancer Cells Cross-References References Caspase-Independent Cell Death Caspase-Like Apoptosis-Regulatory Protein CASPER CASTing Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer Keywords Definition Characteristics Genetic Causes of the Disease Diagnosis of the Disease Survival Current Treatment Options Brief Description of Each Therapy Cross-References References Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Definition Cross-References Catechin Cathepsin-D Definition Characteristics Apoptosis Regulation Cancer Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Cathepsins Definition Cross-References Caudal Type Homeobox 2 Caveolins Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also C-BAS/HAS CBFA2 CBP/p300 Coactivators Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also C-CAM CCCTC-Binding Factor Synonyms Definition Characteristics CTCF Functions Clinical Aspects Cross-References References CCI779 CCI-779 CCRG-81045 CD Antigens Synonyms Definition Characteristics CD Antigens Provide Immunophenotypes of Leukocytes Classification of Leukemias Using CD Antigens CD Antigens as Targets for Therapeutic Antibodies Methods for Identification of CD Antigens Cross-References References See Also CD156b Antigen CD184 CD246 CD26 CD26/DPPIV in Cancer Progression and Spread Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References CD314 CD318 (Cluster of Differentiation 318) CD44 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References CD55 CD62 Antigen-Like Family Member E (CD62E) CD66a CD66b CD66c CD66e CD82 2-CdA CdA CDA2 CDCP1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Discovery Protein Structure Cleavage CDCP1 Expression CDCP1 Signaling Phosphorylation Downstream Signaling Known Binding Partners Cross-References References See Also CDCP1 (CUB Domain-Containing Protein 1) CDDP CDK Cdk1 Kinase CDK2/Cyclin A-Associated Protein p45 CDK4I CDKN1A CDKN2 CDKN2A Synonyms Definition Characteristics Identification of CDKN2A Gene Structure of CDKN2A Tumor Suppressor P16 Is a CDK Inhibitor Role of the Alternative Reading Frame (ARF) Product Senescence Mouse Models Clinical Aspects CDKN2A Mutations and Melanoma Mutation of ARF Penetrance Multiple Primary Melanoma CDKN2A Mutations and Nonmelanoma Cancers Modifiers of Penetrance of CDKN2A Mutations CDKN2a Polymorphisms as Low-Risk Factors CDKN2A and the Atypical Mole Syndrome References CDKN4 cDNA Chips CDX2 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure Expression, Activity, and Mechanisms of Regulation Structure Physiological Functions Mode of Action at the Cellular Level Mode of Action at the Molecular Level Clinical Relevance for Colon Cancer Clinical Relevance for Other Types of Cancer References CDX3 CDX-3 CEA CEA Gene Family Synonyms Definition Characteristics Expression and Functions of CEA Family Members in Normal and Tumor Tissues Expression and Functions of CEACAM1 Transcriptional Regulation The Next Frontier References CEACAM1 CEACAM1 Adhesion Molecule Synonyms Definition Characteristics Properties of CEACAM1 CEACAM1 in Cancer Loss of CEACAM1 Expression in Tumorigenesis and Tumor Progression Upregulation of CEACAM1 Expression in Malignant Diseases CEACAM1 and Tumor Angiogenesis Studying CEACAM1 in Cancer: Animal Models References CEACAM1 = BGP CEACAM5 CEACAM5 = CEA CEACAM6 = NCA CEACAM7 = CGM2 CEACAM8 = CGM6 CEA-Related Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 CED Celastrol Synonyms Definition Characteristics Biological Properties Potential Molecular Targets Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Celebra Celebrex Celecoxib Synonyms Characteristics References Cell Adhesion Molecules Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cell Adhesion Molecules and the Cytoskeleton Classification of Cell Adhesion Molecules Cadherins Integrins The Ig Superfamily Selectins Proteoglycans Role of Adhesion Molecules in Cancer The Metastatic Cascade Adhesive Events in Metastasis Other Cancer-Related Functions of Cell Adhesion Molecules Cross-References References See Also Cell Biology Definition Characteristics The Cell Cell Division and Reproduction Cell Proliferation Cell Cycle Regulation of Cell Cycle Progression Programmed Cell Death Apoptosis Necrosis Autophagy Signal Transduction Signaling Targets Systems Biology Cell Motility and Migration Cytoskeleton Signaling Regulation Tumor Biology Initiation and Promotion Progression Metastasis Stem Cell Biology Self-Renewal and Clonality Potency Environmental Regulation Social Implications Cross-References References See Also Cell Cycle Checkpoint Definition Characteristics G1 checkpoint Intra S-phase checkpoint G2/M checkpoint Mitotic checkpoint Checkpoints and cancer References Cell Locomotion Cell Motility Cell Movement beta-Cell Tumor of the Islets Cell-Free Circulating Nucleic Acids (cfDNA) Cell-Free Nucleic Acids in Plasma and Serum (CNAPS), Circulating Tumor DNA (ctDNA) Cellular Antigens Cellular Immunotherapy Cellular Self-cannibalism Cellular Self-digestion Central Neurocytoma Central Neurofibromatosis Centroblastic Centrocytic (Mantle Cell) Lymphoma Centrosome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure and Function Centrosome Duplication Abnormal Amplification of Centrosomes and Chromosome Instability in Cancer Loss of Tumor Suppressor Proteins and Centrosome Amplification Centrosome Amplification and Cancer Chemotherapy Cross-References References Ceramide Definition Characteristics Formation of Ceramide Ceramide-Induced Changes of Biological Membranes Ceramide in Receptor-Mediated Signaling Signaling Molecules Regulated by Ceramide Ceramide in Mitochondria and Cell Death Genetic Evidence for a Function of Ceramide in Apoptosis Ceramide in gamma-Irradiation- and UV-A Light-Induced Apoptosis Ceramide and Chemotherapy Short Chain Ceramide Cross-References References Cervical Cancers Definition Characteristics Symptoms Pathology Staging Prognosis Therapy References Cetuximab Definition Cross-References See Also CG Antigens CGP57148 C-HA-RAS1 Charged Particle Therapy Checkpoint with Forkhead and RING Finger Domain Protein Chelation Therapy Chelators as Anti-Cancer Drugs Synonyms Definition Characteristics Iron Metabolism in Cancer Cells Desferrioxamine, an Iron Chelator with Some Anti-Cancer Activity Other Chelators with Anti-Cancer Potential PIH Chelators The DpT Chelators: Dp44mT Iron Chelation and Cell Cycle Control Molecules Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Chemical Biology Screen Chemical Carcinogenesis Definition Characteristics Normal Cell Types in Animals and the Tumors They Give Rise To Carcinogens Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenesis Insights into Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenesis from Studies of Chemically Induced Neoplastic Transformation Significance of Chemical Carcinogenesis Cross-References References See Also Chemical Genetic Screen Chemical Mutagenesis Chemically Induced Cell Transformation Definition Characteristics Normal Growth of Normal Cells Carcinogens Chemically Induced Cell Transformation: Description and Mechanisms Significance of Chemically Induced Neoplastic Transformation Cross-References References See Also Chemoattractant Cytokine Chemoattraction Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chemokines Chemokines and Cancer Chemoattraction: A Key Process to Attract Cancer Cells to New Biological Niches Other Biological Effects of Chemokines on Cancer Cells Apart from Chemoattraction Chemokines Can Contribute to Regulate the Growth of Cancer Cells Chemokines Can Contribute to Regulate the Survival of Cancer Cells Chemokines Can Contribute to Regulate the Adhesion to New Sites in Cancer Cells Chemokines Can Contribute to Control Protease Secretion in Cancer Cells Chemokines Can Contribute to Control Angiogenesis in Cancer Cells Therapeutical Aspects Summary and Final Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References See Also Chemokines Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Chemokinesis Chemoprevention Definition Cross-References See Also Chemoprotectants Synonyms Definition Characteristics Synthetic Chemoprotectants Natural Chemoprotectants References Chemoprotection Chemoradiation Chemoradiotherapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chemoradiotherapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Chemoradiotherapy for Small Cell Lung Cancer Chemoradiotherapy for Cervical Cancer Chemo-Bioradiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer Chemoradiotherapy for Esophageal Cancer Chemoradiotherapy for Gastric Cancer Chemoradiotherapy for Rectal Cancer Chemoradiotherapy for Anal Cancer Chemoradiotherapy for Glioblastoma Concluding Remarks Cross-References References See Also Chemoresistance Chemosensibilization Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chemosensibilization of Tumors by Targeting P-gp Inhibitors of P-gp Activity Other Strategies to Inhibit P-gp Chemosensibilization of Tumors by Triggering Apoptosis Cross-References References See Also Chemosensitization Chemotactic Cytokine Chemotaxis Chemotherapy Definition Characteristics The Challenge The Agents Clinical Strategies Supportive Care Long-Term Effects of Cancer Treatment Conclusions References CHETK CHFR Synonyms Definition Characteristics Activity in Cancer Biomarker Potential Conclusion References See Also Childhood Adrenocortical Carcinoma Definition Characteristics Incidence Causes Normal Physiology and Tumor Biology Clinical Manifestations Testing Treatment Prognosis Concluding Remarks References Childhood Cancer Definition Characteristics Incidence Causes and Risk Factors Socioeconomic and Ethnic Factors Infections Radiation Exposure UV Light Exposure Genetic and Chromosomal Syndromes Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Treatment Outcome Cross-References References Childhood Cancer and Pediatric Cancer Predisposition Syndromes Definition Characteristics Hereditary Cancer Predisposition Syndromes Central Nervous System Cancer Predisposition Syndromes Hereditary Gastrointestinal Malignancies Genitourinary Cancer Predisposition Syndromes Endocrine Cancer Predisposition Syndromes Sarcoma Predisposition Syndromes Genodermatoses (Inherited Genetic Skin Disorders) with Cancer Predisposition Leukemia/Lymphoma Predisposition Syndromes Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders Numerical Chromosomal Abnormalities Miscellaneous Cross-References References Childhood Cancer and Treatment-Related Toxicities Definition Risk awareness Risk prevention Death Secondary Malignant Neoplasms Cardiovascular Disease Endocrine Complications Thyroid Disorders Gonadal Dysfunction Neurocognitive Impairment Socioeconomic Burden and Health Status Cross-References References Children´s Brain Tumors Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Basic CAR Design The Binding Domain The Spacer Domain The Transmembrane Domain The Signaling Domains The Four Generations of CARs CAR T Cell Therapy: Challenges and Safety Cross-References References See Also Chimeric Antigen Receptor on T Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background on Manipulating T-Cell Responses to Cancer Tumor-Specific CAR Development Clinical Application of CAR-Specific T Cells Improved Therapeutic Potential of CAR T Cells Future Challenges Conclusion References Chimeric Genes Chimeric Immune Receptor Chimeric Oncogenes Chinese Medicine Chinese Versus Western Medicine Synonyms Definition Characteristics Developing History Theories and Principles Etiology and Pathogenesis Diagnostic Methods Treatment Modalities References 2-Chloro-2-deoxyadenosine 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine ChoK Cholangiocarcinoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Etiology Biology Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis Cross-References References Cholangiocellular Carcinoma Choline Kinase Synonyms Definition Characteristics Choline Kinase Alpha and Human Tumorigenesis References Choline Phosphokinase Choline-Ethanolamine Kinase Chorioallantoic Membrane Synonyms Definition Characteristics Angiogenesis Tumor-Induced Angiogenesis Cancer Progression Cross-References References Chorioallantois Choriocarcinoma Choroidal Melanoma C-HRAS Chromate Chromatin Modification Chromatin Remodeling Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms and Clinical Aspects Chromatin-Remodeling Complex Histone Modifications Histone Variant Epigenetic Therapy Cross-References References Chromium Carcinogenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chromium: The Chemical Element and Its Ionic Species and Chemical Compounds Important Commercial Uses of Chromium and Chromium Compounds Biological Aspects of the Essentiality of Chromium(III) in Mammalian Cells Exposure of Humans to Chromium Compounds Genotoxicity of Chromium Compounds Chromium-Induced Cell Transformation Chromium Carcinogenesis Mechanisms of Chromium Carcinogenesis Cross-References References See Also Chromium Tumorigenesis Chromium(VI) Chromium-Induced Carcinogenesis Chromium-Induced Cell Transformation Chromophore-Assisted Laser Inactivation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Advantages Limitations Application Developments Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Chromosomal Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Synonyms Definition Interphase FISH Metaphase FISH Cross-References See Also Chromosomal Instability Synonyms Definition Characteristics Historical Background Chromosome Segregational Defects Lead to Chromosomal Instability A Defective Response to DNA Damage Leads to Chromosomal Instability Telomere Dysfunction May Lead to Chromosomal Instability Cell Cycle Disturbances Result in Chromosomal Instability Cross-References References Chromosomal Translocation t(8;21) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cytogenetics and Morphology AML1/MTG8 AML1/MTG8 in Leukemogenesis Clinical Relevance and Therapy Cross-References References See Also Chromosomal Translocations Definition Characteristics Biology Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia Chronic Idiopathic Myelofibrosis Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Epidemiology Etiology Pathogenesis Risk Prediction in CLL Symptoms and Signs of Active CLL Treatment Strategies in CLL Allo-HCT in CLL Cross-References See Also Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathophysiology Prognosis Therapy of CML Chemotherapy Agents and Interferon Alpha Imatinib Dasatinib and Nilotinib as Second-Line Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Second-Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Newly Diagnosed Patients Third-Line Inhibitors Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantion References Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Lung Cancer Definition Characteristics COPD Lung Cancer Link to Decline in FEV1 COPD and Lung Cancer Associations Possible Mechanisms of the COPD: Lung Cancer Risk Summary Cross-References References Ciliary Body Melanoma CIN Cip1 Cip-Interacting Zinc Finger Protein 1 Ciz1 Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Circadian Clock Induction Definition Characteristics Relevance of Circadian Disruption for Cancer Processes Circadian Clock Control of Cell Cycle Circadian Disruption in Cancer Tissues Physiologic Clock Tumor Clock Circadian Clock Induction Cross-References References Circulating Cancer Cells (CCC) Circulating Nucleic Acids Synonyms Definition Characteristics Basic Aspects Clinical Aspects Cross-References References Circulating Tumor Cells Synonyms Keywords Definition Characteristics CTC Detection and Characterization Clinical Impact of CTC Detection Cross-References References See Also cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) Cisplatin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms of Action Cisplatin and Cancer Treatment Cisplatin-Induced Resistance Inhibition of Drug Uptake and Decreased Intracellular Accumulation Increased DNA Repair Development of Cisplatin Analogs References Cisplatin-Refractory Germ Cell Tumors Cisplatin-Resistant Germ Cell Tumors cis-Platinum II c-Jun Activation Domain-Binding Protein-1 c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase CK CK2 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation of Expression and Activity Role in Carcinogenesis Role in Drug Resistance Targeting CK2 Cross-References References CKII c-Kit C-KRAS Cladribine Synonyms Definition Characteristics Administration and Pharmacokinetics Clinical Activity Toxicity and Adverse Effects Cross-References References CLARP Class II Tumor Suppressor Genes Definition Characteristics Evidence for a Class II Tumor Suppressive Activity Class II Tumor Suppressor Identification Mechanisms of Inactivation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Clastogenesis Clathrin Assembly Lymphoid Myeloid Protein Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Clinical Cancer Biomarker Clinical Cancer Biomarkers Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnostic Tumor Markers Prognostic/Predictive/Markers Surrogate/Monitoring Markers Miscellaneous Markers References Clinical Trial Definition Phase I Trials Phase II Trials Phase III Trials References See Also CLL CLN Clu Cluster of Differentiation 44 Cluster of Differentiation Antigen 135 (CD135) Cluster of Differentiation Antigen 66 a Cluster of Differentiation Antigens Clusterin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Discovery mRNA Isoforms and Protein Forms Structure Clu and Neurological Diseases Clu and Cancer References CML CMM2 CNAs CNC CNDF Coactivator ACTR Coagulation Factor II Receptor Coagulation Factor II Receptor-Like 1 Coagulation Factor II Receptor-Like 2 Coagulation Factor II Receptor-Like 3 Coagulopathy Definition Characteristics References COE Coffee Consumption Definition Characteristics Coffee Constituents Coffee Association with Cancer Cross-References References See Also Cohesin Cohesin Pathway Dysregulation Cohesins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Noncanonical Role of Cohesin Cohesin and Human Diseases Cohesin and Cancer Conclusions Cross-References References Cohort Study Definition Cross-References Coiled Bodies Cold Surgery Collapsin Collier-Olf-EBF Colloid Carcinoma Colon Cancer Colon Cancer Carcinogenesis in Human and in Experimental Animal Models Definition Characteristics Precursor and Premalignant Lesions of CRC Carcinogenic Pathways Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence Type HNPCC Type Pathway ``De Novo´´ Type Pathway Colitic Cancer Pathway (Ulcerative Colitis Dysplasia Carcinoma Sequence) Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis Colonic Carcinogens AOM/Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) Model for Colitis-Related Colon Carcinogenesis Cross-References References Colon Cancer Classification Definition See Also Colon Cancer Genomic Pathways Synonyms Definition Characteristics Histopathological Characteristics Genomic Alterations Involved Chromosomal Instability Pathway APC KRAS SMAD2, SMAD4 and DCC p53 Microsatellite Instability (MSI) Pathway Animal Models for the Study of Colon Carcinogenesis Carcinogen-Induced Models AOM DSS Genetic Models APCMin APC Transgenics APC1638N APC(Delta14/+) Perspective Cross-References References See Also Colon Cancer Molecular and Targeted Experimental Therapy Definition Characteristics Molecularly Targeted Therapies Targeting Cell Proliferation Signaling as an Anticancer Approach Targeting EGF/EGFR Signaling Monoclonal Antibodies Against EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Targeting MEK/MAPK Signaling MET/Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) Signaling Pathway Targeting Angiogenesis as an Anticancer Approach Monoclonal Antibodies Against VEGF VEGF Trap Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Targeting Apoptosis Signaling as an Anticancer Approach Targeting Bcl-2 Family IAP Antagonists Targeting the Extrinsic Apoptosis Pathway Targeting CRC Stem Cells Targeting Wnt Pathway Components Targeting Notch Pathway Components Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy Cancer Vaccines Autologous Tumor Cell Vaccines Peptide Vaccines Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccines Viral Vector-Based Vaccines Adoptive Cell Therapy Immunomodulatory Strategy Acknowledgments Cross-References References Colon Cancer Pathology of Hereditary Forms Definition Characteristics Colorectal Cancer in Lynch Syndrome (Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer) Colorectal Cancer in Familial Polyposis Syndromes Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome Juvenile Polyposis Coli Syndrome Hamartomatous, Juvenile-Type Polyps References Colon Cancer Risk Colorectal Cancer Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention Synonyms Definition Characteristics Aspirin Sulindac Coxibs 5-Aminosalicilate (5-ASA) Metformin Vitamin D Selenium The Future Cross-References References See Also Colorectal Cancer Clinical Oncology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Screening Strategies for the Average-Risk Population FOBT (Fecal Occult Blood Test) Sigmoidoscopy Colonoscopy Double-Contrast Barium Enema Preoperative Diagnosis of Colon Cancer Preoperative (Neoadjuvant) Therapy Surgical Therapy (with the Aim to Cure) Cancers of the Cecum and Ascending Colon Cancers of the Right Flexure and the Proximal Transverse Colon Cancers of the Transverse Colon Tumors of the Left Colonic Flexure Tumors of the Descending Colon and Proximal Sigmoid Colon Tumors of the Middle and Distant Sigmoid Colon Further Constellations Influencing Surgical Strategy Intra- and Postoperative Histopathological Diagnosis Classification of Colorectal Cancers Adjuvant Therapy Follow-Up Cellular and Molecular Features Perspective References Colorectal Cancer Nutritional Carcinogenesis Synonyms Keywords Definition Characteristics Relation Between Nutrition and Colon Cancer: Evaluation by an International Expert Group Nutritional Factors Increasing the Risk of Colon Cancer Red Meat and Processed Meat Alcoholic beverages Body and Abdominal Fatness Adult Attained Height Nutritional Factors Decreasing the Risk of Colorectal Cancer Physical Activity Foods Containing Dietary Fibre Other Factors Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Colorectal Cancer Pathology Definition Characteristics Localization Macroscopy/Gross Morphology Microscopy/Histomorphology Histological Typing Histologic Grading Tumor Spread Local Spread Lymphatic Spread Venous Spread Perineural Spread Extent of Resection and Lymph Node Dissection Staging Explanatory Notes Concerning the Application of the UICC TNM Classification General Aspects Primary Tumor Regional Lymph Nodes Distant Metastasis Stage Grouping Residual Tumor Classification Tumor Regression Score Prognosis Histopathological Report Cross-References References Colorectal Cancer Premalignant Lesions Synonyms Definition Characteristics Adenomas Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence Hyperplastic Polyps Hamartomatous Polyps Aberrant Crypt Foci Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Cross-References References Colorectal Cancer Therapeutic Antibodies Definition Characteristics Treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer Cetuximab (Erbitux) and Panitumumab (Vectibix): Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors Bevacizumab (Avastin): Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Inhibitor Ramucirumab (CYRAMZA): Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor- Receptor 2 (VEGF-R2) inhibitor Other Antibodies with Anti-CRC Activity Conclusions Cross-References References Colorectal Cancer Vaccine Therapy Definition Characteristics Whole-Cell Vaccines (WCV) Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) Peptide and Protein Vaccines Anti-idiotype Vaccines DNA Vaccines Recombinant Virus Vaccines Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccines Outlook References Combinatorial Cancer Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction Major Types of Combinatorial Cancer Therapy Combinatorial Cancer Chemotherapy Combined Modality Cancer Therapy Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Combinatorial Selection Methods Synonyms Definition Characteristics CASTing REPSA SELEX Cross-References References Combined Modality Treatment Comet Assay Synonyms Definition Characteristics Modifications Areas of Application Genotoxicity Testing DNA Repair Biomonitoring Cross-References References See Also Comparative Oncology Definition Characteristics History Scientific Advancements Need for New Models of Drug Development Clinical Applications Cross-References References Complement Cytolysis Inhibitor (Cli) Complement-Associated Protein SP-40 (SP-40) Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Complement-Mediated Cytotoxicity Compound Screen Conditionally Replicating Adenovirus Conditionally Replicative Adenovirus Confocal Laser-Scanning Microscopy In Vivo Definition Characteristics Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Congenic Mice Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma Congenital Telangiectatic Erythema Conjugated Linolenic Acids Synonyms Definition Characteristics In Vitro Studies In Vivo Studies References Connexins Definition Characteristics Connexins as Tumor Suppressors Connexins as a Therapeutic Target Cross-References References Constitutive Androstane Receptor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure of CAR Mechanism of Action Regulators of CAR CAR Targets CAR and Carcinogenesis Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Constitutive Photomorphogenic-9 (COP9) Signalosome 5 (CSN5) Contact Normalization Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Contralateral Breast Cancer Definition Cross-References Convection-Enhanced Delivery Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Application Future Directions Cross-References References See Also Coordination Compound COP9/CSN5 Core Binding Factor A2 Corin (TMPRSS10) Cortactin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure and Binding Partners Function Regulation Role in Cancer References Cowden Disease Cowden Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular Features Clinical Aspects References COX COX-2 COX-2 in Colorectal Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics COX-2 and Colorectal Cancer Prevention Summary Cross-References References See Also COX-2 Inhibitors CpG Islands Synonyms Definition Characteristics Preservation of CpG Islands Clinical Relevance Normal, Developmentally Regulated, CpG Island Methylation Aberrant CpG Island Methylation in Cancer Cross-References References CPT-11 Cr(VI) Cr cRaf C-Raf Cripto-1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure of Cripto-1, a Member of the EGF-CFC Protein Family Cripto-1 During Embryonic Development and in Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells Cripto-1 in Mammary Gland Development Cripto-1 in Transformation, Tumorigenesis, and Angiogenesis Transgenic Mouse Models Overexpressing CR-1 in the Mammary Gland Expression of CR-1 in Human Carcinomas and Premalignant Lesions Cross-References References c-Rmil Crohn Colitis Synonyms Definition Cross-References Crohn Disease Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chemoprevention of IBD-Related CRC Mechanistic Explanations Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Crow-Fukase Syndrome CRP55 CRP-Ductin (Mouse) CRT Cryosurgery Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cryobiology Tumors Suitable for Cryosurgical Treatment Indications for Cryosurgery Cryosurgical Technique Results of Treatment Complications Wound Infection Venous Gas Embolism Fracture Epiphyseal Damage Degenerative Osteoarthritis Damage to Nerves Prospects to the Future Cross-References References See Also Cryptotanshinone Synonyms Definition Characteristics Antiangiogenesis Antilymphangiogenesis Anticancer Activities References Crypts Definition Cross-References CSC c-Src CT4 CT6.1 CTAG CTAG1 CTAG1A CTAG1B CTCF CTCFL (Stands for CTCF-Like) CTCF-T (Stands for CTCF-Testis Specific) CTLA-8 in Rodents CTLO Cucurbitacin B Definition Characteristics Chemical names Activities on Cancer Cells Mechanism of Action Position of Cucurbitacin B Adverse Effects Conclusion Cross-References References Cullin Ubiquitin E3 Ligases Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation Conclusion Cross-References References Cullin-Containing Ubiquitin E3 Ligases Cullin-RING Ubiquitin E3 Ligases (CRLs) 3D Culture Curcumin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure-Activity Relationships Bioavailability Modulation of Cancer Cell Signaling Pathways Induction of Cancer Cell Death Clinical Trials Cross-References References Cushing Syndrome Definition Characteristics Diagnostic Guidelines References Cutaneous Desmoplastic Melanoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Microscopic Features Clinical Features Management Cross-References References See Also Cutaneous Neoplasms Cyclin D Definition Characteristics Regulation of D Cyclins CDK-Independent Activities of D-Type Cyclins Clinical Relevance References Cyclin G-Associated Kinase Synonyms Definition Characteristics GAK and the Androgen Receptor GAK and Prostate Cancer Progression Cross-References References See Also Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B (CDKI1B) Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A Cyclin-Dependent Kinases Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Discovery of CDKs Members of the CDK Family CDKs in Cancer and Other Human Diseases Cross-References References Cyclins Definition Cross-References Cyclooxygenase Definition Cross-References See Also Cyclooxygenase (Prostaglandin Endoperoxide Synthase 2) Cyclophosphamide Definition Cross-References Cylindromatosis Synonyms Definition Cross-References CYP 450arom CYP450 Cystadenocarcinoma Cystadenoma Cystatins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Domain Structure Gene Structure and Evolution Function Role in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Cystatins A, B Cystic Fibrosis Definition Cross-References Cystic Nephroma Definition Cross-References Cytochalasin B Definition Cross-References See Also Cytochrome P450 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Detoxification Using CYPs to Improve Therapy Genetic Polymorphisms CYP2B6 CYP2C8 CYP2C9 CYP2C19 CYP2D6 CYP3A4 CYP3A5 Cancer Incidence Cross-References References See Also Cytokine Definition Cross-References Cytokine Receptor Cytokine Receptor as the Target for Immunotherapy and Immunotoxin Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cytokine Receptor as the Target for Immunotherapy Cytokine Receptor as the Target for Immunotoxin Therapy Cross-References References See Also Cytokine Toxin Fusions or Conjugates Cytoplasmic Scaffolding Apoptotic Protease Activating Factor Cytoskeleton Definition Characteristics Microfilaments (Actin Filaments) Microtubules Intermediate Filaments Cross-References References Cytosolic Transglutaminase Cytotactin Cytotoxic T Cells Definition Characteristics Dendritic Cells Play a Major Role in the Induction of CD8 T Cell Responses Activation of CD8 T cells Cytotoxic Potential of Activated CD8 T Cells Cross-References References Cytovillin D 3-(1,3-Dihydro-3-oxo-2H-indol-2-ylidene)-1,3 dihydro-2H-indol-2-one DAC Dacogen Dactinomycin Definition Cross-References See Also DAF Damage Response DANCE, EVEC, UP50, FBLN-5 Dap160 (Dynamin-Associated Protein of 160 kDa) DAP6 DARC Daxx Synonyms Definition Characteristics Basic Information Subcellular Distribution of Daxx Protein Daxx Mediates Stress-Induced Cell Death In Unstressed Cells, Daxx Seems to Play an Antiapoptotic Role Cross-References References DCIS DcR3 DCX DDP DDS Death Death Receptors Definition Cross-References See Also Death-Associated Protein 6 Decatenation G2 Checkpoint Definition Characteristics Molecular Biology Clinical Implications Cross-References References Decay-Accelerating Factor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Actions of DAF in Cancer Perspectives in Cancer Therapy Cross-References References See Also Decay-Accelerating Factor for Complement Decitabine Decoy Receptor Definition Cross-References Decoy Receptor 3 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Tissue Expression and Decoy Function of DcR3 Decoy Unrelated Novel Actions of DcR3 New Action Mechanisms of DcR3 Cross-References References See Also Deferasirox Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pharmacological Properties Tolerability Synthesis Iron Iron and Cancer Iron Chelation in Cancer Therapy Deferasirox in Cancer Therapy Deferasirox and Mantle Cell Lymphoma Deferasirox and the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway Deferasirox and the Wnt Signaling Pathway Deferasirox and Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) Interesting Case Report Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Deleted in Liver Cancer 1 Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Functional Characteristics DMBT1 and Innate Immunity/Mucosal Protection DMBT1 and Epithelial/Stem Cell Differentiation and Regenerative Processes DMBT1 and Tumorigenesis References Deleted in Pancreatic Carcinoma Locus 4 Synonyms Definition Characteristics TGFbeta-Smad Signaling Cascade Transcriptional Regulation Through Smads What Makes DPC4/Smad4 Unique Among the Other Smad Family Members? Which Human Tumors Show Alterations of the DPC4 Gene? How Are Naturally Occurring DPC4 Mutations Interfering with the Smad Signaling Cascade Does DPC4 Contribute to the Familial Risk for Pancreatic Cancer? How Does DPC4 Contribute to Tumor Formation? Cross-References References Dendritic Cells Definition Characteristics Origin and Function Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy Dendritic Cells in Cancers Cross-References References See Also Dental Pulp Neoplasms Definition Characteristics History Inflammatory Pulp Reactions Radiotherapy Animal Investigations Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also 2-Deoxy-5-azacytidine Deoxyazacytidine Dephosphorylating Enzyme DES Designer Foods Desmoglein-2 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cell Junctions Desmosome Desmoglein and Cancer Adherens Junctions Cross-References References Desmoid Tumor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathology Etiology Clinical Features Treatment Cross-References References Desmoplasia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Desmoplastic Melanoma Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical and Pathological Features Molecular Diagnosis Molecular Genetics Cross-References References See Also Desmoplastic Tumor Microenvironment Desmosomes Synonyms Definition Characteristics Desmosomal Cadherins Armadillo Family Plakin Family Null Mutations in Mice Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Detachment-Induced Cell Death Determination of Tumor Extent and Spread Detoxication Detoxification Synonyms Definition Characteristics Genetic Variation Cellular Regulation Clinical Relevance References Deubiquitinating Enzymes (DUBs) Development Lymph Vessel Development of New Lymphatic Vessels Dezocitidine D-factor dFdC DIA Diabody Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure Pharmacokinetics and Distribution Agonistic Activity Application of Diabodies Future Directions Cross-References References See Also Diagnostic Pathology Dibasic Processing Enzyme Diet Dietary Carcinogens Dietary Essential Minerals Diethylstilbestrol Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pharmacology Initial Use and Early Epidemiologic Studies Animal Studies Neoplastic Effects in Humans Nonneoplastic Effects in Humans Mechanism of Toxicity Summary Cross-References References See Also Diferuloylmethane Differentiation-Inducing Factor Diffuse Diffuse Astrocytoma Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Therapy Genetics Subtypes of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Primary Mediastinal (Thymic) Large B-Cell Lymphoma Intravascular Large B-Cell Lymphoma Primary Effusion Lymphoma Lymphomatoid Granulomatosis Cross-References References See Also Diffuse Large Cell Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Diffuse or Nodular 2,2-Difluoro-2-deoxycytidine Dihydrogen Dioxide 3,4-Dihydro-3-methyl-4-oxoimidazo(5,1-d)-as-tetrazine-8-carboxamide 3,4-Dihydro-3-methyl-4-oxoimidazo [5,1-d]-as-tetrazine-8-carboxamide 3,4-Dihydro-3-methyl-4-oxoimidazo(5,1-d)-1,2,3,5-tetrazine-8-carboxamide Dihydrotestosterone Receptor Dimethylfumarate Definition Chemistry and Pharmacodynamics Characteristics Biological Effects of FAEs In vitro Drug Formulations of Currently Used Fumaric Acid Esters (FAEs) Biological Effects of FAEs In vivo Clinical Aspects and Future Perspectives References Dioxin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Carcinogenic Activity Mechanisms Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Dioxin Receptor Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Dipropylacetic Acid Directed Migration Directed Motility Disintegrin Metalloproteases Disordered Domain Distal Intestinal Serine Protease (Mouse Only, TMPRSS8) Distant Bystander Effect Distant Bystander Effects Distributed Stem Cells DLC1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Functions of DLC1 Negative Regulation of Cytoskeleton Tumor Suppressive Effect Clinical Relevance Genetic Alteration Epigenetic Silencing Cross-References References See Also DMBT1 DNA Damage Synonyms Definition Characteristics Agents Causing Bulky, Structurally Distorting DNA Adducts Nucleotide Base Damage Single- and Double-Strand Breaks Therapeutic Approaches Cross-References References See Also DNA Damage Response Definition Characteristics Sources of Damage Checkpoint Pathway G1 Checkpoint Intra-S-phase Checkpoint G2/M Checkpoint DNA Repair Responses Excision Repair Double-Strand Break Repair Translesion Synthesis Repair Interstrand DNA Cross-Link Repair Arrest, Repair, or Die? p53-Dependent Mechanisms p53-Independent Mechanisms Cancer Susceptibility Cross-References References See Also DNA Damage Response Genes Definition Characteristics DNA Replication Polymerase Alterations in Cancer DNA Repair Pathway Alterations in Cancer DNA Damage Signaling Pathways in Cancer References See Also DNA Damage Tolerance Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Nonreplicative DNA Polymerases Translesion DNA Synthesis Association with Cancer References DNA Damage-Induced Apoptosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Summary Physiological Role of Apoptosis Induced by DNA Damage Cross-References References See Also DNA Damage-Triggered Death Signaling Pathways DNA Demethylation DNA Lesion DNA Lesion Bypass DNA Oxidation Damage Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also DNA Repair and Damage Processing DNA Undermethylation DNA Vaccination Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms of Action Adjuvant Activity of DNA Tailoring Immune Responses by DNA Vaccine Design Formulation Mixed Modality Vaccines Results from Clinical Trials References DNA-Bound Carcinogens DnaJ (Hsp40) Homolog Subfamily C Member 15 DNAJC15 DNAJD1 DNF15S2 Docetaxel Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pharmacokinetics Toxicity Dosage Indications Cross-References References See Also Docking Proteins Dormancy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Blocked Angiogenesis Maintenance of Tumor Dormancy by Endogenous Angiogenesis Inhibitors Escape from Tumor Dormancy by a Switch to the Angiogenic Phenotype Experimental Analysis of the Angiogenic Switch in Human Dormant Cancers Molecular Mechanisms of Angiogenic Switching in Dormant Cancers Other Forms of Tumor Dormancy Immune Surveillance as a Cause of Tumor Dormancy Hormonal Depletion as a Cause of Tumor Dormancy Dormancy of Single Metastatic Tumor Cells Future Directions Biomarkers to Detect Dormant Tumors Cross-References References See Also Doublecortex Doublecortin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation Clinical Relevance References Doxorubicin DPC4 DPPIV DR4 Antibodies DR5 Antibodies Draining Lymph Node DRF Drug Carriers Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment Keywords Definition Characteristics Characteristics of Vascular Walls of Cancer Carriers for Drugs, Chemicals, and Nucleic Acids Targeted Drug Delivery Cross-References References See Also Drug Delivery Vehicles Drug Design Synonyms Definition Characteristics Identification and Validation of Molecular Targets Characterization of Molecular Targets Compound Screening and Lead Optimization Preclinical Optimization Clinical Evaluation Cross-References References See Also Drug Development Drug Discovery Definition Characteristics Cancer Targets Fusion Genes, Oncogenes, and Tumor Suppressors Pathway Activations Drug Types Design and Screen the Drug Candidates Characterize the Drug Candidates in Preclinical Models Conclusions References Drug Metabolism Drug Resistance Synonyms Definition Characteristics De Novo Drug Resistance Acquired Drug Resistance Drug Metabolism Drug Efflux Intracellular Changes in Drug Resistance Drug Penetration References Drug Responses Drug Targeting Dry Eye Syndrome Dry Mouth Syndrome Dsg2 DS-ML Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Risk Factors Classification Treatment DCIS in Men Recurrence References Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines Synonyms Definition Characteristics References DUG (Rat Pdcd4) Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Definition Characteristics T1 and T2* DCE-MRI Techniques Data Acquisition Data Analysis Clinical Findings Evaluation of Angiogenesis Inhibitors Conclusion References Dysgerminoma Dysgerminomas - Dysgerminoma Dysmyelopoietic Syndrome Dysplasia Definition Cross-References E E Motif ETV6 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Discovery Protein Domains ETV6 Fusion Partners in Cancer Protein Tyrosine Kinase Fusion Partners of ETV6 Transcription Factors and Other Fusion Partners of ETV6 The ETV6/RUNX1 Fusion The MN1/ETV6 Fusion The ETV6/ARNT Fusion ``Unproductive´´ ETV6 Fusions Putative Tumor Suppressor Gene and Physiological Function References E100 E11 Antigen E2A-PBX1 Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects Wild-Type E2A and PBX1 Gene Products Structure and Function of E2A-PBX1 References E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase Eag Eag1 EAP1 Early B-Cell Factors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Potential Roles in Cancer References Early Detection Early Genes of Human Papillomaviruses Definition Characteristics Clinical Relevance References Early-Stage Ovarian Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Preoperative Workup of an Adnexal Mass Surgical Staging Non-epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Surgical Staging and Treatment Germ Cell Tumors Immature Teratoma Endodermal Sinus Tumor Sex Cord Tumors Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumors Fertility Preservation Conclusion References EBF Ebnerin (RAt) E-Box Synonyms Definition Characteristics Genes Containing E-Boxes and the bHLH Proteins That Control Them Genes and Gene Products That Are Related to Growth Control and Cancer How Do bHLH Proteins Bind to E-Boxes? References See Also EBV EC 2.7.11.1 E-Cadherin Synonyms Definition Characteristics E-Cadherin and the Formation of Adhesion Junctions Signals Elicited by the Loss of Cell Adhesion E-Cadherin in Animal Models of Cancer E-Cadherin in Human Cancer Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also ECMRIII ECSA Ecteinascidin 743 Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterase 2 Eczema EDF Edible Salt EDN Efferocytosis Keywords Definition Characteristics The Efferocytic Process Apoptotic Cell Death Phagocyte Recruitment by Apoptotic Cells Recognition of Apoptotic Cells by Phagocytes Apoptotic Cell Engulfment The Post-Phagocytic Immune Response Diseases Caused by Malfunctioning Efferocytosis Rheumatic Diseases Atherosclerosis Chronic Lung Diseases Allograft Tolerance Infection and Microbes The Role of Efferocytosis in Cancer Prospects Cross-References References See Also Eg5 EGF EGF Family EGF-Like Ligands EGFR EGP-2 EGP34 EHSH1 (EH Domain/SH3 Domain-Containing Protein) Eicosanoid Signaling Eicosanoids Definition Cross-References ELA2 Elastase ELAV1 Electrolytes Electromagnetic Fields Definition Characteristics Epidemiological and Clinical Evidence Experimental Evidence Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Electropermeabilization Electroporation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Physical Aspects Experimental Electroporation for Nucleic Acid Delivery Clinical Uses of Electroporation Electrochemotherapy Electrogenetherapy Irreversible Electroporation Cross-References References Eliminate Gynecomazia ELISA Definition Cross-References Elongin BC Complex Definition Characteristics The VHL Tumor Suppressor Complex SOCS-Box Proteins and the Elongin BC Complex Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Embryonal Carcinoma Embryonal Serum Alpha-Globulin Embryonal Serum α-Globulin Embryonic Stem Cells Definition Cross-References Embryo-Specific Alpha-Globulin Embryo-Specific α-Globulin Empirin EMS1 Endocan Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Endocannabinoids Endocrine Neoplasms Endocrine Oncology Definition Characteristics Hereditary Syndromes Associated with Endocrine Tumors Endocrine Tumor Markers Endocrine Syndromes Secondary to Functioning Neuroendocrine Tumors Endocrine Paraneoplastic Syndromes Hormonal Influences on Tumor Growth Hormone-Sensitive Tumors Late Effects of Cancer Therapy on the Endocrine System Conclusion References Endocrine Therapy Synonyms Definition Cross-References Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Estrogen Receptors Therapeutic Strategies Based On ERα Targeting Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs) Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs) Therapeutic Strategies Based On Estrogen Deprivation Ovarian Ablation/Suppression Aromatase Inhibitors Resistance to Endocrine Therapy Cross-References References Endocrine-Related Cancers Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathogenesis Prevalence Clinical Presentation and Pathology Pituitary Tumors Thyroid Tumors Parathyroid Tumors Endocrine Pancreatic Tumors Adrenal Tumors Ovarian Tumors Testicular Tumors Multiple Endocrine Gland Tumors Carcinoids Secondary Endocrine Malignancies Ectopic Hormone Syndromes Treatment Prognosis Cancers of Endocrine Target Tissues Cross-References References See Also Endocrine-Responsive Cancers Endocurietherapy Endocytosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Endocytosis and Signaling Molecular Mechanisms Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Endolysosomal Pathway Endometrial Cancer Definition Characteristics Risk Factors Classification Pathogenesis Mechanisms Treatment Surgery Radiation Therapy Hormonal Therapy Progestogens Aromatase Inhibitors Cross-References References See Also Endometrioma Definition See Also Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular Mechanisms Signal Transduction by the Three Arms of the UPR Clinical Relevance Glossary References Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response Endosomal Compartments Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects Cross-References References Endosomal Protein Sorting Endostatin Definition Characteristics Discovery Structure and Function Mechanism of Action Genetic Variations Preclinical Studies Clinical Trials References Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule-1 Endothelial Transglutaminase Endothelial-Derived Gene-1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms EG-1 in Human Cancer Translational Aspects Cross-References References See Also Endothelial-Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule 1 (ELAM1) Endothelin-2 Endothelins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Endothelin Expression in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Endotoxin-Induced Factor in Serum Engineered Antibody Enlarged Breast Male ENPP2 Enteropeptidase (TMPRSS15) Enzymes Enzymic Mouth to Mouth Feeding Ep EpCAM Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure and Function Structure Tissue Morphogenesis Pattern of Tissue Expression Normal Tissue Abnormal Tissue Paradox of Expression with Advance in Carcinomas EpCAM-Targeted Immunotherapy Mechanism of Tumor Inhibition Clinical Trials (Table1) Monospecific Murine Antibody What Are the Solutions? Humanized Antibody Bispecific Antibodies Structure and Rationale for Development (Fig.2) In Vitro Cytotoxicity Prolonged Antitumor Immunity In Vivo Clinical Trials (Table2) Cross-References References See Also Eph Receptors Definition Characteristics Normal Eph Signaling Eph Signaling in Cancer References Ephelide Epidemiology of Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Study Design Risk Factors Cross-References References Epidermal Growth Factor Inhibitors Definition Characteristics EGFR Activation and Downstream Signaling Molecular Mechanisms of Targeted Therapies EGFR Mutations EGFR Inhibitors in GI Tumors EGFR Inhibitors in Lung Cancer References Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Synonyms Definition Characteristics EGFR Structure EGFR Ligands EGFR Signal Transduction EGFR Transactivation EGFR in Cancer Increased EGFR Ligand Production Increased EGFR Protein Levels EGFR Mutations Impairment of EGFR Downregulation EGFR Cross Talk with Other Receptors Therapies Targeting EGFR Summary Cross-References References Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors Epidermal Growth Factor-like Ligands Synonyms Definition EGF-like Ligands and Cancer Brain Tumor Carcinoma of the Lung Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) Colorectal Cancer Cross-References References See Also Epidermoid Carcinoma Epigallocatechin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Targets of EGCG General Anticancer Effects of Green Tea Polyphenols Direct Molecular Targets of EGCG Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Epigenetic Definition Cross-References Epigenetic Biomarker Definition Characteristics Epigenetic Modifications Epigenetic Biomarkers in Cancer Prostate Cancer GSTP1 DNA Methylation in Prostate Cancer Conclusion References Epigenetic Gene Silencing Definition Characteristics Epigenetics and Cancer DNA Methylation Histone Modifications and Chromatin Remodeling Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Epigenetic Modifications Definition Cross-References Epigenetic Therapy Definition Characteristics DNA Methylation and Histone Deacetylation Epigenetic Abnormalities in Cancer DNA Methyltransferase and Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Epigenetic Therapy in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Epigenomics Definition Characteristics The Epigenome and Cancer Technologies Epigenomic Researches and Therapies Cross-References References See Also Epithelial Cadherin Epithelial Carcinogenesis Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Epithelial Tumorigenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction Predisposing Factors The Multistage Pathogenesis Model of Epithelial Tumorigenesis Example of Multistage Carcinogenesis in Colorectal Cancer The Role of Stem Cells in Epithelial Tumorigenesis Epigenetic Changes and Epithelial Tumorigenesis The Interaction of Cellular Microenvironment in Epithelial Tumorigenesis Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) Chronic Inflammation and Epithelial Cancers Summary Cross-References References See Also Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Epitheliasin (TMPRSS 2) Epithelium Definition Cross-References See Also Epo Epoetin Epothilone B Analogue Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction Preclinical Testing Phase I Studies in Cancer Patients Phase II Studies in Cancer Patients Summary and Future Outlook Cross-References References Epothilones Definition Cross-References See Also Epstein-Barr Virus Synonyms Definition Characteristics In vitro Immortalization of Primary B Cells by EBV: The Growth Transcription Program EBV Biological Cycle In Vivo Viral Productive Cycle Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Cross-References References ER ER Stress ERBB ErbB-1 ERBB2 Erlotinib Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Erlotinib (Tarceva) ERM Proteins Synonyms Definition Characteristics History, Structure, and Sequence Regulation Function, Distribution, Localization The Expression and Functions of ERM Proteins in Cancer Cross-References References ERp60 Erythrocytosis Erythroid Colony-Stimulating Activity Erythroid Differentiation Factor Erythroleukemia Definition Cross-References Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Factor Erythropoietin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Regulation Clinical Relevance References ESA ESE (EH Domain and SH3 Domain Regulator of Endocytosis) E-Selectin-Mediated Adhesion and Extravasation in Cancer Keywords Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure Expression Function Clinical Relevance of E-Selectin in Cancer Targeting E-selectin and Its Ligands Soluble E-selectin as a Diagnostic Marker E-selectin-Mediated Capture E-selectin as a Receptor for Targeted Delivery Cross-References References See Also ESF ESM-1 ESO1 Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Treatment Mechanisms of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Pathogenesis Mutational Landscape of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Cross-References References See Also Esophageal Cancer Definition Characteristics Cross-References References ESR1 ESR2 Estradiol Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action Sources of Estrogens Role of Estrogens in Human Breast Carcinogenesis Receptor-Mediated Pathway Oxidative Metabolism of Estrogen Estrogens as Inducers of Aneuploidy References Estren-Dameshek Syndrome (= Variant Form) Estrogen Receptor Synonyms Definition Characteristics History Molecular Mechanisms of Action What Have We Learned from ER Knockout Mice? Involvement of Estrogen Receptors in Physiology and Cancer Cross-References References See Also Estrogen Receptor Alpha Estrogen Receptor Beta Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and HER-2 Negative Estrogen Signaling Definition Characteristics ER-Mediated Signaling GPER-Mediated Signaling Estrogen Signaling in Cancer References Estrogen Synthase Estrogenic Hormones Definition Characteristics Etiology Breast Cancer Uterine, Cervical, and Ovarian Cancer Vaginal Adenocarcinoma Hepatoma Therapy Breast Cancer Uterine and Cervical Cancers Cross-References References See Also Estrogen-Replacement Therapy ET ET-2 ET-743 Eta-1 Ether à-go-go Potassium Channels Synonyms Definition Characteristics Oncogenic Potential of h-Eag1 Channels Eag1 as a Diagnostic Marker Eag1 as a Therapeutic Target and Prognostic Marker Mechanisms of Oncogenicity Outline Cross-References References Etidronate Definition Cross-References Etiology of Prostate Adenocarcinoma Etoposide Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Ets Transcription Factors Definition Characteristics Ets Factors and Development Regulation of Ets Protein Activities Ets Proteins and Cancer References ETS Variant Gene 6 Everolimus Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action in Renal Cell Carcinoma Clinical Activity in Renal Cell Carcinoma Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Ewing Sarcoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cytogenetics and Gene Alterations Etiology Therapy References Ewing Sarcoma Family Tumors Ewing Tumor EWS-FLI (ets) Fusion Transcripts Definition Characteristics Structure Properties of the EWS-FLI1 Fusion Transcript and Protein EWS and Other Specific Human Translocations Genesis of the Translocation The EWS-FLI1 Fusion and the Pathogenesis of Ewing Sarcoma Clinical Relevance EWS-FLI1 (ets) in Diagnosis EWS-FLI1 (ets) Fusion Type and Prognosis EWS-FLI1 (ets) and Detection of Minimal Residual Disease EWS-FLI1 (ets) and Therapeutics Cross-References References See Also Exfoliation of Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Cell Exfoliation in Neoplasia Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Exjade Exobiotics Exosomal MicroRNA Exosomal miRNA Synonyms Definition Characteristics Biogenesis of Exosomes and Exosomal miRNA Packaging Bio-functions of Exosomal miRNA in Cancer Exosomal miRNAs in Cancer Diagnostic and Clinical Use Cross-References References See Also Exosomal Shuttle MicroRNA Exosome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Cargo Protein Lipid RNA Trafficking Exosomes in Cancer Microenvironment Immune System Biomarkers Cross-References References See Also Experimental Carcinogenesis Extracellular Matrix Remodeling Definition Characteristics References Extracellular Nucleic Acids Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2 Synonyms Definition Characteristics The ERK Activation Cascade ERK Substrates Termination of pERK Activity Nuclear Translocation and Localization of ERK Oncogene-Driven ERK Activation: A Therapeutic Target Radiation Therapy and ERK Activation Future Directions Cross-References References See Also Extracellular Vesicles Extrahepatic Bile Duct Carcinoma Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Extrahepatic Cholangiocellular Carcinoma Extrapulmonary Small Cell Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Pathology Clinical Features Diagnosis and Staging Management Prognosis Genitourinary Tract Urinary Bladder Prostate Gynecological Sites Cervix Gastrointestinal Tract Esophagus Colon and Rectum Head and Neck Region Larynx References Extreme Hypoxia F 4F9 FADD-Like Antiapoptotic Molecule 1 FADD-Like ICE Familial (Constitutional) Panmyelocytopathy (Type) Fanconi Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Familial Hypoplastic Anemia Fanconi Familial Polyposis Coli FAMP Fanconi Anemia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDSs) Leukemia Solid Tumors Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the Head and Neck (HNSCC) SCC of the Vulva and Cervix Liver Tumors Other Tumors FA Gene Involvement in Neoplastic Disease of Non-FA Individuals Cross-References References See Also Fanconi Pancytopenia Fanconi Panmyelopathy FAP Farnesylation Definition See Also Fas-Associated Death Domain Faslodex Fatty Acid Transport Definition Characteristics Tumor Mechanisms Cross-References References See Also Fbl1 FBLN-2 F-Box and Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein 1 Fbxl1 FDG-PET Definition Characteristics Principle Instrumentation Acquisition Image Analysis Qualitative Semiquantitative Image Reconstruction Applications Safety Limitations Conclusions References Fecal Immunochemical Test Synonyms Definition Characteristics Fate of Hemoglobin in the Gastrointestinal Tract Uses for FIT Quantifiable FIT Types of FIT Currently Available Stool-Sampling Procedures Biology of Bleeding from Colorectal Neoplasia References Fecal Occult Blood Test Synonyms Definition Cross-References Fenretinide Synonyms Definition Characteristics Use of Fenretinide in Clinical Trials Activity of Fenretinide in Nonmalignant Diseases Conclusion References Ferroptosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Modulating Ferroptosis Under Pathological Conditions Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Fetal Exposure to Carcinogenic Agents Fetal Hamartoma of the Kidney Fetal Liver Kinase-2 (FLK2) α1-Fetoglobulin α-Fetoprotein α-Feto-protein Feto-Specific Proteins Fetuin Fetuin-A Fever of Obscure Origin Fever of Unexplained Origin Fever of Unknown Origin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cancer and Fever of Unknown Origin Diagnosis Prognosis of Cancer Associated with Fever of Unknown Origin Conclusion References FH FHIT Fibrinogen Definition Characteristics References Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) Inhibitors Fibroblast Growth Factors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation Clinical Relevance References Fibrofolliculomas with Trichodiscomas and Acrochordons Fibromyoma Fibronectin Definition Characteristics Forms of Fibronectin Functions Structure Fibronectin Polymorphism Posttranslational Modifications Alternative Splicing Biological Significance of ED-B Fibronectin Isoforms in Disease Fibronectin Isoforms and Cancer Cross-References References Fibrosarcoma Definition See Also Fibrosis and Cancer Definition Characteristics Tumor-Stromal Cell Interactions Lysyl Oxidases, Fibrosis, and Cancer Tumor Suppressor Activity of LOX References Fibulins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Fibulin-1 Fibulin-2 Fibulin-3 Fibulin-4 Fibulin-5 Fibulin-6 Conclusion and Perspective References Fine Needle Aspiration Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background What Is FNAB? What Cellular Characteristics Do Cytologists Study in Order to Make a Microscopic Diagnosis of Cancer? Method Palpation-Guided Aspirates Deep-Seated Aspirations Complications and Contraindications Diagnostic Accuracy and Yield Diagnostic Utility of FNAB Limitations of the FNAB Method of Study References See Also Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Firestorm Pattern Definition Characteristics Contrast with Other Forms of Gene Amplification Mechanism of Firestorm Formation Relation of Patterns to Clinical Outcome Cross-References References See Also First-Echelon Node First-Tier Node FISH FIT FKHL-16 FL FLAME-1 Flavonoids Definition Cross-References FLICE FLICE-Inhibitory Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Function Modulation of c-FLIP Level Role in Carcinogenesis Implications in Cancer Therapy References FLJ10796 FLJ33629 Flow Cytometry Definition Characteristics The Technology Applications Immunophenotyping (IP) Transplant Support DNA Ploidy and S-Phase Fraction Determining Treatment Efficacy Newer and Future Applications References FLT3 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Gene Ligand FLT3 Mutations in Leukemia Signaling Through FLT3 FLT3 Inhibitors References Fludarabine Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical and Cellular Pharmacology Mechanisms of Anticancer Activity Clinical Applications Cross-References References See Also Fludarabine Phosphate Fluid Phase Endocytosis Fluorescence Diagnostics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Application Detection of Early Lung Cancer by Fluorescence Bronchoscopy Urinary Bladder Other Organ Sites References Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Fluoro-Sorafenib 5-Fluorouracil Fluorouracil Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms of Action Determinants of Cell Sensitivity to 5-FU Toxic Side Effects Capecitabine, an Orally Administered Prodrug of Fluorouracil References Fluoxetine Synonyms Definition Characteristics Multiple Drug Resistance MDR Reversal by Chemosensitization Fluoxetine as a Multi-pump Chemosensitizer In Vitro Studies In Vivo Studies Cross-References References See Also Fms-Like Tyrosine-Kinase 3 FNA FNAC FOBT Focal Adhesion Kinase Keywords Definition Characteristics FAK Phosphorylation and Regulation Focal Contact Regulation of Focal Contacts Signaling Pathways in Cancer Cell Migration Invasion Cell Survival Growth and Proliferation Tumor Progression Clinical Impact FAK Overexpression Tumor Biomarker Cancer Therapy Cross-References References See Also Foeto-Protein Folate Hydrolase Follicular Adenoma, Oncocytic Variant Follicular Carcinoma, Oncocytic Variant Follicular Lymphoma Definition Cross-References See Also Follicular Thyroid Adenomas Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Follicular Thyroid Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Classification Etiology Diagnosis Treatment Genetics References Follistatin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Follistatin Structure Function and Expression Follistatin-Like Proteins Role of Follistatin and Follistatin-Like Proteins in Malignancy Conclusion Cross-References References Follistatin-Like 1, FSTL1 Follistatin-Like 3, FSTL3 Follistatin-Like 4, FSTL4 Follistatin-Like 5, FSTL5 Follistatin-Related Gene, FLRG Follistatin-Related Protein, FRP Food Food for Specified Health Use Food-Borne Carcinogens Synonyms Definition Characteristics N-Nitroso Compounds Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Acrylamide Other Carcinogens Present in Food Cross-References References See Also Foreign Substances Forkhead Box M1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Formation of New Blood Vessels Fossil Tree Found in Inflammatory Zone 3 (FIZZ3) FPC Fragile Histidine Triad Synonyms Definition Characteristics The FHIT Gene Product Clinical Relevance Tumor Suppressor Genome Caretaker Cross-References References See Also Fragile Sites Definition Characteristics Categories of Fragile Site Rare Fragile Sites Common Fragile Sites Molecular Basis of Fragile Site Expression Rare Fragile Sites Common Fragile Sites Cellular Regulation of Common Fragile Site Instability Clinical Relevance Rare Fragile Sites Common Fragile Sites Cross-References References See Also Free Radical Free Radicals Freeze Surgery FS FST 5-FU Fucosylation Definition Characteristics Finding of Fucosylation-Deficient Cancer Cell Lines Clinical Significance of GMDS Mutation Cross-References References See Also α1-6 Fucosyltransferase Synonyms Definition Cross-References Fucoxanthin Definition Characteristics Effect on Cancer Cell Growth Apoptosis Mechanism Combination with Troglitazone Cross-References References See Also Fulvestrant Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mode of Action Current Utilization of Fulvestrant Administration and Tolerability Future Uses of Fulvestrant Summary Cross-References References See Also Fumarase Fumarate Hydratase Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Features of HLRCC/MCUL Mutations in the FH Gene Cross-References References Functional Foods Functional Vascular Stabilization Funnel Factors Definition Characteristics Background of Molecular Human Carcinogenesis Cell Signaling in Human Tumors Searching for Funnel Factors: eIF4E/4E-BP1 Other Essential Oncogenic Funnel Factors Cross-References References See Also Furin Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Fusin Fusion Genes Synonyms Definition Characteristics Formation of Fusion Genes Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Fusion Oncogenes FUT8 G G Antigen G Proteins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular and Cellular Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References G2/M Transition Definition Characteristics Structural Changes at the G2/M Transition Triggering G2/M Transition Cross-References References See Also GA733-2 GAGE Proteins Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Gain-of-Function p53 Definition Characteristics Molecular Mechanisms Clinical Aspects References GAK Gallbladder Cancer Definition Characteristics Descriptive Epidemiology Risk Factors Conclusions and Perspectives Cross-References References See Also Gamma Ray-Induced Cancer Gangliosides Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure Cellular Ganglioside Expression in Cancer Ganglioside Shedding in Cancer Functional Properties Immunosuppression Growth Factor-Induced Cell Signaling Cell Proliferation and Angiogenesis Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Gangrene Gankyrin Synonyms Definition Characteristics pRB and Gankyrin p53 and Gankyrin Miscellaneous Clinical Aspects References Gap Junctions Definition Characteristics Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Gardner Syndrome Gastric Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Etiology Molecular Biology of Gastric Cancer Familial Clustering of Gastric Cancer Hereditary Diffuse Gastric Cancer Diagnosis and Detection Management References Gastric Cancer Therapy Definition Characteristics Therapy of Early Stage Gastric Cancer Therapy of Advanced Gastric Cancer (AGC) Antiangiogenic Therapy Targeting Generic and Molecular Aberrations in AGC HER2 MET FGFR2 Novel Targets References Gastric Carcinoma Gastrin Definition Characteristics Processing and Distribution Release Receptors and Signalling Pathways Biological Functions Role in Disease Cross-References References Gastrinoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Therapy Genetics Cross-References References See Also Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Synonyms Definition Characteristics GRP Receptors Physiological Functions of GRP GRP and Cancer GRP and Lung Carcinoma GRP and Prostate Carcinoma GRP and Breast Cancer GRP and Gastric Carcinoma GRP and Pancreatic Carcinoma GRP and Colorectal Carcinoma GRP and Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors Clinical Significance Cross-References References See Also Gastrointestinal Hormones Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology and Clinical-Pathological Features of GIST Diagnosis Oncogenic Signaling Pathways in GIST Cytogenetics and Molecular Cytogenetic Alterations Therapy References GBM Therapy GBP28 GDEPT GDF15 Gefitinib Definition Characteristics Gefitinib in Cancer Therapy Gefitinib Sensitivity Mechanism of Action Cancer Resistance to Gefitinib Conquering Cancer Resistance List of Strategies to Conquer Gefitinib Resistance Cross-References References See Also Gefitinib (Iressa) Gelatin-Binding Protein 28 Geldanamycin Gelsolin Definition Characteristics Gelsolin and Cancer Gelsolin Considered as a Tumor Suppressor Cross-References References See Also Gemcitabine Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action and Resistance Clinical Profile Toxicity Indications Clinical Pharmacology Future Perspective Cross-References References GEMZAR Gene Mutations Gene Therapy Definition Characteristics Transfer of Genes Clinical Relevance References Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy Genetic Association Study Genetic Immunization Genetic Instability Genetic Polymorphisms Genetic Predisposition Genetic Toxicology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Genetic Toxicology Chemical, Viral, and Radiation Carcinogens Chemical Carcinogenesis Chemically Induced Morphological and Neoplastic Transformation and the Molecular Biology of Carcinogenesis/Cell Transformation and Human Cancer Cross-References References See Also Genetic Variations Genetically Engineered Mice Genistein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Soy and Cancer Cancer Prevention by Genistein Mechanisms of Action of Genistein Bioavailability and Safety Other Indications References Genomic Imbalance Definition Characteristics Genomic Imbalance Concept Cancer as a Genetic Disease Cause of Genomic Imbalance in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Genomic Imprinting Definition Characteristics Imprinted Genes and Their Regulation Imprinting and DNA Methylation Loss of Imprinting (LOI) in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Genomic Instability Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Germinoma Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Treatment Surgery Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Genetics Cross-References References See Also Giant Cell Tumor Definition Characteristics Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Giant Cell Tumor Tumorigenesis of GCT Clinical Management and Future Direction References Ginkgo biloba Synonyms Definition Characteristics G. biloba Seeds G. biloba Extract Cross-References References Ginkgo Tree GIST Gleason Grading Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects References Gleevec GLI Proteins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation of GLI Activity in Response to HH Signaling GLI Proteins in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Glial/Mesenchymal Extracellular Matrix Protein GLI-Kruppel Family Member Glioblastoma Glioblastoma Multiforme Therapy Glioblastoma Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Current Treatment Regimen Novel Therapies for GBM Antiangiogenesis Therapy Targeted Immunotoxins Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Proteasome and HDAC Inhibitors Novel Drug Delivery Strategies for GBM Gliadel Wafer Brachytherapy Stem Cell Therapeutics Viral Therapeutics Immunotherapy Future Directions References Glioma Retinae Glioma-Associated Oncogene Homolog 1 Gliomas Glivic Glucose Metabolism Definition Characteristics Glucose Transport Fate of Glucose upon Entry into the Cell Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Pentose Phosphate Pathway Glycogenesis (Glycogen Synthesis) Energy Yield and Advantage of the Metabolism of Glucose in Cancer Cells Summary Cross-References References See Also Glutamate Carboxypeptidase II Glutathione Conjugate Transporter RLIP76 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Discovery of RLIP76 Clinical Significance Drug Resistance Heat Shock and Oxidative Stress Radiation Toxicity References Glutathione S-Transferase Synonyms Definition Characteristics Catalytic Function Signaling Regulation Cancer Related References Glutathione Transferases Glycobiology and Cancer Definition Characteristics Glycan Structural Diversity Is Theoretically Immense but Genetically Restricted Glycans Evoke Antibody Responses Glycans Are Clinically Useful as Cancer Markers TACAs Are Recognized by Lectins on Antigen-Presenting Dendritic Cells Human Retrovirus HTLV-1 (Human T-Lymphotropic Virus) Induces Specific Glycan Biosynthesis Selectin-Glycan Interactions Initiate Adhesion of Malignant Cells to Vascular Endothelium Drugs May Inhibit Metastases by Blocking Selectin-Glycan Interactions Concluding Sweet Remarks References Glycolysis Glycolytic Inhibitors Glycoprotein-340 (gp-340 Human) Glycosphingolipids (Sialic Acid Containing) Glycosylation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Glycosylation Alterations and Functions in Cancer Glycans Used as Serological Markers in Cancers Therapeutic Applications of Glycans in Cancers References GM GMEM GnRH, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Gonadal Neoplasms Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Good Laboratory Practices Definition Characteristics Principles References Good Manufacturing Practices Definition Characteristics Quality Assurance Documentation and SOPs FDA Quality Initiatives Pharmaceutical Quality for the Twenty-First Century Process Analytical Technology (PAT) ICH Q8 Pharmaceutical Development ICH Q9 Quality Risk Management Quality System Approach to Pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices ICH Q10 Pharmaceutical Quality Systems References Gordon-Kosswig Melanoma System Gorlin Syndrome gp140 (Glycoprotein 140) gp170 gp36 gp38 gp90 gp-Fy G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 11 Grading of Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Basic Principles Methods of Grading Future Perspectives Cross-References References See Also Graft Acceptance and Rejection Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Granulocyte Elastase Granulocytopenia Granulomatous Colitis Granulosa Cell Tumors Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Grape Seed Extract Definition Characteristics Biological Activity Health Beneficial Effects Cardiovascular Diseases Other Health Conditions Anticancer and Cancer Preventive Efficacy Clinical Studies Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Graves Disease Definition Cross-References Green Tea Cancer Prevention Keywords Definition Characteristics Green Tea Catechins Green Tea Extract Delayed Cancer Onset with Green Tea Significance of Multiple Drinks per Day Effective Cancer Preventive Amount per Day Prevention of Cancer Recurrence Green Tea as Synergist with Anticancer Drugs Cross-References References Green Tea Polyphenol GRIP1 Growth Differentiation Factor 15 Growth Factor Receptors Growth Factor Toxin Fusions or Conjugates Growth Factors Growth Guidance Cues Growth Hormone-Releasing Factor (GHRF) Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pituitary-Type GHRH Receptor GHRH Expression GHRH and Cancer Splice Variants of GHRH Receptor (SVs) and Cancer GHRH Antagonists GHRH Agonists Conclusion References Growth of New Lymphatic Vessels GS GTPase Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Ras Family The Rho Family The Rab Family The Arf Family The Ran Family Regulation of GTPases Clinical Implications Signaling Pathways Cross-References References GTPases GTP-Binding Proteins Guanine-Rich Tandem DNA Repeats of Chromosomal Ends Gut Microbiota Definition Characteristics Dynamics of Gut Microbiota Composition of Gut Microbiota Tools for Evaluating Microbiota Diversity Functions of Gut Microbiota Immune Modulation Obesity Energy Uptake Bile Acid Metabolism Choline Metabolism Protection Against Pathogenic Bacteria Drug Metabolism Alteration of Gut Microbiota as a Therapeutic Approach Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer References Gut Peptides Synonyms Definition Characteristics Overview Gastrin Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Neurotensin Somatostatin Cross-References References Gynecomastia Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Gynecomazia H [HOC6H3(OCH3)CH:CHCO]2CH2 [1-Hydroxy-2-(imidazo [1,2-a] pyridin-3-yl)ethylidene]-bisphosphonate 1,7-bis [4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl]-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione (2-hydroxy-3-phosphonooxy-propyl) (Z)-octadec-9-enoate H Antigens gammaH2AX Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Aspects References H3 (Rhesus Monkey) H731 (Human PDCD4 Variant 2, Cancer Related) HAAs HACBP Hairy Cell Leukemia Synonyms Definition See Also Hamartin Synonyms Definition Characteristics References HAMSV Haploinsufficiency Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Disease Initiation Involving Haploinsufficiency Cross-References References Ha-ras HARP Harvey Murine Sarcoma Virus Oncogene HATs HAUSP De-ubiquitinase Hay Fever HBBM HB-EGF Definition Characteristics Clinical Relevance References HB-GAM HBGF-8 HBGFs HBNF HBNPF HBV H-CAM HCC HCL HCV HDAC Inhibitors Definition Cross-References See Also HEA125 Head and Neck Cancer Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Anatomic and Histopathologic Classification Risk factors Molecular Pathogenesis Workup Staging Treatment of HNSCC Prognosis and Survival Acknowledgments Cross-References References Heat-Shock Protein 90 Hedgehog Signaling Definition Characteristics Hedgehog Signaling and Cancer Hedgehog, Stem Cell Renewal, and Cancer Targeting Hedgehog Signaling for Therapeutics Cross-References References See Also Helicobacter Pylori in the Pathogenesis of Gastric Cancer Definition Epidemiology and the Pathogenic Role of H. pylori Characteristics Mechanisms of H. pylori-Induced Gastric Carcinogenesis H. pylori-Induced Inflammation in the Gastric Epithelium H. pylori-Induced Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in the Gastric Epithelium H. pylori-Induced Methylation and Loss of Function of Key Genes in Gastric Epithelium H. pylori Infection Induces Aberrant Activities of the Signaling Pathways in the Gastric Epithelium Detection and Treatment for H. pylori Infection References Hematological Malignancies, Leukemias, and Lymphomas Definition Characteristics The Hematopoietic System The WHO Classification Major Myeloid Subclasses Within the WHO Classification Major Lymphoid Subclasses Within the WHO Classification Diagnosis Treatment Cross-References References See Also Hemicentin, him4, FIBL6, HMCN1, FBLN-6 Henle-Koch Postulates Hensin (Rabbit) Heparanase Definition Characteristics Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans (HSPGs) Molecular Properties Preferential Expression in Human Tumors Involvement in Tumor Metastasis Involvement in Tumor Angiogenesis Clinical Relevance References Heparanase Inhibitors Definition Characteristics Inhibitors Targeting the Heparanase Substrate Heparin, Chemically Modified Derivative and Nonanticoagulant Heparin Sulfated Phosphomannopentaose Oligomannurarate Sulfate (JG3) Suramin Noncarbohydrate Substrate Mimetic Polymers Inhibitors Targeting Heparanase Small Molecules Peptides Competing with the Heparin/HS-Binding Domains of Heparanase Antiheparanase Antibodies Conclusions and Perspectives References Heparin-Affin Regulatory Peptide Heparin-Binding Brain Mitogen Heparin-Binding Growth Factor 8 Heparin-Binding Growth Factors Heparin-Binding Growth-Associated Molecule Heparin-Binding Neurite-Promoting Factor Heparin-Binding Neurotropic Factor Hepatic Carcinoma Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Etiology Diagnosis Therapy Clinical Outcome Cross-References References See Also Hepatic Ethanol Metabolism Definition Characteristics References Hepatic-Fixed Macrophages Hepatitis B Virus Synonyms Definition Cross-References Hepatitis B Virus x Antigen-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Keywords Definition Characteristics References Hepatitis C Virus Synonyms Definition Characteristics Untranslated Regions Structural Proteins Nonstructural Proteins Cellular and Molecular Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Hepatoblastoma Definition Characteristics Pathological Classification Staging Therapy and Outcome Predictive Factors Genetic and Molecular Characteristics Cellular Characteristics References Hepatocarcinoma Hepatocellular Carcinoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Risk Factors Diagnosis Prognosis Prognostic Staging System Treatment Prevention Cross-References References See Also Hepatocellular Carcinoma Molecular Biology Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Etiology Role of Viral Factors Direct Mutagenic Role Oncogenic Potential of the HBx Transactivator Immunopathogenesis Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations Oncogenic Signaling Pathways Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling Cell Cycle Control Pathways PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway Ras/Raf/MAPK Pathway JAK/STAT Pathway Conclusions Cross-References See Also Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Etiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention Synonyms Definition Characteristics Etiology Oncogenic and Environmental Factors High-Risk Nonviral Liver Diseases Viral Hepatitis-Induced HCC Molecular Aspects of Hepatocarcinogenesis Diagnosis Treatment Prognosis and Prevention References Hepatocyte Growth Factor Hepatocyte Growth Factor-Like Protein Hepatocyte-Stimulating Factor Hepatocyte-Stimulating Factor-III Hepatoma HER1 HER-2/neu Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Herceptin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Activity Mechanisms of Activity Molecular Level Cellular Level Mechanisms of Resistance Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Signaling Akt Signaling Extracellular Domain and Truncated Forms of HER-2 New Directions Cross-References References See Also Hereditary Hamartosis Peutz-Jeghers Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer Herpesvirus-Associated Ubiquitin-Specific Protease De-ubiquitinase Synonyms Definition Characteristics p53-Mdm2 Pathway Implications in Cancer Therapy References Heterochromatin Definition Characteristics Constitutive and Facultative Heterochromatin Properties of Heterochromatin Components Required for Heterochromatinization Functions of Heterochromatin Cross-References References Heterocyclic Amines Synonyms Definition Characteristics Classes of HAAs Metabolism of HAAs Health Concerns of Food-Derived HAAs - Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Modulation of HCA Formation and HCA-Mediated Damage Conclusions Cross-References References Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines Heterologous Growth Control Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins Heterotrimeric Guanine Nucleotide-Binding Proteins Hexabrachion 1,2,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1,6,6-trimethyl[1,2-b]furan-10,11-dione (R)-1,2,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1,6,6-trimethyl-phenanthro(1,2-b)furan-10,11-dione 1,2,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-1,6,6-trimethyl-(R)-phenanthro(1,2-b)furan-10,11-dione Hexavalent Chromium Synonyms Definition Characteristics Uses and Sources Epidemiology Animal Studies Cell Culture Studies Role of Valence State, Uptake, and Metabolism Role of Solubility Mechanism of Carcinogenicity Cross-References References Hexavalent Chromium-Induced Carcinogenesis Hexokinase 2 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Tissue Expression of Hexokinase II Functional Properties of Hexokinase II Regulation of Hexokinase II Clinical Perspectives and Therapeutic Implications Conclusions Cross-References References HFH-11B HGF HGFL HHV4 hIAP3 hIAP-3 HIES HIF-1 High Affinity Ca-Binding Protein High-Dose (Myeloablative) Chemotherapy High-Flow Microinfusion High-Frequency Ultrasound Imaging High-Grade/Undifferentiated MEC High-Throughput Screening Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma HILDA Histiocytosis X Histo-Blood Group Lewis Antigens Histocompatibility Definition Histocompatibility Antigens Synonyms Definition Cross-References Histologic Grading Histone Acetyltransferases Synonyms Definition Characteristics HAT Families HATs Functions and Complexes Mutations of HATs in Cancer Histone Acetyltransferases Inhibitors Cross-References References Histone H2AX Phosphorylated at Serine 139 Histone Modification Definition Characteristics Histones and Chromatin Histone Modifications Histone Modifications and Cancer Prognosis Epigenetic Therapy: HDAC Inhibitors Cross-References References HIV/AIDS-Associated Cancers HIV-Associated Cancers HIV-Associated Malignancies HIV-Related Cancers HKII HLA Class I Definition Characteristics Bioactivity Altered HLA Class I Phenotypes in Tumors Functional Significance of HLA Class I Loss: Implications for Immune Evasion Cross-References References hMAWD: Human MAPK Activator with WD Repeats HNPCC Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas Hodgkin and Reed/Sternberg Cell Definition Characteristics Associated Pathologies Cellular Origin Immunophenotype Cell Differentiation and Function Transforming Mechanisms of HRS Cells Cross-References References See Also Hodgkin Disease Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Hodgkin Lymphoma, Clinical Oncology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathology Basic Clinical Cross-References References See Also Hollow Fiber Assay Definition Characteristics Methodology References Homeobox Genes Definition Characteristics Hox Genes and Leukemia Homeobox Genes and Solid Tumors References Homing Peptides and Vascular Zip Codes Definition Characteristics Biological Significance Clinical Significance Cross-References References Homing Receptor Homo Sapiens Mitotic Arrest Deficient-Like 1 Protein Homo Sapiens Nuclear Protein 1 Homogenous Assays Homogenous Time-Resolved Fluorescence Homologous Recombination Repair Definition Characteristics Cellular Regulation Clinical Relevance References Homologue of Synaptopodin HOP-1 Hormonal Carcinogenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Cross-References References Hormonal Therapy Synonyms Definition Breast Cancer Ovarian Cancer Cross-References Hormone Carcinogenesis Hormone Replacement Therapy Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Hormone Therapy Hormone-Induced Cancers Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer Synonyms Definition Cross-References Hormone-Related Cancers Hormones Definition Characteristics Mechanisms The Receptor Concept Endogenous Metabolic Activation of Steroids Epidemiology and Animal Studies Steroid Hormones Prolactin Insulin Gastrointestinal Hormones Thyroid Hormones Hormonal Management of Cancer Cross-References References See Also Hornstein-Knickenberg Syndrome HpaII Tiny Fragments Islands 4-HPR hPTTG1 HRAS Synonyms Definition Characteristics Localization (in Homo sapiens) Pseudogenes HRAS Gene Structure HRAS Regulatory Elements p21 Protein Structure and Subcellular Localization Biochemical Properties of p21 Protein Functional Properties of p21 Protein Tissue Expression of p21 Protein HRAS and Cancer HRAS and Familial Syndromes HRAS and Other Pathological Conditions References HRAS1 HRAS1DX HRPC HRT HSD18 HSF HSF-III hSNF5 HSNF5/INI1/SMARCB1 Tumor Suppressor Gene Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Chromatin Remodeling and the SWI/SNF Complex hSNF5/INI1 Gene and Protein Structures Biological Roles of hSNF5/INI1 Genetic Alterations of hSNF5/INI1 in Human Malignancies Pathological and Clinical Aspects of hSNF5/INI-Deficient Tumors Conclusion References Hsp90 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Clinical Aspects As a Single Modality In Combination with Radiotherapy Cross-References References See Also HSV-TK-/Ganciclovir-Mediated Toxicity Synonyms Definition Characteristics Toxicity to HSV-TK-Expressing Cells Toxicity to Non-HSV-TK-Expressing Cells (Bystander Effect) Characteristics In Vivo Experimental Tumors in Animals Mechanism of the Bystander Effect In Vivo Clinical Relevance Improving Cancer Therapy with HSV-TK/GCV Cross-References References See Also HTF Islands Hu Antigen R Human Human ESP1-Associated Protein 1 Human Herpesvirus 4 Human Herpesvirus 6 Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects References Human Kallikrein 3 Human Non-Sucrose Fermenting 5 Human Papillomaviruses in Head and Neck Cancer Definition Characteristics Epidemiology The Role of p16 References 197/15a (Human PDCD4 Variant 1) Human Pituitary Tumor-Transforming Gene 1 Human Stem Cell Kinase-1 (STK1) Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Synonyms Definition Characteristics Leukemia Clinical Presentation Pathology Neurologic Disease Clinical Presentation Pathology Cross-References References Human T-lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) HUMARA Huntingtin Interacting Protein 1 Definition Characteristics HIP1 HIP1´s Original Link to Cancer How Might HIP1 and HIP1r Use Clathrin-Mediated Trafficking to Promote Cancer? Targeted Mutations of Murine Hip1 and Hip1r HIP1 and HIP1r Have Restricted Patterns of Expression and Are Not Housekeeping Genes HIP1 and Solid Tumors Humoral Response to HIP1 Over-Expression Over-Expression of HIP1 Is Sufficient to Transform Fibroblasts Future Significance Cross-References References See Also HuR Synonyms Definition Characteristics General HuR Biology The RNA-Binding Protein HuR (ELAV1) HuR Cancer-Associated Targets (Pro-survival Network) HuR-Mediated Response to Stress and Cancer Therapy HuR as an Oncogene in Cancer Conclusions References Hurthle Cell Adenoma and Carcinoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Current and Past Controversies References Hutchinson-Weber-Peutz Syndrome HXK2 Hyaluronan Receptor Hyaluronan Synthases Synonyms Definition Characteristics Hyaluronan Synthases and Hyaluronan Hyaluronan Synthases and Hyaluronan in Cancer Proliferation and Tumor Growth Invasion and Metastasis Multidrug Resistance Cancer Stem Cells Cross-References References See Also Hyaluronic Acid (HA) Hyaluronic Acid Synthases (HASs) Hyaluronidase Definition Characteristics HAase Expression as a Cancer Biomarker Regulation of HAase Activity HAase Functions in Cancer HAase-Induced Signaling in Cancer Cells HAase for Cancer Therapy Summary Cross-References References See Also Hybrid Genes Hybrid Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Hydrogen Dioxide Hydrogen Peroxide Synonyms Definition Characteristics Carcinogenic Effects Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also 14-Hydroxydaunorubicin 2-Hydroxyoleic Acid Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure Mechanism of Action Clinical Trials Cross-References References 7-Hydroxystaurosporine Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases Hypercalcemic Type Hypericin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Physical Properties Clinical Applications PDD of Cancers PDT of Cancers Preclinical Investigations Cross-References References See Also Hypericum Extract Hypericum Red Hyperplasia Definition Cross-References Hypersensitivity Hyperthermia Definition Characteristics Cytotoxic Effects Physiologic Effects Immunological Effects Hyperthermia Physics Delivery Modalities Thermometry Thermal Dosimetry Clinical Hyperthermia Radiation Therapy and Hyperthermia Chemotherapy and Hyperthermia Clinical Trials References Hypertrophy of Male Breast Hypomethylation of DNA Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Hypoxia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Phenotypes of Hypoxic Cells Gene Regulation in Hypoxic Cells: Implications for Tumorigenesis Cross-References References Hypoxia Sensing Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Aspects References I IA4 IAP-3 IARC TP53 Database Definition Characteristics TP53 Gene Mutations in Human Cancers Database Structure and Content Web Site and New Search Tools Recommendation to Users Cross-References References See Also ICF Syndrome Definition Characteristics Clinical and Cytological Features Immunodeficiency Centromeric Instability Facial Anomalies Other Clinicopathological Features Causative Genes and Molecular Background Type-1 ICF Syndrome (ICF1) Type-2 ICF Syndrome (ICF2) Type-3 ICF syndrome (ICF3) Type-4 ICF syndrome (ICF4) Others (Type X) Clinical Management Similarity Between ICF Syndrome and Human Cancers Cross-References References ICL670A Idiopathic Myelofibrosis Idiotype Vaccination Synonyms Definition Characteristics Field of Application Formulation Production Clinical Aspects Open Questions Cross-References References See Also Idiotypic Vaccination IDO I-FLICE iFOBT IgE-Mediated Hypersensitivity IHC IL-6 ILP1 Imatinib Synonyms Definition Characteristics BCR-ABL1 and CML as a Target for Imatinib Activity of Imatinib in CML Mechanisms of Relapse/Resistance to Imatinib Activity of Imatinib in Other Diseases Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Imatinib (Gleevec) Imatinib Mesylate Imidazo[5,1-d]-1,2,3,5-tetrazine-8-carboxamide, 3, 4-dihydro-3-methyl-4-oxo- Immediate Early Stress Response Immune Escape Definition Characteristics Host Ignorance Tumor Cell Adaptation References Immune Responses to Autoantigens Immune-Mediated Suppression Immunochemical Fecal Occult Blood Test Immunocytochemistry Immunoediting Definition Characteristics History The Role of Interferons and Other Immune Components The Role of Induced Immune Pressure Evidence of Immunoediting in Human Cancer Cross-References References See Also Immunoglobulin Rearrangements Immunohistochemistry Synonyms Definition Characteristics History Techniques Uses Use in Research Clinical Uses (Examples) Diagnosis and Tumor Classification Intermediate Filaments Nuclear Transcription Factors Cell Surface Membrane Markers Carcinoma Melanoma Sarcoma Lymphoma Infectious Agents Tumor Stage and Occult Metastases Prognosis Treatment Response: Companion Diagnostics Targeted Therapy Summary Cross-References References See Also Immunohistology Immunoliposomes Definition Characteristics Immunoliposome Types and Antibody Formats Drugs and Targets References Immunological Fecal Occult Blood Test Immunophenotypic Determinants Immunoprevention Synonyms Definition Characteristics Immunoprevention of Viral Tumors Immunoprevention of Tumors Unrelated to Infectious Agents Immune Mechanisms of Cancer Prevention Target Antigens of Cancer Immunoprevention Clinical Developments The Risks of Cancer Immunoprevention Cross-References References See Also Immunoprophylaxis of Cancer Immunoproteasome Immunoreceptor Immunosuppression and Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Communicative Barriers Inhibiting Anticancer Immunity Checkpoint Inhibition of Anticancer Immune Responses Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) T-Cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain-Containing Protein-3 (TIM-3) Lymphocyte-Activating Gene 3 (LAG3) Regulatory Immune Cells that Contribute to Tumor Escape T Regulatory Cells Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs) Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Immunosurveillance of Tumors Definition Characteristics Development of the Cancer Immunosurveillance Theory Basic Mechanism Elimination Equilibrium Escape Clinical Impact References Immunotherapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Nonspecific Immunotherapy Specific Immunotherapy Cross-References References See Also Immunotoxins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Catalytic Activity Developments Cross-References References See Also Imprinting Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Aspects Clinical Relevance References In Situ Breast Cancer In Situ Cancer In Situ Carcinoma In Utero Exposure to Carcinogenic Agents In Vitro Bystander Effect In Vitro Genetics In Vivo Bystander Effect Indirect Effect Indirubin and Indirubin Derivatives Synonyms Definition Characteristics History Mechanism Structure/Activity References Individualized Treatment Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Synonyms Definition Characteristics Enzymatic Properties, Tissue Distribution, and Regulation of Expression IDO and Immune Suppression IDO and Cancer Clinical Relevance IDO as a Prognostic Indicator for Human Cancer Targeting IDO as a Therapeutic Strategy for Cancer Treatment Implication of IDO for DC-Based Cancer Immunotherapy References Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Induction Chemotherapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Solid Tumors Leukemia Cross-References References See Also Infiltration Inflammation Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Inflammatory Bowel Disease (also includes Ulcerative Colitis)-Related Cancer Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Associated Cancer Definition Characteristics IBD-Associated CRC Small Bowel Adenocarcinoma in Crohn Disease Cancer Risk Associated to Immunosuppressive Therapy in IBD Cross-References References Inflammatory Breast Cancer Definition Characteristics Incidence of Inflammatory Breast Cancer (IBC) Screening Multimodality Treatment Molecular Biology of IBC Cross-References References See Also Inflammatory Response and Immunity Definition Characteristics An Overview of Inflammation An Overview of Cancer Interrelationship Between Inflammation and Cancer Examples of Inflammation-Associated Cancers Therapeutic Strategies Against Cancer References Inflammosome Definition List of Abbreviations Inflammasome Assembly Inflammasome Core Proteins and Their Activation Signals Inflammatory Caspases and ASC Adaptor Possible Mechanisms for NLRP3 Co-activation Expression of Inflammasomes in Many Cell Types Inflammasome-Associated Diseases References Infusion of T Cells INHBA INHBB INHBC INHBE Inherited Human Polycystic Kidney Disease Inhibin-beta Chain Inhibitor of FLICE INK4A Definition Keyword Definitions Characteristics Structure of INK4b/ARF/INK4a Locus and Molecular Functions of INK4s/ARF Roles in Tumorigenesis Roles in Senescence Activators of the p15INK4b/ARF/p16INK4a Ras-Raf-p38MAPK Pathway E2F c-Myc Suppressors of the p15INK4b/ARF/p16INK4a AML1/ETO p53 Polycomb Proteins Long Noncoding RNA in INK4b-ARF-INK4a Regulation Cross-References References See Also Innate Immunity Synonyms Definition Characteristics Barriers Anatomical Barriers Physiological and Chemical Barriers Biological Barriers Cellular Components of Innate Immunity Phagocytes Cell-Based Innate Immune Recognition Cell-Based Innate Immune Effectors Humoral Components of Innate Immunity Humoral-Based Innate Immune Recognition Humoral-Based Innate Immune Effectors Conclusion References Inositol Lipids Definition Characteristics Hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to Generate Second Messenger Molecules Binding of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to Specific Proteins Generation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and Other 3-Phosphorylated Inositol Lipids and Their Binding to Specific Intracellular Targets Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Insulin Receptor Definition Characteristics Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Insulin Signaling Synonyms Definition Characteristics Insulin Signaling and Cell Growth Insulin Signaling and Glucose Metabolism Insulin Signaling and Aging References Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) Signaling Insulin-Like Growth Factors Definition Characteristics IGFs IGF Receptors IGFBPs Mechanisms Altered Expression of the IGF System Components in Tumor Cells Syndrome of Hypoglycemia Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Insulinoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Treatment Malignant Insulinoma Cross-References See Also Integrated Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Integrin Signaling Definition Characteristics Signaling Growth and Differentiation Motility and Invasion Survival References Integrin-Mediated Death Interferon-Alpha Synonyms Definition Characteristics Malignant Melanoma Pancreas Carcinoma Renal Cell Carcinoma/Leukemia/Multiple Myeloma Hairy Cell Leukemia Direct Effects of IFN-α Radio- and Chemosensitizing Effects Antiangiogenic Effects Immunogenic Effects Immunomodulation References Interleukin-17 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Binding of IL-17 to IL-17 Receptors Gene Expression of IL-17 Role of IL-17 in Cancer IL-17 and Its Pathway as a Therapeutic Target Conclusion References Interleukin-4 Definition Characteristics Bioactivity Clinical Relevance IL-4 and Allergic and Inflammatory Diseases Human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) References Interleukin-6 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Genes Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Intermediate Endpoint Intermediate Junction Intermediately or Poorly Differentiated Lymphocytic Lymphoma Internalization Interphase Cytogenetics Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Intersectin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure and Function ITSN and Cancer Future Studies Cross-References References See Also Interstitial Microinfusion Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase Definition Characteristics Structure Gene Regulation Biology Clinical Implications Cross-References References See Also Intestinal Metaplasia Definition Characteristics Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Epidemiology Etiology Related to Gastric Cancer Molecular Biology Management Barrett Esophagus Epidemiology Etiology Related to Esophageal Cancer Molecular Biology Management Cross-References References Intestinal Organoids Synonyms Definition Characteristics Identification of Intestinal Stem Cell Markers Intestinal Stem Cell Cultures The Intestinal Stem Cell Niche Mouse Colonic Organoids Intestinal Cancer Organoids Human Colonic Organoids Research and Clinical Applications of Intestinal Organoids Organoids from Other Organ Systems Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Intestinal Sphere Intracerebral Clysis Intracerebral Microinfusion Intraductal Carcinoma Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Tumor Intraocular Melanoma Intrinsically Disordered Proteins Intrinsically Unfolded Proteins Intrinsically Unstructured Proteins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Identification of Unstructured Proteins Unstructured Proteins and Cancer Other Roles in Cancer Biology Cross-References References See Also 3D In Vitro Culture Invadosome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Invadosome Formation and Signaling Biological Functions of Invadosomes Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Invasion Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Aspects Cross-References References Ion Channels Definition Characteristics Structural Features and Biophysical Properties of Ion Channels Involved in Cancer Ion Channels in Pathogenesis of Cancer Potential Roles of Ion Channels as Biomarkers and Targets in Cancer Conclusion and Perspectives References Ionizing Radiation (IR)-Induced Protein-8 (XIP-8) Ionizing Radiation Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Ionizing Radiation-Induced Cancer IPL1 iPS Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Reprogramming and iPS Cells iPS Cell Technology Conclusions Cross-References References See Also iPSCs IQ Motif-Containing GTPase-Activating Protein IQGAP1 Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Functions IQGAP1 and Cancer Cross-References References Irinotecan Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action Position of Irinotecan Adverse Effects Metabolism and Excretion Dosage Individualization Role of Genetic Screening Cross-References References See Also Iron-Regulated Necrosis Islet Cell Tumor Definition Cross-References See Also Islet Cell Tumors Islet Cell Tumors (Pancreatic NET) Isoflavones Definition Characteristics History Examples Metabolism Mechanisms Diseases References (-)-1-Isothiocyanato-4(R)-(methylsulfinyl) Butane Ixabepilone J J1 220/200 JAB1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure Function Jab1/CSN5 Works as a Coactivator of Gene Transcription Jab1/CSN5 as a Modulator of Intracellular Signaling Jab1/CSN5 Regulation of Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Jab1/CSN5 Act as an Inhibitor of DNA Checkpoint and Damage Repair Jab1/CSN5 Regulation of Angiogenesis Pathway Regulation of Jab1/CSN5 Activity Jab1/CSN5 in Cancer References Japanese Silver Apricot Jasmonates in Cancer Therapy Definition Characteristics Anticancer Activities of Jasmonates In Vitro and In Vivo The Mechanisms of Action of Jasmonates in Cancer Cells Biochemical Outcomes Shared by Jasmonate-Treated Plant and Animal Cells Conclusions Cross-References References Jelly Belly JFY1 JmjC Domain-Containing Protein 3 JMJD3 JNK Subfamily Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also JNK1 JNK2 JNK3 Jumonji Domain-Containing Protein 3 Juvenile Type K K Cells K Lymphocyte KABUK2 Kahler Disease KAI1 Kallikrein-Related Peptidases Kallikreins Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Kallikrein Genes The Role of Kallikreins in Tumor Progression Kallikreins as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers References Kaplan-Meier Product Limit Estimator Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Censoring Parametric, Semi-parametric, and Nonparametric Survival Kaplan-Meier Product Limit Estimator Comparing Survival Functions Cross-References References See Also Kaposi Sarcoma Definition Characteristics Histology Virus Involvement Viral Strains KSHV Latent Proteins KSVH and Immunity Anti-Herpesviral Drugs Treatment for KS Cross-References References See Also KCNH1 KCS KDM6 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References KDM6A KDM6B KDM6C Kennedy Disease (KD) Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca Ket Kew Tree Ki-1 Ki1 Lymphoma KIAA0413 Kidney Cancer Diagnosis Kidney Cancer Therapy Killer Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K, Member 1 Killer Cells Kinesin Spindle Protein Kinesin-5 Kinesin-Like Protein KIF11 Kinetochore-Microtubule Interactions Definition Characteristics Kinetochore-Microtubule Attachments and Cancer Cross-References References Kinome_766 KIP1 KI-RAS Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homologue KISS1 Definition Characteristics How Does KISS1 Suppress Metastasis? Is KISS1 a Marker of Metastasis? Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Kit/SCF-R Kit/Stem Cell Factor Receptor in Oncogenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular and Cellular Regulation Clinical Relevance Mastocytosis/Mast Cell Leukemia Gastrointestinal Tumors Acute and Chronic Myeloid Leukemias Germ Cell Tumors Malignant Melanoma Other Neoplastic/Malignant Lesions Gene Transfer, Immunotherapy, and Vaccination Cross-References References Klatskin Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics History and Classification Epidemiology Etiology and Risk Factors Biology Diagnosis Treatment Survival Cross-References References KLK3 Klotho Tumor Suppressor Definition Characteristics Klotho and Cancer Klotho Expression in Cancer Reduced Expression of Klotho in Cancer Mechanisms Mediating Klotho Silencing Klotho Expression as a Prognostic Factor Klotho Blood Levels and Cancer Klotho Functional Variants in Cancer Cellular Targets of Klotho in Cancer Cells IGF-1 Pathway FGF Pathway Wnt/beta-Catenin TGF-beta1 Klotho: A Potent Inhibitor of Cancer Development and Progression Klotho Structure-Function Relationships in Cancer Cross-References References See Also KLRK1 Knockout Mice Knudson Hypothesis Definition Cross-References See Also Koch´s Postulates Synonyms Definition Characteristics References kpm-Mammalian LATS2 KRAS Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure of the KRAS Gene KRAS Protein KRAS in Cancer Cancer Treatments Based on KRAS Cross-References References KRAS in Colorectal Cancer Therapy Definition Cross-References See Also KRAS1 KRAS2 KRAS2A KRAS2B KRAS4A KRAS4B, NS KSA KSP KSP Mitotic Spindle Motor Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation Relevance to Cancer Cross-References References Ku70-Binding Protein 1 Kulchitsky Cell Carcinoma Kupffer Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Kupffer Cells and Liver Disease Relationship of Kupffer Cells to Primary and Secondary Liver Cancers Kupffer Cell Cancers References Kupffer Cells Kv10.1 L L Antigen Family Member 2 Lactoferricin Antiangiogenesis Inhibitor Definition Characteristics Clinical Perspectives Cross-References References LAGE-2 LAGE2B LAK LAMB Laminin Signaling Definition Characteristics Laminin Signaling Laminin Receptors Integrins Nonintegrin Receptors 67kDa Laminin Receptor and Integrins Dystroglycan References LANA-1 (Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen-1) Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Etiology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestations Pathology and Diagnosis Prognosis Treatment Late Sequelae References Langerhans Cells Lapatinib (Tyverb) Large Cell Immunoblastic Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Definition Cross-References See Also Large Granular Lymphocyte Large Tumor Suppressor Laryngeal Carcinoma Definition Characteristics Genetic Changes in Laryngeal Carcinomas Chromosome Abnormalities in Laryngeal Carcinomas Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Molecular Genetic Findings References Laser-Induced Fluorescence Diagnosis Laser-Induced Hyperthermia Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen (LANA) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure Functions Episome Persistence Transcription and Chromatin-Associated Factors Interaction Apoptosis and Cell Cycle LANA and RTA Regulation Remarks and Overview Cross-References References See Also Lats in Organ Size Regulation and Cancer Synonyms Characteristics The Lats/Hippo Pathway Clinical Significance Cross-References References See Also LCH LD Lead Exposure Definition Characteristics Sources of Lead Exposure Biological Markers of Lead Exposure Lead Carcinogenesis: Possible Etiologic Mechanisms Lead Exposure and Cancer Epidemiology Cross-References References See Also Lead Optimization Definition Characteristics Physicochemical Optimization Pharmacokinetic Optimization Toxicological Optimization References Leiomyoma Leiomyomatous Hamartoma of the Kidney Leiomyosarcoma Definition Cross-References Lentigineses Lentiginosis polyposa Peutz Lentivector Lentiviral Vectors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Composition of LVs LV Infection of Various Mammalian Cell Types Application of LV in Cancer Therapy Tumor Vaccines DC Vaccines T Cell Vaccines Conclusions References Leptomeningeal Disease Leptomeningeal Dissemination Synonyms Definition Characteristics Symptoms Diagnosis Neuroimaging Laboratory Findings Treatment References Leptomeningeal Metastasis Leptomeningeal Seeding Lesion on Tongue Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Synonyms Definition Characteristics LIF LIF Receptor LIF Overexpression and LIF Knockouts Pleiotropic Effects of LIF LIF and Oncogenesis Clinical Aspects References Leukemia Initiating Cells Leukemia Stem Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Surface Phenotype of LSCs Altered Self-Renewal Capacity Prolonged Survival and Evasion of Apoptosis Clonal Evolution of LSCs LSCs and Their Niche Clinical Relevance and Molecular Targeting of LSCs Cross-References References See Also Leukemic Stem Cells Leukocyte Elastase Leukocyte Interferon Leukocyte-Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 2 (LECAM2) Leukopenia Leukotrienes Definition Characteristics References Leustatin Lewis Antigens Synonyms Definition Characteristics Lewis Antigens in Cancer References Lexatumumab Leydig Cell Tumor Definition See Also LHRH, LH-Releasing Hormone LIF LIFD Life Table Estimates Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Definition Characteristics Diagnostic Criteria Genetics TP53 Germline Mutations Type and Origin of TP53 Mutations Tumor Spectrum in TP53 Mutation Carriers Age Distribution in Relation to Tumor Type Gender Distribution of Patients with TP53 Germline Mutations Functional Consequences and Phenotype of Germline Mutations Mutation Detection Methods and Results Interpretation Cross-References References LIM Domain Containing Preferred Translocation Partner in Lipoma LINE-1 Elements Definition Characteristics Structure L1 Retrotransposition in Healthy Cells Genomic Impact Role in Human Cancer Cross-References References See Also Lingual Cancer Linkage Disequilibrium Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction to Linkage Disequilibrium Measures of Linkage Disequilibrium Estimation of Linkage Disequilibrium Haplotype Blocks Linkage Disequilibrium Versus Linkage Origins of Linkage Disequilibrium Linkage Disequilibrium in Human Populations Using Linkage Disequilibrium to Select Informative Markers Utility of Linkage Disequilibrium to Genome-Wide Association Studies Other Uses of Linkage Disequilibrium in Cancer Research Cross-References References See Also Linoleic Acid Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Lip Lipid Mediators Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Lipid Peroxidation Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Aspects Cross-References References Lipid Raft Synonyms Definition Characteristics Isolation Techniques Serving as Signaling Platforms In Regulation of Apoptosis As Cancer Drug Targets Conclusion References Lipid Replacement Therapy Lipid Second Messengers Lipid Therapy Lipocalin Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Lipoma-Preferred Partner Synonyms Definition Characteristics LPP and Tumors Cell Biological Characteristics of the LPP Protein LPP as a Transcriptional Coactivator LPP as a Smooth Muscle Marker References Lipomas Lipomatous Tumors Liposarcomas Liposomal Chemotherapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Magic Bullet Concept Drug Delivery Technology Sterically Stabilized (Stealth) Liposomes Ligand-Targeted Stealth Liposomes Future Perspectives for Liposomal Chemotherapy References 5-Lipoxygenase Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pharmacology Localization 5-LOX and Tumorigenesis 5-LOX-Mediated Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis 5-Lox and Hypoxia Epigenetic Regulation of 5-LOX Perspectives Cross-References References Lipoxygenase Live Cell Imaging Definition Characteristics Microscopic Techniques Methods in Live-Cell Imaging Fluorescent Lifetime Imaging Microscopy Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching TIRF STED The Future Is Super-Resolution Cross-References References Liver Cancer Liver Cell Carcinoma Liver Transglutaminase LNA (Latency Nuclear Antigen) 5-LO Lobular Involution of the Breast Synonyms Definition Characteristics Anatomy of the Human Breast Involution Age-Related Lobular Involution Factors Affecting Involution Measurement of Involution Failure to Involute Acknowledgments Cross-References References Local Ablation Therapy Locoregional Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Transarterial Chemoembolization (TACE) Percutaneous Ethanol Injection (PEI) Percutaneous Acetic Acid Injection (PAI) Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) Microwave Coagulation Therapy (MCT) Comments References Log-Kill Hypothesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Low Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm (LAMN) Low Molecular Weight G Proteins Low-Grade/Well-Differentiated MEC 5-LOX LOX 18:1 LPA LPA Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular Species of LPA Synthesis and Metabolism of LPA Wound Healing Reproductive System Nervous System Hair Growth Cancer Atherosclerosis Envenomation by Loxosceles Spiders References LPC LPP LRF, Luteinizing Hormone (LH)-Releasing Factor LRP LS-80558 LSCs Luciferase Reporter Gene Assays Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Lugol-Unstained Lesion Definition Characteristics Carcinogenesis (Precursor of ESCC) Multiple LULs References Lunasin Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Lung Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathology Etiology Biology and Molecular Pathogenesis Activation of Dominant Oncogenes Inactivation of Tumor Suppressor Genes Autocrine Growth Factors Clinical Presentation Treatment Prevention Cross-References References See Also Lung Cancer and Smoking Behavior Definition Characteristics Incidence and Mortality Prognosis Cigarette Smoke Active Smoking The Trends in Smoking Prevalence in the UK, the USA, and Japan as an Example Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke Appendix Dietary Factors Air Pollution and Indoor Pollution Radon Exposure Occupational Exposure Other Than Radon Exposure Genetic Polymorphisms Involved in Smoking Behavior Genetic Polymorphisms Involved in the Metabolism of Cigarette Smoke References Lung Cancer Clinical Oncology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Screening Strategies for Lung Cancer Staging Workup of Lung Cancer Staging of Lung Cancers Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) Early-Stage NSCLC (Stages I-II) Stage I Stage II Locally Advanced Resectable NSCLC (Stage IIIA) Locally Advanced Unresectable NSCLC (Stage IIIB) Metastatic NSCLC (Stage IV) Genetics of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Mesothelioma Perspective Cross-References References Lung Cancer Epidemiology Definition Characteristics Types of Lung Cancer Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality Lung Cancer Survival Rates Age, Sex, and Race Patterns of Lung Cancer Etiology of Lung Cancer Overview of Causes of Lung Cancer Tobacco Exposure Radon Gas and Asbestos Future Trends in Lung Cancer Incidence Cross-References References Lung Cancer Pharmacogenomics Synonyms Definition Characteristics EGFR as a Target for Lung Adenocarcinoma ALK as a Target for Lung Adenocarcinoma DNA Damage Response (DDR): A Biological Rationale for Predictive Models in NSCLC Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Lung Cancer Staging Definition Characteristics Noninvasive Staging CT of the Thorax Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Thorax Positron Emission Tomography Scan Imaging for Distant Metastases Invasive Staging Bronchoscopy Endobronchial Ultrasound Transthoracic Needle Aspiration Endoscopic Ultrasound Mediastinoscopy Extended Mediastinoscopy Anterior Mediastinotomy Cervical Lymph Node Staging Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Tissue for Staging: What and How Much Is Enough? Molecular Staging: The Final Frontier? Conclusion References Lung Cancer Targeted Therapy Definition Characteristics EGFR TKIs for NSCLC with EGFR Mutation EGFR TKIs for NSCLC with Unknown EGFR Mutation Status EGFR TKIs in Maintenance Treatment for Advanced NSCLC Targeted Agents in Combination with Chemotherapy Resistance to EGFR TKIs Target Therapy with Monoclonal Antibodies for NSCLC Future Direction References Lung Carcinoma Lung Resistance-Related Protein Luteotropic Hormone Luteotropin LV Lymphadenectomy Definition Characteristics Lymphangiogenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Lymphatic Vessels Definition Characteristics Clinical Relevance References Lymphoepithelioma Lymphokine Activated Killer Lynch Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics History Management References Lysine (K) Acetyltransferases (KATs) Lysine (K)-Specific Demethylase 6A Lysine (K)-Specific Demethylase 6B Lysolecithin Lysophosphatidic Acid Lysophosphatidylcholine Synonyms Definition Characteristics Signaling Mechanisms Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Lysophospholipase D M 4-[5-(4-Methylphenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl] benzenesulfonamide M&B 39831 MA-3, TIS (Mouse Pdcd4) MabThera (Non-US Countries) Mach Machine Learning MACH-Related Inducer of Toxicity Macro- and Microminerals Macroautophagy Macropain Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1 Macrophage Stimulating 1 Receptor Macrophages Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See also Macrophage-Stimulating Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure Biological Activities and Targets Cellular and Molecular Regulation MSP Receptor Signaling Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Macula Adherens Maculae Adherentes MAD1 MAD1L1 MADH4 MAGE-A11 Synonyms Definition Characteristics MAGE-11 Protein Regulated Expression Steroid Hormone Receptor Coregulator Target for Prostate Cancer Therapy Cross-References References See Also MAGEA11 Gene Magicin Maidenhair Tree Maintenance Chemotherapy Definition Cross-References Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class I-Related Chain Molecules Major Microtubule Organizing Center Major Vault Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Vault Complex Major Vault Protein (MVP) Drug Resistance Prognostic Significance Cross-References References Male Breast Cancer Definition Characteristics Risk Factors Treatment Molecular Characterization References Malignancy of Small Round Blue Cell Type Malignancy-Associated Changes Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Malignant Adrenocortical Tumor Malignant Breast Carcinoma Malignant Endocrine Tumors Malignant Lymphoma: Hallmarks and Concepts Definition Characteristics Basic Clinical Features of Malignant Lymphoma Etiology Classification The Molecular Genetic Basis of NHL Antigen Receptors in NHL The Immunoglobulin B Cell Receptor: T Cell Receptors in Peripheral T Cell Lymphomas Gene Expression Profiling Cell Biological Features of Hodgkin Lymphoma Cross-References References See Also Malignant Mesenchymal Nephroma of Infancy Malignant Mesothelioma Malignant Neoplasias Originating in Endocrine Tissues or Their Target Organs Malignant Neoplastic Changes of the Colon Malignant Neoplastic Changes of the Lung or Bronchus Malignant Pleural Effusion Malignant Prostate Carcinoma Malignant Salivary Gland Cancer Malignant Skin Tumors Malignant Tumors of the Endocrine Glands MALT Lymphoma Definition Cross-References See Also Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation Clinical Relevance References MammaPrint Test Definition Who is Eligible for the MammaPrint Test? How Does the MammaPrint Test Work? Cross-References See Also Mammographic Breast Density and Cancer Risk Definition Characteristics Effect of Mammography Screening Benefits and Harms Public Health Screening Recommendations Cross-References References Mammographic Density Definition Characteristics Mammographic Density and Risk of Breast Cancer Factors Associated with Variations in Mammographic Density Heritability of Mammographic Density Summary and Conclusions Cross-References References Mammotropic Hormone Mammotropin Mantle Cell Lymphoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Incidence Epidemiology Pathogenesis Pathology Immunophenotype Symptoms and Clinical Findings Paraclinical Findings Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis Disease Staging Prognostic Factors Course of Disease Treatment Stem-Cell Harvest and Purging High-Dose Therapy with Autologous Stem-Cell Support (ASCT) ASCT Conditioning Regimens Maintenance Second-Line Treatment Summary References MAP Kinase Definition Characteristics Members of the MAP Kinase Family Structure of MAP Kinase Cascades Signaling Via the MAP Kinase Cascades The ERK1/2 Cascade The p38 and JNK Cascades The ERK5 Cascade Regulation and Specificity Determination of MAP Kinases Involvement of MAP Kinases in Cancer Cross-References References See Also MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases MAP3K Mapatumumab MAPK10 MAPK8 MAPK9 MAPs MAR MAR Syndrome Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma Definition Characteristics Histology Pathogenesis Genetics Deregulation of NF-kappaB: The Unifying Concept for MALT Lymphomagenesis? Clinical Features, Prognosis, and Therapy References Marijuana Maspin Definition Characteristics The Role of Maspin in Epithelial Pathophysiology The Molecular Mechanisms of Maspin Summary Cross-References References See Also Mass Recovery Mast Cell Growth Factor Mast Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics MC and Tumor Growth MC and Tumor Angiogenesis Conclusions Cross-References References Mastocytosis Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Classification Therapy References Mastzellen Matriptase: Epithin, MT-SP1, Suppression of Tumorigenicity 14 Matriptase-2 (TMPRSS6) Matriptase-3 (TMPRSS7) Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitor Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 Matrix Metalloproteinases Synonyms Definition Characteristics Domain Structure Zymogen Activation Inhibition Substrate Cleavage Control of MMP Gene Expression Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Matrixins Maturation-Promoting Factor Mature/Immature MBP1, UPH1, H411, EFEMP2, FBLN-4 Mch5 MCJ MCL Mcl Family Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Mcl-1 Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects Cross-References References MCPH1 MCT-1 Oncogene Definition Characteristics Regulation Clinical Relevance References See Also mda-6 MDC MDM Genes Synonyms Definition Characteristics MDM2 MDM2 and Human Tumors MDM4 MDM4 and Human Tumors Cross-References References See Also MDM2 Definition Characteristics Discovery and Significance Function Structure MDM4 (Also Known as MDMX) Structure/Function Relationships The N-Terminal p53-Binding Pocket Nuclear Import and Export Sequences The Acidic Domain The Zinc Finger The RING Finger Regulation Autoregulatory Feedback Loop Protein Turnover Regulation by Protein-Protein Interactions Regulation by Posttranslational Modification DNA Damage Signaling Survival Signaling Interaction with Other Proteins: Substrates and Regulators MDM2 in Cancer Drug Target Further Information References Mdr1 Protein 2ME 2ME2 MEC Med28 Medical Foods Medullary Thyroid Cancer Targeted Therapy Definition Characteristics Molecular Therapeutic Targets in MTC Ret and Angiogenesis-Related RTKs Other Targets RTK Inhibitors Perspectives References Megapain/UCDEN (Ubiquitin Conjugate Degrading Endopeptidase) MEK Kinases Melanocytic Nevus Melanocytic Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Melanocytoma Melanoma Melanoma Antigen Family A-11 Melanoma Antigen Gene Protein-11 Melanoma Antigen-A11 Melanoma Antigens Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background Classification Tumor-Specific Antigens Tumor-Specific Shared Antigens (CTA) Antigens Encoded by Genes Overexpressed in Tumor Cells Antigens Encoded by Differentiation Genes Clinical Implications References Melanoma Drug Treatment Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chemotherapeutics for Melanoma Treatment Dacarbazine Fotemustine Temozolomide Nab-Paclitaxel Immunotherapeutics for Melanoma Treatment IL-2 Interferon Alfa Ipilimumab PD-1 Inhibitors Target-Based Therapeutics for Melanoma Treatment Drugs Targeting Melanoma Cells Carrying Mutation in the B-RAF Gene Vemurafenib Dabrafenib Drug Targeting MEK Protein Trametinib Drugs Targeting Melanoma Cells Carrying Mutations in the C-KIT Gene Newer Treatments Cross-References References Melanoma Therapy Melanoma Vaccines Synonyms Definition Characteristics Historical Background Tumor Immune Defense Against Transplantable Tumors in Mouse Models Culture of Melanoma-Specific Human T Cells and Identification of Melanoma Antigens Rational Development of Melanoma Vaccine Strategies in Animal Models Efficacy of Melanoma Vaccines in Clinical Trials Barriers for the Successful Implementation of Therapeutic Melanoma Vaccines Summary and Future Perspective References Melanoma-Associated Antigen-A11 Melanoma-Associated Antigens Melanoma-Associated Retinopathy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathogenesis Clinical Aspects Diagnostic Procedure Therapy Prognostic Relevance Cross-References References Melatonin Definition Characteristics Melatonin Anticancer Action and Mechanisms Nocturnal Melatonin Suppression by Light at Night and Human Breast Cancer Risk Clinical Cancer Trials with Melatonin Summary and Conclusions References Membrane Microdomain Membrane Raft Membrane Transport Proteins Membrane Transporters Synonyms Definition Characteristics General Features Pharmacological Relevance of Membrane Transporters Role of Membrane Transporters in Drug Resistance Cross-References References See Also Membrane-Linked Docking Protein Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Signal Transduction by MLDP Roles of Individual MLDP Family in Normal and Cancer Cells FRS2/SNT Dok Transmembrane Adaptor Proteins (TRAPs) Gab IRS Cross-References References See Also Membrane-Lipid Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diversity of Membrane-Lipid Composition and Structure Mechanisms Involved in Membrane-Lipid Therapy MLT Drugs that Target the Cell Plasma Membrane Destabilization of Membrane Structure, as Occurs with Anticancer Drugs Like Anthracyclines and Hexamethylene Bisacetamide (HMBA) Hyperfluidization of the Lipid Membrane Lipid-Raft Microdomain Remodeling Changes in Membrane-Lipid Composition Regulation of Enzyme Activities that Modulate Lipids Lipid Replacement Therapy Is Used to Restore Damaged Lipids Through Supplementation with Membrane Phospholipids and Antioxidan MLT Drugs that Target the Nucleus Lipid-Mediated Regulation of Nucleic Acid Function The Regulation of Gene Expression to Alter Membrane-Lipid Composition MLT Drugs Target Protein-Lipid Interactions Development of Membrane-Lipid Therapy Drugs and Ongoing Studies Cross-References References MEN1 MEN1B MEN4 Menopausal Symptoms After Breast Cancer Therapy Definition Characteristics Introduction Treatment Options Synthetic Hormonal Compound Nonhormonal Therapies Treatment of Urogenital Atrophy and Related Symptoms Treatment of Bone Loss Cardiovascular Complications Conclusion References Merlin Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Mesenchymal Stem Cells Synonyms Definition Cross-References Mesenteric Fibromatosis Mesoblastic Nephroma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Histology and Genetics Treatment Prognosis Cross-References References See Also Mesothelin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Tissue Expression Regulation Function Diagnostic Marker Therapeutic Applications Cross-References References See Also Mesothelioma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathogenesis Asbestos Chromosome Changes Tumor Suppressor Genes Diagnosis Clinical Approaches Cross-References References See Also MET Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Features Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Meta-Analysis Definition Cross-References Metabolic Polymorphisms and Cancer Susceptibility Definition Characteristics History Important Genetic Factors Relevance of Pharmacogenetics Ethnic Differences Future References Metabolic Reprogramming Definition Characteristics Introduction Metabolic Reprogramming: Some Basic Changes Aerobic Glycolysis Upregulation of Components of Aerobic Glycolysis Upregulation of ``Upstream´´ Components in Aerobic Glycolysis Upregulation of ``Downstream´´ Components in Aerobic Glycolysis Lactate as a Signaling Molecule Aerobic Glycolysis and Anabolic Side Pathways Glutamine (Gln) and the Switch of the TCA Cycle to Subserving De Novo Lipogenesis Cross-References References See Also Metal Complex Metal Compound Metal Drugs Synonyms Definition Characteristics History of Metals in Anticancer Medicine Platinum(II) Drugs: Best Sellers in Cancer Therapy Platinum(IV) Drugs: A Prodrug Strategy Arsenic Trioxide: Rediscovery of an Old Drug Ruthenium: Anticancer Agents with Reduced Side Effects Conclusions Cross-References References Metal-Based Drug Metallodrug Metalloprotease Disintegrin Cysteine Rich Metaplasia Metastasis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Cross-References References Metastasis Suppressor Gene Definition Characteristics Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Metastasis Suppressor KAI1/CD82 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Cross-References References See Also Metastatic Breast Cancer Experimental Therapeutics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Gene Therapy Vaccine Therapy Chemotherapeutic and Biological Agents Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Metastatic Cancer Metastatic Colonization Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer Metastatic PDAC Metastatic Prostate Cancer Methazolastone 2-Methoxyestradiol Methoxyestradiol Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Aspects References Methylase Methylation Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Aspects Aberrant DNA Methylation in Cancer Hypomethylation Hypermethylation References Methylation-Controlled J Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References 4-Methylsulfinylbutyl Isothiocyanate Methyltransferases Synonyms Definition Characteristics DNMTases DNA Methylation Patterns in Normal and Cancer Cells Types of Mammalian DNMTases Structure and Function of Mammalian DNMTases RNA MTases Histone Methyltransferases (HMTases) References Metronomic Chemotherapy Keywords Definition Characteristics Origin Mechanisms of Action Clinical Settings Advantages Drawbacks Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Metronomic Scheduling MGC126245 MGC126246 MGC126806 MGC138284 MGC34538 MGF Receptor Mib-2 MIC Molecules Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects of MIC Expression by Tumors Clinical Aspects of Soluble MIC Molecules in Blood Soluble MIC in Diagnosis of Cancer Disease Soluble MIC in Staging of Cancer Disease Soluble MIC in Cancer Prognosis and Monitoring of Cancer Disease Cross-References References MIC-1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation of MIC-1/GDF15 Gene Expression Serum MIC-1/GDF15 Measurement as a Clinical Tool Role of MIC-1/GDF15 in Tumor Biology Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Microadenomas Microarray Microarray (cDNA) Technology Synonyms Definition Characteristics cDNA Microarray Construction Hybridization with Labeled cDNA Scanning the cDNA Microarray Using a ``Reader´´ Image Analysis and Generation of cDNA Microarray Data Analysis of Large-Scale cDNA Microarray Data Application Clinical Relevance References Microcell-Mediated Chromosome Transfer Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Microcephalin Microcystin-LR Definition Characteristics Tumor-Promoting Activity in Rat Liver Inhibition of Specific [H]okadaic Acid Binding Inhibition of Protein Phosphatases 1 and 2A Cellular Biochemical Response Structure-Function Relationship of Microcystins Crystal Structure of PP1-Microcystin-LR Complex Cross-References References Microcytoma Microglia Micrometastasis Definition Characteristics Detection Techniques Immunocytochemistry Molecular Techniques EPISPOT Assay Cellular and Molecular Biology Clinical Relevance Bone Marrow Peripheral Blood Lymph Nodes References Micronucleus Assay Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects Cross-References References MicroRNA Definition Characteristics miRNAs and Cancer miRNAs as Tumor Suppressors and Oncogenes miRNA Profiling and Cancer Diagnosis Cross-References References See Also Microsatellite Instability Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Microtubule-Associated Proteins Synonyms Definition Characteristics MAPs and Cancer Cancer Predisposition Cancer Development Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis Cancer Sensitivity/Resistance to Microtubule Targeting Drugs References Microtubule-Binding Proteins Microtubule-Stabilizing/Microtubule-Destabilizing Proteins Micro-Ultrasound Imaging MIG-6 Migration Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms of Cell Migration: Rho-GTPases Are Key Players Rac Cdc42 Rho Summary Acknowledgments Cross-References References See Also MIHA Milky Spots Mind Bomb Homologue 2 Mineral Nutrients Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mineral Nutrients and Cancer References Minerval Mini-gut Mini-intestine Minimal Residual Disease Synonyms Definition Characteristics Methods of Detecting MRD Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Minodronate Synonyms Definition Characteristics Effects of Minodronate on Endothelial Cells (ECs) Effects of Minodronate on Tumor Cells In Vitro Effects of Minodronate on Tumor Cells In Vivo Cross-References See Also Minodronic acid Mismatch Repair in Genetic Instability Definition Characteristics Biological Consequences Clinical Relevance References Mitochondrial DNA Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Mitochondrial Membrane Permeabilization in Apoptosis Synonym Definition Characteristics Mechanisms of MMP Regulation of MMP MMP and Cancer Therapeutic Implications References Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinases Synonyms Definition Characteristics Functional Role in Cancers BRAF MEKK1 Other MAP3K Linked to Cancer Biology Conclusions and Future Directions Cross-References References Further Reading Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases p42 and p44 Mitogen-Inducible Gene 6 in Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Signaling Regulation Clinical Relevance References Mitomycin C Synonyms Definition Characteristics Form Bioreductive Activation Enzymatic Bioreductive Activation of MMC NQO1 NQO1 and Mitomycin C In Vitro NQO1 and Mitomycin C in Anaerobic Conditions NQO1 and Mitomycin C In Vivo Xanthine Oxidase/Dehydrogenase NADPH-Cytochrome C P450 Reductase Other Reductases Analogues of MMC Pharmacokinetics Clinical Use of MMC Side Effects of MMC References Mitotic Arrest-Deficient Protein 1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Aspects References Mitotic Catastrophe Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Aspects Clinical Relevance References Mitotic Cell Death Mixed Gliomas MK-0683 MK-1 MKKK MLPLI MLS MM MMC6-amino-1,1a,2,8,8a,8b-hexahydro-8-(hydroxymethyl)-8a-methoxy-5-methyl-azirino[2, 3:3, 4] pyrrolo[1, 2-a]indo MMP MMP-3 MMPs MOAB HER2 Modifier Loci Synonyms Definition Characteristics Rodent Models Humans Mechanisms Perspectives References Modular Nanotransporters Modular Recombinant Transporters Modular Transporters Synonyms Definition Characteristics Objectives Principles Features Cross-References References See Also Modulation of Colon Carcinogenesis Mole Molecular Chaperones Definition Characteristics HSP90 as an Anticancer Drug Target Cross-References References See Also Molecular Imaging Definition Characteristics Molecular Imaging Probes Imaging Modalities Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Ultrasound Optical Imaging Positron Emission Tomography and Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography Hybrid Techniques Cross-References References Molecular Morphology Molecular Pathology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Historical and Clinical Background Immunohistochemistry In Situ Hybridization Polymerase Chain Reaction Future Developments Cross-References References Molecular Therapy Definition Characteristics Gene Therapy Nucleic Acid Constructs Small Molecule Drugs Antibody Therapy Cross-References References See Also Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer Therapy Definition Characteristics Background Applications of Mabs for Cancer Therapy ``Naked´´ (Unmodified) Mabs Which Interfere with Growth-Controlling Mechanisms Tumor Killing via Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity (CDC) and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Interference with Tumor Vasculature Antibodies to Lymphocyte Antigens Applied to Modify Antitumor Immunity via Check-Point Inhibition Drug Immunoconjugates Toxin Mab Constructs Radioimmunotherapy Bispecific Antibodies Induction of an Immune Response by Mabs to Tumor Antigens Anti-idiotypic Antibodies Therapeutic Vaccination with Tumor Cells Expressing Mab-Derived scFv Fragments at Their Surface Combination Therapy Complications of Mab-Based Therapy Cross-References References See Also Monoclonal Antibody c-erb-2 Monoclonal Antibody HER2 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance (MGUS) Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Etiology Pathogenesis Diagnosis MGUS Variants Association of MGUS with Other Diseases Antibody Activity of mIg and Associated Diseases Aggregation and Deposition of mIg and Associated Diseases Predictors of Tumor Progression Management of MGUS and Development of Early Treatment Strategies Cross-References References See Also Mononeuropathy Mononuclear Phagocytes Mother Against Decapentaplegic, Drosophila, Homolog of 4 Motility Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Aspects Cross-References References Mouse Double Minute Gene Mouse Inbred Lines Mouse Models Synonyms Definition Characteristics History Biological Relevance Genetically Engineered Mice Transgenic Animals Conditional Transgenics Inducible Systems Spontaneous Recombination Genetic Susceptibility Inbred Strains Mapping of Susceptibility Genes Congenics Recombinant Inbred Lines and Other Types of Inbred Mice Outbred Strains Therapeutics Xenografts Molecular Imaging Cross-References References See Also Mouse Xenograft Models MPF MPP2 MRD MRIT mRNA Translation Synonyms Definition Characteristics mRNA Synthesis Protein Synthesis Initiation of Translation (Fig.2) Polypeptide Elongation Termination of Translation Some mRNAs Code More than One Protein mRNAs Contain Regulatory Elements Other mRNA Features: Internal Ribosome Entry Sites (IRES) Future Prospects Cross-References References MRP MSAT - Metronomic Scheduling of Anticancer Treatment MSCs MSLN MSP MST1 MST1R MTase MTOC mTOR MTS1 Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma Mucins Definition Characteristics References Muclin (Mouse) Mucocele of the Appendix Mucocutaneous Myxoma Mucoepidermoid Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Historical Data Histological Features Epidemiology Etiology Staging Parameters Treatment References Multidrug Resistance Transporters Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins Multidrug Transporter Multigene Array Definition Cross-References See Also Multimeric Antibody Fragments Multimodality Cancer Therapy Multiple Endocrine Adenopathy Type 1 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Genetics MEN1 Mutations in Hereditary Endocrine Disorders MEN1 Mutations in Sporadic Non-MEN1 Endocrine Tumors Function of the MEN1 Protein (Menin) Mouse Models for MEN1 Clinical Application Acknowledgments Cross-References References Multiple Hamartoma Syndrome Multiple Myeloma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Immunobiology of MM Molecular Biology of MM Gene Expression Profiles (GEP) in MM Clinical Treatment of MM Cross-References See Also Multistep Development Definition Characteristics History Participating Genes Minimum Requirements for Tumor Development Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Mutagen Sensitivity Definition Characteristics Overview of Human DNA Repair System Inter-Individual Variations in DNA Repair Capacity Within General Population Development of Mutagen Sensitivity Assay Heritability of Mutagen Sensitivity High Mutagen Sensitivity Is a Genetic Susceptibility Factor for Cancer Development References Mutation Rate Definition Characteristics Summary References Mutator Phenotype Definition Characteristics Mutations and Cancer Chromosomal Alterations in Human Cancers Point Mutations in Human Cancer Rarity of Spontaneous Mutations in Normal Cells Historical Perspective Tumor Evolution Implications of a Mutator Phenotype Cross-References References MUTYH-Associated Colorectal Polyposis Definition Characteristics Inherited Predisposition to Colorectal Cancer Identification of an Unusual (G:CT:A) Mutator Phenotype in Family N Inherited Mutations in MUTYH Predispose to Colorectal Tumors The Pathway of MAP Tumorigenesis The Phenotype of MAP MUTYH Mutation Spectrum Genetic Testing and Clinical Management of MAP References MYB Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Regulation Clinical Aspects References MYC Oncogene Definition Characteristics Myc Structure and Function Posttranslational Modifications and Regulation of Myc Turnover Other Members of the Max-Interacting Network Effects of Myc Activation Consequences of Myc Deregulation Tumors Associated with Myc Targeting Myc as an Approach to Treat Cancer Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Mycobacterium bovis BCG Myeloablative Megatherapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Therapeutic Concept Timing of Megatherapy Within a Treatment Strategy Which Drugs Can Be Used for Megatherapy? References Myelodysplastic Syndromes Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Causative Factors Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Classification Cytogenetic Findings Prognosis Treatment Options Supportive Care Epigenetic Agents (Epigenetic Therapy) Immunosuppressive Agents (Immunotherapy) Intensive Chemotherapy and Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (Chemotherapy) Cross-References References Myelofibrosis with Myeloid Metaplasia Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Myeloid Leukemia of Down Syndrome Myeloma Myelosuppression Definition Characteristics Hematopoietic Growth Factor Support Regulation of Neutrophil Cell Death Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Myofibroma Myoma Myopodin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Myopodin Gene Expressed in Prostate but Deleted or Downregulated in Prostate Cancer Myopodin Expression and Relapses of Prostate Cancer Mechanism of Myopodin Mediated Tumor Suppression Myopodin Expressed in Muscles References Myotendinous Antigen Myxoid Liposarcoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Genetics Etiology Diagnostics Treatment Prognosis References Myxoid Neurofibroma N N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide NA1/NA2 NAALADase NAB NaCHOleate NAD-Dependent Deacetylase Sirtuin-1 Naevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also NAG-1 NAME Nanocapsules Definition Cross-References Nanoformulations Nanomedicine Nanoparticles Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy Definition Characteristics An Example of Cancer Cell-Specific Nanocapsule Design Conclusion Acknowledgments References Nanoparticles in Diagnosis and Treatment Definition Characteristics Types of Nanoparticles Nanoparticles in Tumor Diagnostics Tumor Detection Profiling of Tumor Biomarkers FISH Nanoparticles in Antitumor Therapy Liposomal-Based Drug Delivery Gene Delivery References Nanospheres Synonyms Definition Characteristics Types of Nanospherical Formulations Polymeric Nanoparticles Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Liposomes Nanoemulsions Micelles Inorganic Nanoparticles Multistage Particles Viral Nanoparticles Advantages of Nanosphere Formulations over Conventional Drug Delivery Strategies 2 Conclusions References Nanotechnology Definition Characteristics Nanoparticles Nanoscale Cancer Imaging Contrast Agents Nanoscale Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory Nanoscale Cancer Diagnostics Current Applications of Nanotechnology in Clinical Medicine References Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Treatment Cross-References References See Also NAT Natural Immunity Natural Killer Cell Activation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cytokine Activation of NK Cells Activation of NK Cytotoxicity by Tumor Cells Activated NK Cells in Cancer Therapy Acknowledgments Cross-References References See Also Natural Killer Group 2D Natural Products Synonyms Definition Characteristics Parameters of Natural Products Natural Product Drug Discovery Natural Product Anticancer Drugs Cross-References References See Also Natural Yellow 3 Naturally Disordered Proteins Naturally Unfolded Proteins Naturally Unstructured Proteins NBCCS NBK (Natural Born Killer) NCA-160 NCI60_003316 NCoA3 ncRNA Necroptosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics History of Discovery Cellular Features of Necroptosis Necroptosis-Inducing Factors Necroptosis Activation Mechanisms TNFα-Induced Necroptosis Genotoxic Stress-Induced Necroptosis TLR-Mediated Necroptosis Necroptosis Induced by Other Stimulations Necroptosis in Health and Disease Necroptosis in Health Necroptosis in Disease Concluding Remarks Cross-References References See Also Necrosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Causes Pathogenesis Necrosis: Classification Regulation of Necrosis: Necroptosis Necrosis in Cancer Cytotoxic Drugs and Necrosis Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Needle Aspiration Biopsy Needle Biopsy Nek2 Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Nemosis Definition Characteristics Possible Significance of Nemosis References Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (Neoadjuvant Therapy) Neoadjuvant Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References See Also Neoplastic Meningitis Neovascularization Nephroblastoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Genetics Clinical Aspects Treatment Cross-References References See Also Nestin Definition Characteristics Structure Distribution and Roles in Normal Cells Expression and Roles in Nonneoplastic Disease Expression and Roles in Tumor Growth Nestin as a Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) Marker Expression and Roles in Angiogenesis References NET Neuroblastoma Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Neurocytoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Therapy Cross-References References Neuroectodermal Tumor Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Classification Epidemiology Natural History Carcinoids Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas (Islet Cell Tumors) Diagnosis of Neuroendocrine Carcinomas Pathological Diagnosis Biochemical Diagnosis Imaging Diagnosis Treatment of Neuroendocrine Carcinomas Surgery Radiofrequency Ablation Liver Embolization Irradiation Therapy Systemic Treatment New Agents Cross-References References See Also Neuroendocrine Neoplasms Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnostic Criteria for Entering the NEN Category Prognostic Classification Concepts of GEP-NENs Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET) Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (NEC) Mixed Adeno-Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (MANEC) Genetics NENs of the Pancreas (PanNEN) NENs of the Stomach and the Esophagus NENs of the Small Intestine, Colon, and Rectum Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Lung Carcinoid Tumors Pulmonary Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (SCLC) and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC) Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumors Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC) NEC of the Skin (Merkel Cell Carcinoma) Cross-References References See Also Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas Definition Cross-References See Also Neuroepithelioma Neurofibromatosis 1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnostic Criteria and Clinical Aspects Genetics Neurofibromin Gene Mutations in NF1-Related Tumors NF1 Gene Mutations in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Neurofibromatosis 2 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnostic Criteria and Clinical Aspects Genetics Merlin Protein References Neurokinins Neuromedin Definition Characteristics NMB in Human Cancer NMU in Human Cancer Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Neuronectin Neuron-Restrictive Silencer Factor (NRSF) Neuro-oncology: Primary CNS Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Classification Clinical and Radiological Presentation Etiology Molecular Pathogenesis Current Management Future Directions Molecular Therapy: Molecular-Based Diagnostics-Prognosis-Targeted Therapy Adjuvant Therapy: Novel Biologicals and Therapeutic Delivery Biological Imaging Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Neuropathy Neuropeptides Neuropilin Ligands Neuroprotection Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Neurotrophic Factors Neurotrophins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Relevance References Neutropenia Synonyms Definition Characteristics Hematopoiesis Neutrophil Disorders Neutrophil Growth Factors References Neutrophil Elastase Synonyms Definition Characteristics NE Gene and Its Variations NE and Cancer Development NE and Cancer Progression and Prognosis NE as Cancer Therapeutic Target Possible Mechanisms of NE in Cancer Development and Progression Carcinogen Exposure Enhancer Apoptosis Inhibitor Invasion and Metastasis Promoter Cancer-Promoting Gene Derepressor NE Suppresses Granulopoiesis of Hematopoietic Cells Cross-References References See Also Neutrophil Elastase 2 Neutrophil Expressed (ELANE as the official gene symbol) Nevi Nevocellular Nevus Nevus New York Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma 1 Nexavar NF1 NF2 NF2 Gene Product NF-kappaB NGF Family NGRD2 Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Nickel Carcinogenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Nickel, the Chemical Element, and Its Ionic Species and Chemical Compounds Important Commercial Uses of Nickel and Nickel Compounds Exposure of Humans to Nickel Compounds Genotoxicity of Nickel Compounds Nickel-Induced Cell Transformation Nickel Carcinogenesis Mechanisms of Nickel Carcinogenesis References Nickel Tumorigenesis Nickel-Induced Cell Transformation Nicotine Addiction Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Nicotine Withdrawal Syndrome Drug Tolerance Early Onset of Addiction References Nicotine Dependence Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Regulation Clinical Relevance References Nilotinib Synonyms Definition Characteristics Implications of Nilotinib in Treatment of Imatinib-Resistant CML Development and Preclinical Studies with Nilotinib Nilotinib Resistance Clinical Assessment of Nilotinib and FDA Approval Future Prospects Cross-References References See Also Nitric Oxide Definition Characteristics Chemistry and Biological Synthesis of NO Biochemical Basis of NO Action Cancer and NO Role of NO in Initiating Cancer Role of NO in Cancer Cell Proliferation and Tumor Growth NO and Tumoricidal Activity Action of NO on Cellular Respiration Clinical Relevance References Nitrogen-Containing Bisphosphonate NK Cell Induction NK Cell Stimulation NKG2D NKG2D Receptor Synonyms Definition Characteristics The NKG2D Receptor NKG2D Ligands NKG2D and Cancer Immunosurveillance Tumor Escape Cross-References References See Also N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene Synonyms Definition Characteristics References N-myc Downstream-Regulated Gene, NDRG1 Nodularin Definition Characteristics Tumor-Promoting Activity in Rat Liver Inhibition of Protein Phosphatase 1 and 2A Expression of Early Response and TNF-α Genes Nodularin-Related Agent Motuporin References Nonclassical Apoptosis Noncoding RNA Synonyms Definition Characteristics Types of Noncoding RNAs Transfer RNA (tRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA) RNA Interference (RNAi) siRNA microRNA (miRNA) rasiRNA Long Noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) Noncoding RNAs and Cancer Noncoding RNAs and therapy References Noninvasive breast Cancer Nonprimary APC Mutation Colorectal Cancer Non-Rhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcomas Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Diagnosis and Staging Pathology and Biology Treatment and Outcome Particular Histotypes Future Issues Cross-References References See Also Non-Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Definition Characteristics Survival Rates KRAS and EGFR Mutations BRCA1 Expression BRCA1 mRNA Levels and EGFR Mutations in Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer Median Survival Progression-Free Survival EGFR-Addicted Lung Cancers Screening of EGFR Mutations for Individualizing Treatment with Erlotinib Acquired Drug Resistance by Mutation of the T790 Residue in EGFR (T790M) Conclusion References Nonspecific Cross-Reacting Antigen with a Mw of 160kD Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Definition Characteristics Types of NSAIDs Mechanism of Action Cancer Chemoprevention Colorectal Cancer Breast Cancer Prostate Cancer Bladder Cancer Lung Cancer Conclusions References Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Nontargeted Effect Non-Targeted Effects Nonviral Vector for Cancer Therapy Definition Characteristics Liposomes Polymers Virosomes Fusion Liposomes HVJ Envelope Vector Cross-References References See Also Norton-Simon Hypothesis Definition Characteristics The Log-Kill Model Gompertzian Growth Kinetics Norton-Simon Hypothesis References Notch/Jagged Signaling Definition Characteristics Bidirectional, Jagged1-Mediated Signaling Clinical Relevance T-Cell Leukemia Cervical Carcinoma B-Cell Leukemia Mammary Carcinoma Prostate Carcinoma Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)-Induced T-Cell Leukemia Cross Talk Between Signaling Pathways Notch as a Potential Therapeutic Target Cross-References References NPC NPP2 NR1C NR1I3 NR3C4 NRSTS NS3 NSC-10514-F NSC-312887 NSC362856 NSC-638850 NSC-684766 NSC-710428 Nuclear Factor-KappaB Nuclear Factor-kappaB Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation Clinical Relevance References Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3 Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group I, Member 2 (NR1I2) Nuclear Receptors Nucleic Acid-Based Biomarkers Definition Characteristics Types of Cancer Biomarkers DNA-Based Cancer Biomarkers RNA-Based Cancer Biomarkers Conclusion Cross-References References Nucleolin Definition Characteristics Regulation of Nucleolin Function as a Phosphoprotein Nucleolin Function in the Cell Cycle and Ribosomal Biogenesis The Role for Nucleolin in Cancer Role of Nucleolin in B-Cell Lymphomas Nucleolin´s Interaction with Cellular Proteins: p53 and Rb Nucleolin´s Interaction with Other Factors References Nucleoporin Definition Characteristics The Nucleocytoplasmic Transport Nucleoporins Nucleoporins and Cancer References Nucleosome Remodeling Nucleotide Excision Repair Definition Characteristics Cellular Regulation Global Genome Repair Transcription-Coupled Repair Excision and Gap Filling Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also NUP98-HOXA9 Fusion Definition Characteristics Mouse Models of Leukemogenesis Human Models of NUP98-HOXA9 Leukemogenesis Proposed Mechanism of Leukemic Transformation by the NUP98-NUP98 Fusion Aberrant Transcriptional Activity Stabilization of HOXA9 Protein Expression Depletion of NUP98 from the NPC in Cells Expressing NUP98-HOXA9 References NUPR1 Nutraceuticals Synonyms Definition Characteristics Nutraceuticals and Cancer Cross-References References See Also Nutrition Status Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Assessment of Nutrition Status Nutrition Intervention Benefit of Maintenance of Nutrition Status Cross-References References See Also Nutritional Factors Nutritional Prevention of Colon Cancer NY ESO 1 NY-ESO-1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Immunogenicity NY-ESO-1-Derived Epitopes Clinical Trials Acknowledgments Cross-References References O 1-(9Z-octadecenoyl)-2-sn-glycero-3-phosphate 42-O-(2-hydroxyethyl) Rapamycin O/E Oat Cell Carcinoma Obesity and Cancer Risk Definition Characteristics Trends in Obesity Obesity and Cancer Risk Obesity-Related Cancers Cancers Likely Related to Obesity Other Cancers Mechanisms Linking Obesity to Cancer Risk References Occult Cancer Oesophageal Adenocarcinoma 2OHOA 2-OHOA Okadaic Acid Definition Characteristics Tumor-Promoting Activity on Mouse Skin Tumor-Promoting Activity in Rat Glandular Stomach Crystal Structure of PP1-Okadaic Acid Complex Biochemical Significance Okadaic Acid Relatives References Further Reading 1-oleoyl lysophosphatidic acid Olf Olfactory Neuronal Transcription Factor Olfactory/Early B-cell Factors Oligoastrocytomas Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Oligodendroglioma Definition Characteristics History Epidemiology Clinical Presentation Radiologic Appearance Pathologic Features Tumor Grading Mixed Gliomas Genetics Therapy Cross-References References See Also o-LPA Omental Immune Aggregates Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure and Cellular Composition Vascularization Function Tumor Cell Adherence and Metastases References Omentum-Associated Lymphoid Tissue OncoArray Definition Cross-References See Also Oncodevelopmental Proteins Oncofetal Antigen Definition Characteristics Alpha-Fetoprotein: Role as an Oncofetal Antigen Carcinoembryonic Antigen: Role as an Oncofetal Antigen 5T4 Oncofetal Antigen Cross-References References Oncofetal Antigens Oncofetal Stroma Oncogene Synonyms Definition Characteristics Oncogene Cooperation Cross-References References See Also Oncogene Addiction Synonyms Definition Characteristics Multistage Carcinogenesis and Oncogene Addiction Evidence for Oncogene Addiction Mechanisms of Oncogene Addiction Future Directions and Clinical Applications Identification of the Critical Oncogene or ``Achilles´ Heel´´ in Specific Human Cancers Combination Therapy Conclusion References Oncogene Transduction Oncologic Surgical Pathology Oncology Models in Mice Definition Characteristics Radiation and Chemically Induced Cancer Models Genetically Engineered Mouse Models Transgenic Mice Gene Targeting Conditional and Inducible Systems Humanized Mice Xenograft Models Subcutaneous Orthotopic Sub-renal Capsule Cross-References References Oncolytic Adenovirus Synonyms Definition Characteristics General Description Mechanism Clinical Applications Future Directions References Oncolytic Virotherapy Oncolytic Virus Synonyms Definition Characteristics Selectivity and Cancer-Targeting Mechanisms Efficacy and Anticancer Mechanisms Virus Species Cross-References References Oncopeptidomics Definition Characteristics Peptides Peptide Biomarker Peptide Biomarker Discovery Challenges and Limitations in Oncopeptidomics Conclusion Cross-References References Oncoplastic Surgery Definition Characteristics Historical Background Clinical Impact of Oncoplastic Surgery Summary References Oncostatin M Synonyms Definition Characteristics Oncostatin M Protein Structure Oncostatin M Ligand-Receptor Interactions Oncostatin M-Mediated Signal Transduction Regulation of Oncostatin M and Oncostatin M Receptor Expression Clinical Relevance of Oncostatin M in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Oncostatin M Precursor Oncotype DX Definition Cross-References See Also ONO-5920 OPN Optimal Treatment for Women with Ovarian Cancer Definition Characteristics Screening and Early Diagnosis Primary Surgery Tumor Boards and Multidisciplinary Care Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Initial Chemotherapy Early-Stage Disease Advanced-Stage Disease Surveillance and Survivorship Issues Treatment at Time of Recurrence Palliative Care Cross-References References See Also Oral Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology and Etiology Progression Genetics Treatment Cross-References References See Also Organometallic Drug Orphan Nuclear Receptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also OSF-1 Osf2 OSM OSRC Osteoblastic Bone Disease Osteoblastic Bone Lesion Definition Cross-References Osteoblastic Lesions of the Bone Osteoblast-Specific Factor Osteoblast-Specific Factor-2 Osteochondroma Definition Cross-References Osteoclast Definition Cross-References Osteogenic Sarcoma Osteolysis Definition Cross-References Osteolytic Bone Disease Osteolytic Lesions of the Bone Osteonectin Osteopontin Synonyms Definition Characteristics OPN Gene Structure and Regulation of Gene Expression OPN Protein Structure and Interaction with Other Proteins Functions of OPN in the Context of Cancer OPN-Mediated Cell Adhesion OPN-Mediated Cell Migration and Invasion OPN-Mediated Cell Survival/Resistance to Apoptosis OPN and Angiogenesis OPN and Metastasis OPN Expression in Human Tumors and Prognostic Significance Cross-References References See Also Osteoporosis Definition Cross-References Osteosarcoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Clinical Course Treatment Metastases Recurrence Genetics Future References OTS-8 Out-of-Field Effect Ovarian Cancer Definition Characteristics Pathology Staging Epidemiology Markers Etiology Molecular Mechanisms Prognostic Indicators Cross-References References See Also Ovarian Cancer Chemoresistance Definition Characteristics Symptoms and Treatment of Ovarian Cancer Chemoresistant Disease Mechanisms of Platinum Resistance Mechanisms of Taxane Resistance Circumventing Resistance Cancer Stem Cells in Chemoresistance Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Ovarian Cancer Chemotherapy Definition Characteristics First-Line Chemotherapy Taxane and Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Novel Taxane Approaches Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Maintenance Chemotherapy Second-Line Therapy and Recurrent Disease Platinum-Sensitive Recurrence Platinum-Resistant Recurrence Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Ovarian Cancer Clinical Oncology Definition Characteristics Natural History Screening and Early Diagnosis Prevention Primary Surgery of Ovarian Cancer Primary Chemotherapy of Advanced Ovarian Cancer Primary Chemotherapy of ``Early-Stage´´ Ovarian Cancer Second-Line Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer Future Directions in the Management of Ovarian Cancer References Ovarian Cancer Drug Resistance Synonyms Definition Characteristics Resistance to Platinum Drugs Translational Research Bridges Cellular Drug Resistance and Clinical Outcome References Ovarian Cancer Epidemiology Definition Characteristics References Ovarian Cancer Hormonal Therapy Definition Characteristics Hormones and Ovarian Cancer Etiology Hormone Replacement Therapy and Ovarian Cancer Risk Estrogens as Causative Factors Progesterone as a Protective Factor Progesterone and Estrogen Receptors as Prognostic Factors Androgens as Causative Factors Gonadotropins and GnRH as Risk Factors Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, and Their Receptors in Ovarian Cancer GnRHs and Their Receptors in Ovarian Cancer Hormonal Treatment Aromatase Inhibitors Antiandrogenic Drugs GnRH Agonists Selective ER Modulators Anti-progestin Mifepristone in Ovarian Cancer Progesterone in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer Combination Hormonal Therapy Tamoxifen Combined with Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer Tamoxifen Combined with a GnRH Agonist in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer GnRH Agonists Combined with Chemotherapy as First-Line Therapy in Ovarian Cancer Combination of Progesterone and Other Hormonal Therapies in Recurrent Ovarian Cancer Progesterone Combined with Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer Contraindications to Hormonal Agents Conclusions and Future Directions Cross-References References See Also Ovarian Cancer Immunotherapy Definition Characteristics MAbs for the Immunotherapy of Ovarian Cancer Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125, MUC16) Folate Receptor Alpha (FRα) Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Vaccines for the Immunotherapy of Ovarian Cancer Cellular Vaccines Vaccines Based on Defined Antigenic Substrates Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Ovarian Cancer Pathology Synonyms Characteristics General Classification of Ovarian Cancers Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Serous Carcinoma Endometrioid Carcinoma Clear Cell Carcinoma Mucinous Carcinoma Transitional Cell Carcinoma Mixed Carcinoma Undifferentiated Carcinoma Malignant Mixed Müllerian Tumor Sex Cord Stromal Tumors Granulosa Cell Tumor Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor Steroid Cell Tumors Not Otherwise Specified Sex Cord Tumor with Annular Tubules Germ Cell Tumors Teratoma Dysgerminoma Yolk Sac Tumor Embryonal Carcinoma Choriocarcinoma Polyembryoma Metastatic Tumors to the Ovary Selected Diagnostic Markers Staging of Ovarian Cancer References Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Classification of Ovarian Cancers Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of Ovarian CSCs Biology of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells Clinical Significance of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells Therapeutic Targeting of Ovarian Cancer Stem Cells Controversies Cross-References References See Also Ovarian Cancer Stem-Like Cells Ovarian Cancer-Initiating Cells Ovarian Carcinoma Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors Definition Classification of Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors Stages Markers Treatments Cross-References See Also Ovarian Mucinous Carcinoma Definition Cross-References See Also Ovarian Serous Carcinoma Definition Cross-References See Also Ovarian Small Cell Carcinoma Ovarian Small Cell Carcinoma Hypercalcemic Type Definition Cross-References Ovarian Stromal and Germ Cell Tumors Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Pathology Clinical Presentation Tumor Markers Isolated Adnexal Mass Hormonal Symptoms Abdominal Pain Advanced Disease Surgery Postoperative Treatment Stromal Tumors Germ Cell Tumors Non-dysgerminoma Germ Cell Tumor Chemotherapy Dysgerminoma Chemotherapy Resection of Residual Masses Posttreatment Prognosis and Follow-Up Recurrent and Refractory Disease Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Ovarian Tumors During Childhood and Adolescence Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Histology and Biology Clinical Diagnosis Surgical Therapy Adjuvant Therapy Cross-References References See Also Oxidative Necrosis Oxidative Stress Definition Characteristics Oxidative Stress is Involved in Oncogenesis Increased Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cells Therapeutic Perspectives of Oxidative Stress Modulation Differential Effects of Oxidative Stress in Normal and Cancer Cells Use of Antioxidant Agents in Cancer Patients Anticancer Agents Increase Oxidative Stress in Cancer Cells Using Oxidative Stress Modulators as Anticancer Agents Increasing the Therapeutic Index of Anticancer Agents by SOD Mimics Cross-References References See Also Oxygen Partial Pressure Distribution in Tumor Oxygen Sensing Synonyms Definition Characteristics Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain-Containing Oxygenases (PHD) Factor-Inhibiting HIF (FIH) Histone Demethylases DNA/RNA Demethylases O2-Utilizing Enzymes in Other Biological Reactions Concluding Remarks References Oxygen Tension Distribution in Tumor Oxygen Toxicity Oxygenation of Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathomechanisms of Tumor Hypoxia Detection of Tumor Hypoxia Clinical Relevance Tumor Oxygenation as a Prognostic Parameter Modulation of Tumor Oxygenation Cross-References References Oxygenation Status and Tumor Oxygen Level Oxytosis P p/CIP p14 p16 p16 p16INK4A p16 p16 p185neu p19 p21 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cell Cycle Inhibition by p21 Positive Regulation of Proliferation by p21 Binding of p21 to CDK and PCNA Regulation of p21 Expression and Activity Role of p21 in p53 Pathway Role of p21 in Differentiation Role of p21 in Senescence Role of p21 in Apoptosis Role of p21 in Cell Migration Clinical Relevance Tumor-Suppressing Function of p21 Tumor-Promoting Function of p21 Summary Cross-References References p21(RAS) p27 Synonyms Definition Characteristics p27 Is a Strong Tumor Suppressor Regulatory Mechanism for Degradation of p27 Phosphorylation Modifies the Functions of p27 p27 and Nuclear Export Molecules Cytoplasmic Displacement of p27 p27 and Cell Migration Conclusion References p27KIP1 p300/CBP-Interacting Protein p40AIS p51 p53 p53 Family Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular Structure and Function Roles in Development Role in Cancer: Tumor Suppressor or Oncogene? Clinical Relevance of p63 and p73: Prognosis and Chemosensitivity Concluding Remarks References p63 p73 p8 P8 Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Tumor Establishment and Progression p8 and Cell Cycle Regulation p8 and Apoptosis Conclusion Cross-References References See Also p94 PA2.26 PA700 PACE Paclitaxel Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action Mechanism of Resistance Pharmacokinetics References PADIs PADs PAF Paired Basic Amino Acid-Cleaving Enzyme Palladium Antitumor Agents Palladium Antitumor Compounds Palladium Drugs Palladium-Based Anti-Cancer Therapeutics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Palladium Palladium Complexes The Interaction of Palladium Complexes with DNA Palladium Complexes in Clinical Trials Palladium-103 Brachytherapy The Use of Palladium in Complementary Medicine Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Palladium-Based Drugs Palliative Care Palliative Therapy Definition Characteristics Palliative Radiotherapy Palliative Chemotherapy Hormonal Therapy Conclusion References Pancreas Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Anatomy Etiology (Cause of the Disease) Pathology Symptoms Making the Diagnosis Staging of the Disease Prognosis Treatment Familial Pancreatic Cancer Cross-References References Pancreatic Cancer Basic and Clinical Parameters Definition Characteristics Pathology Staging Genetics Cytogenetics Oncogenes Tumor Suppressor Genes Epigenetic Changes Hereditary Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer Abdominal Ultrasound Computed Tomography (CT) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) Therapy of Pancreatic Cancer Cross-References References Pancreatic Cancer Biology and Management Definition Characteristics Human Pancreas Symptoms of Pancreatic Cancer Causes of Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer Self-Defense Against Cancer in Our Body Expectation of Pancreatic Cancer Treatment (Prognosis) Conclusion Acknowledgments References Pancreatic Cancer Biomarkers Definition Characteristics Tumoral/Peri-tumoral Biomarkers Core Biopsy-Based Analysis Aspiration-Based Analysis Pancreatic Juice Serum/Plasma Cellular Other Body Fluids Importance of an Optimal Testing Population Conclusion Cross-References References Pancreatic Cancer Desmoplastic Reaction and Metastasis Definition Characteristics Desmoplastic Stroma and Pancreatic Cancer Progression Desmoplastic Stroma and Metastasis of Pancreatic Cancer Conclusion References Pancreatic Cancer Development and Regeneration Definition Characteristics Functional Morphology of the Pancreas Endocrine Component Exocrine Component Epithelial Duct Cells Cellular Events During Embryonic Development of the Pancreas Signaling Pathways During Development Hedgehog (Hh) Pathway: Gli TFs Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-b) Pathway: Smad TFs Notch-Rbpj Wnt Pathway: TCF/LEF TFs Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) Pathway: FGF, EGF, IGF, NEGF, PDGF, and Eph TFs Retinoic Acid (RA) Pathway and RAR TFs Regeneration in the Mature Pancreas References Pancreatic Cancer Metastases Pancreatic Cancer Metastasis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Management Surgical Treatment Palliative Treatment Genetic and Molecular Background Conclusion Cross-References References Pancreatic Cancer Onset and Course Pancreatic Cancer Pathogenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pancreatic Cancer Epidemiology and Histological Classification Progression of Pancreatic Cancer Oncogenes Tumor Suppressors Growth Factors and Other Signaling Pathways References Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells Definition Characteristics References Pancreatic Cancer Molecular Targets for Therapy Definition Characteristics Oncogenes KRAS Oncogene Signaling Pathways of Ras Raf-MAPK Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase (PI3K) Pathway Nuclear Factor kappaB Ras Family GTPases Tumor Suppressor Genes CDKN2A/INK4A/p16 SMAD4 and TGF-beta p53 Growth Factors Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Kinases Matrix Metalloproteinases References Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Metastasis Pancreatitis Definition Characteristics Causes and Diagnosis Types of Pancreatitis Acute Pancreatitis Chronic Pancreatitis Autoimmune Pancreatitis Genetic Basis of Pancreatitis PRSS1 SPNIK1 CFTR CTRC CASR Experimentally Induced Pancreatitis Pancreatic Cancer and Pancreatitis Cross-References References See Also Pannexins Definition Characteristics References Panzem Papanicolaou Test Definition Cross-References Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Definition Cross-References See Also PAR PAR1 PAR2 PAR3 PARAHOX Definition Parallel Gene Expression Analysis Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Protein Structure Regulation of PTHrP Expression Normal Functions PTHrP and Cancer References PARP Inhibitors Definition Cross-References Particle-Induced Cancer Definition Characteristics Particle Size and Form Deposition and Clearance of Particles in the Lungs Mechanisms Cross-References References See Also Pathological Tumor Cell-Platelet Interaction Pathology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathologic Factors Involved in the Prognostication of Human Neoplasms Techniques in Diagnostic Pathology References Pathology of Malignant Ovarian Tumors Pathway Addiction Paxillin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure and Binding Partners Regulation and Function Other Paxillin Isoforms and Paxillin-Related Proteins Cross-References References Paxillin α PC Pathogenesis PCA3 Definition Characteristics PCA3 gene PCA3 as a Biomarker for Prostate Cancer Conclusion Cross-References References PCSK3 PDCD4 PD-ECGF PDF PDT PDT-Induced Apoptosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Role of Mitochondria in PDT-Induced Apoptosis Lysosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Golgi Complex Role of Intracellular Signaling Pathways Single Versus Two-Photon PDT Translational Relevance References See Also PEBP2αB Pediatric Brain Cancers Pediatric Brain Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction Classification of Brain Tumors in Children Biology of Pediatric Brain Tumors Gliomas/Astrocytomas Ependymomas Medulloblastomas PNETs Atypical Teratoid-Rhabdoid Tumors (AT/RT) Germ Cell Tumors Craniopharyngiomas Choroid Plexus Tumors Meningiomas Pediatric Brain Tumors Associated with Heritable Genetic Conditions Clinical Presentation Clinical Workup and Staging of Pediatric Brain Tumors Staging of Pediatric Brain Tumors Surgical Resection Studies Required in Workup of Pediatric Brain Tumors Special Considerations Therapeutic Approaches Surgical Resection Radiation Therapy Chemotherapy Approach to Therapy in Specific Tumor Types Malignant Brain Tumors in Infants and Young Children Gliomas Ependymomas Medulloblastomas PNETs Atypical Teratoid-Rhabdoid Tumors (AT/RT) Germ Cell Tumors Craniopharyngiomas Choroid Plexus Tumors Meningiomas References Pediatric Central Nervous System (CNS) Tumors Pediatric HIV/AIDS Keywords Definition Characteristics Determinants of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Determinants of Disease Progression in Pediatric HIV/AIDS Epidemiological Data of Malignancies in HIV-Infected Children Risk Factors of Malignancies in HIV-Infected Children Conclusions Cross-References References Further Reading Pemetrexed Definition Cross-References See Also Pentakisphosphate Definition Characteristics Inositol Phosphate Family Inositol Pentakisphosphate (IP5) IP5 Intracellular Functions IP5 Anticancer Properties Mechanism of Action of IP5 Clinical Perspective of IP5 References Peptide Biomarkers Definition Characteristics Peptide Biomarker Discovery Cross-References See Also Peptide Vaccines for Cancer Definition Characteristics Principles of Antitumor Immunity Tumor Antigens for T Lymphocytes Selection of Peptides for Vaccination Immunization Strategies Using Synthetic Peptides Remaining Challenges for Developing Effective Antitumor Peptide Vaccines References Peptidylarginine Deiminase Enzymes Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction PAD Isoforms and Targets PAD 1, 2, and 3 PAD4-Mediated Histone Tail Citrullination: An Emerging Role for PADs in Gene Regulation and Inflammation Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETosis) p53-PAD4 Pathway: Regulating Chromatin Decondensation and Apoptosis Role of PADs in Cancer Pathogenesis PAD4 PAD2 PAD Inhibitors Block Cancer Progression PAD-Mediated Citrullination: Linking Inflammation with Cancer Progression? Conclusion References Periostin Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Peripheral Neurofibromatosis Peripheral Neuropathy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mononeuropathies and Plexopathies Paraneoplastic Neuropathies Toxic, Treatment-Related Neuropathies References Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Peritoneal Dissemination Peritoneal Malignancy Peritoneal Mucinous Carcinoma Peritoneal Tumor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Synonyms Definition Characteristics PPARα PPARbeta/delta (NUC1, FAAR) PPARgamma Cross-References References Personalized Cancer Medicine Synonyms Definition Characteristics Why Is Personalized Medicine Important in Cancer? To What Extent Is Cancer Medicine Already Personalized? The Future of Personalized Medicine in Cancer The Challenges for Achieving Personalized Medicine Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Lentiginosis (Pigment Spots) Hamartomatous Polyposis Increased Risk for Malignant Tumors Pathogenesis Therapy Screening Recommendations References Peutz-Touraine Syndrome P-Glycoprotein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Expression Cellular and Molecular Regulation Clinical Relevance References pgp-1 Phage Display Synonyms Definition Characteristics Development of Therapeutic and Imaging Agents for Cancer Identification of Cancer-Specific Antigen, Interacting Partners, and Immune Response Cross-References References See Also Phagocytic Glycoprotein-1 Pharma Foods Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Pharmacogenomics in Multidrug Resistance Definition Characteristics Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) ABC Transporters ABCB1 (P-Glycoprotein/MDR1) ABCC1 (MRP1/GS-X Pump) and ABCC2 (MRP2/cMOAT) ABCG2 (BCRP/MXR1/ABCP) Perspectives Cross-References References See Also Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in Drug Development Definition Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Characteristics Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Demonstrating the PK-PK-Clinical Relationship Conclusions References Pharmacophore Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Phase 2 Antioxidant Enzymes Phase 2 Conjugation Enzymes Phase 2 Detoxification Enzymes Phase 2 Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes Phase 2 Proteins Phase II Enzymes Synonyms Definition Characteristics Multiple Isoforms with Some Phase 2 Enzymes Functions of Phase 2 Enzymes Regulation of Phase 2 Enzymes by Nrf2 Nrf2 Activation by Inducers of Phase 2 Enzymes Cross-References References See Also Pheochromocytoma Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Clinical presentation Adrenal Incidentaloma Genetics Neurofibromatosis 1 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2 Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome Paraganglioma Syndromes Biochemical Evaluation Imaging Treatment Preoperative Management Operative Approach Postoperative Management Histopathological and Molecular Markers of Malignant Disease Management of Malignant Disease Genetic Testing References Phosphatase Synonyms Definition Characteristics Classes Based on the Optimum pH Condition Classes Based on the Substrate Phosphatases and Cancer PTEN PP2A PP5 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases (PTPs) Conclusion Cross-References References Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3-kinase) Phosphatidylinositol-Binding Clathrin Assembly Protein Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Phospholipase A2 Definition Characteristics Function Regulation Cancer Relevance Cross-References References See Also Phospholipase D Definition Characteristics Hydrolysis and Transphosphatidylation Reactions PLD Isoforms Regulation of PLD Activity Targets of PLD-Generated PA Phospholipase D and Cancer Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Photocarcinogenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Ultraviolet Radiation and Skin Cancer Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Skin Cancer or Photocarcinogenesis Oxidative Stress and Photocarcinogenesis DNA Damage and Photocarcinogenesis p53 and Photocarcinogenesis Inflammation, Immunosuppression, and Photocarcinogenesis Defects in Signaling Pathways and Photocarcinogenesis Conclusions and Recommendations Cross-References References See Also Photochemoprevention Definition Characteristics References Photodynamic Diagnostics Photodynamic Laser Therapy Photodynamic Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Historical Perspective Principle of PDT Available Photosensitizers Principles of Clinical Application Molecular Mechanisms Cross-References References Photodynamic Therapy-Induced Apoptosis Photodynamic Tumor Therapy Photo-Induced DNA Damage Synonyms Definition Characteristics UV-Induced Formation of Bipyrimidine Photoproducts UVA Mediated Oxidation Reactions Other Reactions Induced by Exogenous Photosensitizers Detection of DNA Photodamage in Cells and Skin Repair of DNA Photodamage Skin Carcinogenesis Cross-References References Photothermal Ablation Photothermal Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Principles of Photothermal Therapy Heat Generation in a Laser-Tissue Interaction Cell Death Mechanisms in Photothermal Therapy Selective Photothermal Therapy with the Aid of Nano-sized Particles Applications of Photothermal Therapy in Cancer Treatment Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Photothermal Treatment Ph-positive Chronic Leukemia Phyto-cannabinoids Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Cancer Chemopreventive Mechanisms Cancer Chemopreventive Activity in Rodents Clinical Trials Cross-References References Phytoestrogens Definition Characteristics Potential Benefits of Phytoestrogens Potential Drawbacks of Phytoestrogens Cross-References References PI3K Signaling Synonyms Definition Characteristics PI3K Classification and Signaling Pathways Class IA PI3K Class IB PI3K Class II PI3K Class III PI3Ks Class I PI3Ks Class II PI3Ks Class III PI3Ks PI3K Signaling Pathways Negative Regulation of PI3K Signaling Pathways Main Phenotypes Induced by PI3K Signaling Pathways PI3K Signaling and Cell Growth PI3K Signaling, Tumorigenesis, and Cancers PI3K, Insulin Signaling, and Diabetes Future Directions Cross-References References See Also PI3-Kinase PI-3-Kinase PICALM Synonyms Definition Characteristics PICALM Is Involved in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis PICALM Is Necessary for Clathrin Assembly at the Trans-Golgi Network The Role of PICALM in Normal Hematopoiesis and Iron Homeostasis In Vivo and In Vitro PICALM and Malignant Hematopoiesis A Potential Role for PICALM in Alzheimer Disease References PIK3CA Synonyms Definition Characteristics Genetics Clinical Relevance References Pilocytic Astrocytoma PIM Protein Kinase Family Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation of Expression and Activity Role in Carcinogenesis PIM Kinases and Protein Synthesis Role in Drug Resistance PIM Kinases as Therapeutic Targets Cross-References References Pinocytosis Pituitary Tumor-Transforming Gene 1 PJS PKC PL74 PLAB Placenta Growth Factor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Placental Growth Factor Placental Site Trophoblastic Tumor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Features Pathological Features Molecular Etiology References Plant-Derived Agents Plasma Cell Disorder Plasmacytoma Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Etiology Pathogenesis Clinical Features Imaging Studies Treatment Follow-Up Outpatient Care and Progression to MM Medical and Legal Pitfalls Basic Research Cross-References References See Also Plasminogen-Activating System Definition Characteristics The Plasminogen-Activating System in Cancer Progression Clinical Significance of PAS Components Expression in Cancer PAS as Target for Anticancer Therapy Cross-References References See Also Platelet Synonyms Definition See Also Platelet-Activating-Factor Synonyms Definition Cross-References Platelet-Derived Endothelial Cell Growth Factor Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Definition Characteristics Genes Bioactivity Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR) Inhibitors Platinating Agents Platinum Antitumor Agents Platinum Antitumor Compounds Platinum Complexes Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mode of Action Bioactivation Formation of Platinum-DNA Adducts Cellular Response Mechanisms of Resistance Reduced Accumulation Increased Inactivation Increased Adduct Tolerance and Failure of Apoptotic Pathways Increased Repair Approved Platinum Complexes Cisplatin Carboplatin Oxaliplatin Nedaplatin Lobaplatin Heptaplatin New Platinum Complexes Under Development Platinum(IV) Complexes Sterically Hindered Platinum Complexes Multinuclear Platinum Complexes Drug Delivery Conjugates with Platinum Complexes References Platinum Drugs Platinum-Refractory Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms of Platinum Resistance Treatment of Patients with Cisplatin-Refractory GCTs Drugs with No or Minor Activity in Refractory GCTs Active Agents Salvage Surgery References Platyfish-Swordtail Melanoma Pleiotrophin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma Pleural Effusion Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis Thoracentesis Treatment Therapeutic Thoracentesis Tunneled Pleural Catheter Pleurodesis Mechanical Pleurodesis Other Treatment Options Chemotherapy Cross-References References See Also Pleurodesis Plexin Ligands Plexins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Plexin Function Plexins in Tumor Biology Plexin D1 B Plexins Cross-References References Plexopathy PLG61 PLP PLXN PMP Podoplanin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Podoplanin Expression in Human Tumors Regulation Podoplanin and Tumor Invasion Podoplanin and Metastasis Podoplanin as a Marker for Tumor-Associated Lymphatic Vessels Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Podosomes and Invadopodia POEMS Syndrome Synonyms Definition Cross-References Pol I Transcription Poly(ADP-Ribosyl)ation Definition Characteristics Catalytic Function of PARP-1 and Life Cycle of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Molecular Functions Related with Regulation of DNA Strand Breaks and of DNA Repair Molecular Functions Related with the Maintenance of Genomic Stability Molecular Functions Related with DNA Replication Molecular Functions Related with Gene Expression Molecular Functions Related with Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Changes Cellular Functions Cytoprotection and Maintenance of Genomic Stability Cell Death Induction Clinical Relevance Genetic Cancer Risk Assessment Therapy Cross-References References See Also Polyamines Definition Characteristics Polyamine Metabolism and Transport Polyamine Levels and Cancer Cell Growth Mechanisms of Polyamine Upregulation in Cancer Development of Polyamine Analogs for Cancer Chemotherapy and Their Mechanism of Action Polyamines and DNA Promoter Methylation Polyamine Pathway in Cancer Chemoprevention Cross-References References Polyaromatic Compounds Polycomb Group Definition Characteristics PcG Protein Complexes PcG Proteins and Stem Cell Maintenance PcG Proteins in Human Malignancies and Their Clinical Relevance References Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Synonyms Definition Characteristics Anthropogenic Origin and Carcinogenicity Molecular Mode of Action Cross-References References Polycystic Kidney Disease Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Features ADPKD ARPKD Molecular Basis ADPKD ARPKD Cilia and PKD Animal Models Therapy and Perspective Cross-References References Polycythemia Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Polymeric Nanoparticles Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Elastase Polyneuropathy Polyomavirus Enhancer Binding Protein 2αB Polyphenols Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Studies Clinical Studies Cross-References References See Also Polyserase (TMPRSS9) Polyunsaturated Fats Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Synonyms Definition Characteristics PUFA Intake and Cancer Risk Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Mediating omega-3-PUFA Anticancer Activity Omega-3 PUFAs Regulate Membrane Lipid Composition and Structure Omega-3 PUFAs and Bioactive Hydroxylated Polyunsaturated Metabolites Binding of Omega-3 PUFAs and of Their Bioactive Lipid Mediators to Fatty Acid Receptors Omega-3 PUFA-Based Therapeutic Strategies and Clinical Trials in Cancer Cross-References References Population Candidate Gene Association Study Population-Based Cancer Research Positron Emission Tomography Synonyms Definition Characteristics Principle of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Radiolabeled Biomarkers for PET Imaging Specifically Addressing Metabolic Pathways or Target Molecules Clinical Applications of PET and PET/CT Differentiation of Benign from Malignant Tumors and Detection of the Primary Tumor (Cancer of Unknown Primary) Staging of Cancer, Prognostic Potential of PET Assessment of Response to Therapy Restaging of Cancer, Detection of Recurrence Radiation Treatment Planning PET for Anticancer Drug Development Cross-References References See Also Postirradiation Sarcoma Postnatal Stem Cells Postreplication Repair Postsurgical Systemic Therapy pp60 pp60 PPAR pRB Preclinical Drug Safety Evaluation Preclinical Safety Testing Preclinical Testing Synonyms Definition Characteristics Discovery Phase Phase I Clinical Study Phase II and III Clinical Studies References Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) Preinvasive Breast Cancer Preleukemia Pre-mRNA Splicing Definition Characteristics Spliced Forms in Cancer Therapeutic Intervention Cross-References References See Also Preneoplastic Lesions Definition Characteristics Some Experimental Models of Preneoplastic Lesions Human Preneoplasia Genetic Predisposition to Neoplasia Clinical Relevance References Preoperative Chemotherapy Presenilin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Function PS/gamma-Secretase-Mediated Notch Signaling and Cancers gamma-Secretase-Independent Functions of Presenilins References See Also Prevention Primary Chemotherapy Primary Liver Cancer Primary Myelofibrosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background Historical Perspective Disease Mechanisms Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics Diagnosis Prognosis and Treatment References Primary Systemic Therapy Probiotics and Cancer Definition Characteristics Use of Probiotic in Cancer Management Probiotic Formulations Future Prospects Limitations Association with Probiotics Application Conclusion Cross-References References Progestin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Significance Cross-References References Progestogen Programmed Cell Death Programmed Cell Death 4 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Tumor Suppressor Activity Control of Translation Control of Transcription Induction of Apoptosis Control Mechanisms of PDCD4 Expression PDCD4 in ROS, Inflammation, and Infection Roles in Cell Differentiation Clinical Aspects References Programmed Form of Necrotic Cell Death Programmed Necrosis Progression Definition Characteristics Tumor Stem Cell and Metastasis The Tumor Stroma and Metastasis The Metastatic Cascade: Effector and Suppressor Molecules Clinical Relevance References Prohormone Convertase Prolactin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pituitary Prolactin Secretion and Its Regulation Prolactin Structure and Activation of Cellular Signaling Biological Effects of Prolactin Disease States Related to Prolactin Hyperprolactinemia and Prolactinoma Prolactin and Breast Cancer References Proppins 2-Propylpentanoic Acid Prosome Prostaglandins Definition Characteristics Biosynthesis Regulation of Prostaglandin Synthesis and Degradation Prostaglandin Signaling Pathway Prostaglandin Signaling Pathway in Cancer Cross-References References Prostate Cancer Definition Characteristics Risk for Prostate Cancer Symptoms for Prostate Cancer Screening Cross-References Further Reading Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention Prostate Cancer Chemotherapy Definition Characteristics Androgen Deprivation Therapy Docetaxel (Taxotere) Chemotherapy Bone Targeting Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Angiogenesis Apoptosis Other Chemotherapy Agents Cabazitaxel Chemotherapy Nutraceuticals Conclusion References Prostate Cancer Clinical Oncology Definition Characteristics Clinical Epidemiology and Risk Factors Etiology Tumor Biology and Genetics Clinical Presentation Diagnosis and Staging Management References Prostate Cancer Designed Treatment Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Slow Development of Prostate Cancer The Detection Process Deciding That Diagnosis Is Likely to Be Beneficial Survival Non-survival Considerations Active Surveillance 5-Alpha-Reductase Therapy At-Risk Patients Screening Calculators Testing for Prostate Cancer PSA Detection of Coexisting Prostate Cancer Attempts to Improve PSA Detection of Prostate Cancer PSA and 5-Alpha-Reductase Therapy PSA Blood Test in Detection of Future Prostate Cancer PCA3 Post-Prostatic Massage Urine Test Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (mpMRI) Biopsy Initial Biopsy Repeat Biopsies Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Prostate Cancer Epidemiology Definition Characteristics Global Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer Age-Specific Risk of Prostate Cancer Pathogenesis of Prostate Cancer Etiology of Prostate Cancer Finasteride and Prostate Cancer Dietary Fat and Prostate Cancer Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and Prostate Cancer Genetic Risk for Prostate Cancer Nutritional Supplements and Prostate Cancer Prostate Cancer and Sexual Activity Screening for Prostate Cancer Zinc and Survival of Prostate Cancer References Prostate Cancer Experimental Therapeutics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Gene Therapy Vaccine Therapy Chemotherapeutic Agents Antiandrogen Therapy Photodynamic Therapy Other Agents Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Prostate Cancer Genetic Toxicology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Evidence from Migrant Studies Candidate Causative Agents Metabolic Activation in the Prostate Genetic Damage in the Prostate Future Directions Cross-References References Prostate Cancer Hormonal Therapy Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Hormonal Management of Prostate Cancer Androgen Receptor Biology in Prostate Cancer Novel Hormonal Compounds for Prostate Cancer Treatment Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Prostate Cancer Molecular Carcinogenesis Prostate Cancer Molecularly Targeted Therapies Synonyms Definition Characteristics Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Epidermal Receptor Growth Factor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Inhibitors Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitors PI3K/mTOR/Akt Inhibitors Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists Epigenetic Pathway Inhibitors Antiapoptotic Protein Inhibitors Insulin-Like Growth Factor Pathway Inhibitors Conclusion References Prostate Cancer Prevention Synonyms Definition Characteristics Androgens and Prostate Cancer Prevention Selenium and Vitamin E Green Tea Pomegranate Conclusion Cross-References References Prostate Cancer Radionuclide Imaging Definition Characteristics Bone Scintigraphy Radiolabeled Monoclonal Antibodies Positron Emission Tomography 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Novel Positron-Emitter Radiotracers 11C-Acetate 11C-Choline and 18F-Fluorocholine Androgen Receptor Imaging Molecular Imaging Prostate Lymphoscintigraphy Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Prostate Cancer Radionuclide Therapy Definition Characteristics Indications and Contraindications for Radionuclide Therapy in Bone Pain Management Administration, Efficacy, and Toxicity of Radionuclide Therapy Radiopharmaceuticals 89Strontium Chloride 153Samarium Lexidronam 186Rhenium HEDP 188Rhenium HEDP Advantages of Radionuclide Therapy New α-Particle-Emitting Radiopharmaceutical Radium Dichloride (Ra-223) Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Prostate Cancer Stem Cells Definition Characteristics Assays to Identify PCSC Markers of PCSC Origin of PCSC Implications for Prostate Cancer Treatment References Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Definition Characteristics Targeting Prostate Cancer Cells Targeting Tumor Angiogenesis Targeting Cell Signal Pathways Targeting Bone Metastasis Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Prostate Carcinoma Prostate Tumor Prostate-Specific Antigen Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects PSA as Diagnostic Marker Percent-Free PSA PSA, %fPSA for Staging and Grading PSA for Recurrence of PCa Monitoring After Radical Surgery Use of PSA to Monitor Radiation Therapy PSA Monitoring After Androgen Deprivation Therapy Conclusion and Future Cross-References References Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Synonyms Definition Characteristics PSMA Expression Enzymatic Functions of PSMA Does PSMA Have a Signaling Function? PSMA and Imaging PSMA as a Therapeutic Target References Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Prostatic Carcinoma Protease-Activated Receptor Family Definition Characteristics Melanoma Breast Cancer Prostate Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Lung Cancer Colon Cancer References Protease-Activated Receptors Synonyms Definition Characteristics References 26S Proteasome Proteasome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structural and Functional Organization of the Proteasome The 26S Proteasome The 20S Core Particle The 19S Regulatory Particle Assembly of Proteasomes The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Ubiquitin-Independent Functions of the Proteasome The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Ubiquitin-Independent Functions of the Proteasome Proteasomes in Normal Cell Biology The Cellular Contexts of Proteasome Function Cellular Distribution of Proteasomes Immunoproteasomes Proteasomes in Cancer Cell Biology Proteasomes and the Cellular Hallmarks of Cancer Apoptosis Control and Resistance Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Immunoproteasomes Cancer Genes, Hereditary Cancer Syndromes, and the Proteasome Proteasomal Regulation of Cancer Genes Proteasomal Regulation by Cancer Genes Cancer Cachexia Targeting the Proteasome in Cancer Therapy Cross-References References 20S Proteasome Catalytic Core Particle Proteasome Complex Proteasome Inhibitors Definition Characteristics Rationale for Therapeutic Utility of Targeting Proteasome Proteasome and Its Functional Inhibitors Mechanisms Mediating Bortezomib-Induced Apoptosis in MM Cells Blockade of Pro-Survival Signaling Induction of Proapoptotic Signaling Clinical Relevance New Proteasome Inhibitor NPI-0052/Marizomib Cross-References References See Also 19S Proteasome Regulatory Particle Protein Acetyltransferases (PATs) Protein Arginine Deiminases Protein Array Protein Disulfide Reductase Protein Kinase C Family Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation PKC Expression in Cancer PKC Activation in Carcinogenesis Targets of PKC and Its Cancer-Related Functions PKC as a Target in Cancer Therapy Cross-References References See Also Protein Kinases Definition Characteristics Chemical Activity Classification Protein Interaction Domains Regulation Function Structure Deregulation Pharmacological Strategies Kinomics and Profiling Future Direction References See Also Protein Synthesis Proteinase-Activated Receptor-1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Proteinase-Activated Receptor-3 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Proteinase-Activated Receptor-4 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Proteinchip Synonyms Definition Characteristics Technologies Analytical Approaches Applications in Cancer Research Challenges and Perspectives References 14-3-3 Proteins Definition Cross-References Protein-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Proteoglycanase Proteomics Definition Characteristics Subproteomes and Their Advantages Common Protein Profiling Methods Proteome Informatics Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Protoadjuvant Therapy Proton Beam Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Physical Properties Biological Properties Clinical Aspects Uveal (Choroidal) Melanoma Sarcomas of the Skull Base and Spine Head and Neck Cancers Lung Cancer Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prostate Cancer Childhood Cancers Miscellaneous Facilities and Costs for Proton Beam Therapy Cross-References References Proton Radiation Therapy Proton Therapy Protracted Low-Dose Chemotherapy Proviral Integration of Moloney Virus Prozac Prune Definition Characteristics Regulation Clinical Relevance Inhibition References PS PS 341 PSEN1 PSEN2 Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Historical Perspective Natural History Appendiceal Origin Pathological Classification Presentation Staging Systems Cytoreductive Surgery Rationale for Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Prognosis Palliative Treatment Options Basic Science Cross-References References PSMA PSMD10 PSTT PtdIns 3-Kinase PTEN Hamartoma-Tumor Syndrome Pterophyllus salisburiensis PTGF-b PTHLH PTHrP PTKIs PTN PTTG1 PUFAs PUMA Synonyms Definition Characteristics Discovery and Function Regulation Clinical Considerations Cross-References References See Also Purine Nucleoside Putative NF-Kappa-B-Activating Protein 002N Pyrexia of Unknown Origin Pyroptosis Definition Characteristics List of Abbreviations Inducing Agents for Pyroptosis Caspase 1-Activated Cellular Responses in Pyroptotic Cells Contrasts Between Pyroptosis and Apoptosis Function of Pyroptosis References Q QSAR Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References Quantitative Trait Loci Quinone Methide Friedelane Tripterene (2R,4aS,6aS,12bR,14aS,14bR)-10-hydroxy-2,4a,6a,9,12b,14a-hexamethyl-11-oxo-1, R R2 RAC3 RAD001 RAD001 (Everolimus) Radiation Carcinogenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Radiation Interaction of Radiation with Matter Interaction with Living Cells Clinical Issues References Radiation Oncology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Radiation Sensitivity Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Radiation Sensitivity or ``Adverse Radiation Effects´´ References Radiation Therapy Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect (RIBE) Radiation-Induced Neoplastic Transformation Radiation-Induced Sarcomas Radiation-Induced Sarcomas After Radiotherapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Carcinogenesis Dose-Effect Relation Megavoltage or Orthovoltage Radiotherapy Latent Period Histological Findings Age and RIS Incidence Genetic Findings Treatment Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Radioactive Seed Therapy Radiochemotherapy Radioimmunotherapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Principle of RIT Tumor Characteristics Monoclonal Antibody and Tumor Antigen Radionuclides RIT in Malignant Lymphoma Cross-References References See Also Radioisotope Therapy Radiological Response Criteria Definition Characteristics Historical Developments Strengths of Radiological Response Criteria Limitations of RECIST Future Developments and Possible Solutions References Radioprotective Molecules Radioprotectors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Necessity of Radioprotectors in Cancer Radiotherapy Necessity of Radioprotectors Against Population Exposure Radiation-Induced Damaging Species DNA Is a Critical Target of Ionizing Radiations Mechanisms of DNA Radioprotection Natural DNA Radioprotectors Pharmaceutical Radioprotectors Ethyol (Amifostine) as Radioprotector Cross-References References Radiosensitivity Radiosensitization Definition Characteristics Evaluation of a Radiosensitization Effect Mechanisms of Radiosensitization References Radiosensitizer Definition Characteristics Background Target-Based Radiosensitizers Signaling Molecules as Targets DNA Damage Response as a Target Tumor Microenvironment as a Target Cross-References References See Also Radiotherapy Radon Synonyms Definition Characteristics Occurrence Exposure Situations Population Under Risk Health Hazards Mechanisms References Radon Daughter Products Radon Decay Products Radon Progeny 1-radyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate RAF Raf Kinase Synonyms Definition Characteristics Raf Signaling Raf Function Raf in Cancer Raf Pathway Inhibitors References Raf-1 RAFB1 Ral-Interacting Protein 76kDa RANDAM-2 RANK - Receptor Activator of NF-kappaB, TNFRSF11A, OFE, ODFR, TRANCE-R, ODAR, and CD265 RANKL - Receptor Activator of NF-kappaB Ligand, TNFSF11, OPGL, ODF, TRANCE, and CD254 RANK-RANKL Signaling Synonyms Definition Characteristics RANKL Function in Bone Remodeling RANKL Signaling RANKL and the Vicious Cycle of Bone Metastases Additional Functions of RANKL in Cancer Cells References Rap1 and Sipa-1 Definition Characteristics Biological Functions of Rap1 Interference with Ras-Mediated ERK Activation Activation of MAP Kinases and Other Signaling Pathways Regulation of Cell Adhesion and Migration Regulation of Rap1 Signal by Spa-1 Rap1 and Spa-1 in Leukemia Rap1 and Spa-1 in Cancer Metastasis Clinical Aspects References Rapamune Rapamycin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Discovery of Rapamycin Mechanism of Action Mechanism(s) of Sensitivity and Resistance Clinical Activity of Rapamycins Cross-References References See Also RAS Activation Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also RAS-Association Domain Family 1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics RASSF1A as a Tumor Suppressor Gene RASSF1A Methylation as a Cancer Biomarker Functional Characterization of RASSF1A Conclusion References RAS Genes Definition Characteristics Structure Cellular and Molecular Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also RAS Homologous Proteins RAS Pathway-Responsive Transcriptome RAS Transformation Targets Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background RAS Proteins Affect Gene Transcription via Cytoplasmic Effectors Identification of RAS Transformation Targets A Selected List of RAS Transformation Targets Clinical Relevance References RASH1 RASK2 RAS-Regulated Genes RAS-Related Small RAS-Responsive Genes RASSF1 RB RB1 RB/p105 RCC RCLS rDNA Transcription rDNA-Derived Therapeutic Proteins RE1-Silencing Transcription Factor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Alternative Splicing of REST Cancer Lung Cancer Breast Cancer Glioma Sarcoma Melanoma Medulloblastoma Neuroblastoma Conclusion References See Also Reactive Oxygen Species Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chemistry of Major ROS Generation and Scavenger of ROS Oxidative Stress Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Receptor Cross-Talk Synonyms Definition Characteristics Survival Signaling/p53 and Suppressor Cross-Talk Signaling to Angiogenesis Integrin: Growth Factor Receptor Cross-Talk Cross-References References See Also Receptor for CXCL12 Receptor for Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1 Alpha Receptor Interactions Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Development Target: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Target: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) Target: Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) Target: Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR) Molecular Mechanisms Specificity and Potency Cross-References References Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Synonyms Definition Characteristics Physiological RTKs Activation Deregulation of RTKs in Malignant Cells Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Receptor-Associated Coactivator 3 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis Receptors Definition Characteristics Receptor Classification Extracellular Receptors Intracellular Receptors References Receptors Regulated by Ligands Receptors with Empty Ligand-Binding Pockets Receptors with No Ligand-Binding Pocket Receptors with Structural Ligands Recessive Oncogenes RECK Glycoprotein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Recombinant Therapeutics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Rectal Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Presentation Diagnosis Staging Treatment Surgery Neoadjuvant Therapy Adjuvant Therapy Salvage and Palliative Therapy Survivorship Cross-References References Rectal Carcinoma Rectal Tumor Reductases Synonyms Definition Characteristics Carbonyl Reduction by SDRs and AKRs The ``Pro´´ Reductases Protect Against Lung Cancer Clinical Aspects The ``Contras´´ Reductases in Chemotherapy Resistance Cardiotoxicity Clinical Aspects References Regeneration Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Regorafenib Synonyms Definition Characteristics Preclinical and Phase I Activity of Regorafenib Activity of Regorafenib in mCRC Activity of Regorafenib in GIST Activity of Regorafenib in Other Solid Organ Tumors References Regulator of Extracellular Matrix Integrity Regulatory T Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular Markers of Treg Cells Treg Cell in Cancer and their Antigen Specificity Suppressive Mechanisms of Treg Cells Manipulation of the Number or Suppressive Function of Treg Cells Cross-References References See Also Rel Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Regulation Clinical Aspects Cross-References See Also Relaxin Definition Characteristics References Renal Cancer Renal Cancer Clinical Oncology Definition Characteristics Clinical Epidemiology Risk Factors Renal Cancer Classification Genetics Tumor Biology and Implications for Treatment Clinical Presentation Incidental Findings Local Findings Metastatic Findings Diagnosis Staging Treatment Localized Disease Metastatic Disease Cross-References References See Also Renal Cancer Diagnosis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis by Symptoms Diagnosis by Blood Test Diagnosis by Imaging Diagnosis by Biopsy Staging Pathological Diagnosis (Histologic Subtype) Diagnosis of Metastases Follow-Up Cross-References References See Also Renal Cancer Genetic Syndromes Synonyms Definition Characteristics Early Diagnosis Treatment Types of Renal Cancer Renal Cancer Genes Types of Inherited Renal Cancer Clinical Features of Renal Cancer Suggesting Hereditary Renal Cancer Mechanisms of Development of Inherited Renal Cancers Cross-References References See Also Renal Cancer Molecular Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction Genetics of RCC Therapy Molecular Therapy for RCC Experimental Molecular Therapy Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Renal Cancer Pathogenesis Characteristics Papillary Type 1 Renal Cell Carcinoma Papillary Type 2 Renal Cell Carcinoma Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma Oncocytoma Clinical Presentation Staging Treatment Cytokine Therapy Angiogenesis Inhibition Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors mTOR Inhibitors Temsirolimus Everolimus Concluding Comments Cross-References References See Also Renal Cancer Pharmacologic Therapy Renal Cancer Targeted Therapies with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Definition Characteristics Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Renal Cancer Depletion of Growth Factor as Treatment Modality Inhibition of a Master Regulator: mTOR Treatment Challenges References Renal Cancer Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Planning of Treatment Operative Tumor Removal The Small Renal Mass: Nephron-Sparing Surgery Versus Experimental Therapy Active surveillance and watchful waiting Operative Therapy of Metastatic Disease Drug Therapy of Metastatic Disease Other Therapy Cross-References References See Also Renal Cancer Treatment Definition Characteristics Treatment of Localized Renal Cancer Surgical Treatment Nonsurgical Treatment Options, Known as ``Mini-invasive´´ Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cancer Immunotherapy Target Therapies References Renal Cancer Trends in Molecularly Targeted Therapies Definition Characteristics Research Priorities Mechanisms of Acquired VEGFR Therapy Resistance New Targets, Particularly Those Within the Tumor Predictive and Surrogate Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker) Combination Versus Sequential Therapy Mechanisms of Response References Renal Cell Carcinoma Renal Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis Renal Cell Carcinoma Therapy Repair of DNA Definition Characteristics Reversal of Base Damage Removal of Damage Repair of DNA and Cancer Repair of DNA Strand Breaks References Replication Factories and Replication Foci Synonyms Definition Characteristics Protein Composition of Replication Factories Regulation of the Formation of Replication Factories Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Replication Sites Replication-Activated Adenovirus Replication-Competent Adenovirus Replication-Selective Adenovirus Replication-Selective Viruses Replicative DNA Lesion Bypass Reproductive System Cancers REPSA Reserve Cell Carcinoma Residual Disease Resistance Modulation Resistance Reversion Resistance to Chemotherapy Resistin Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Discovery Molecule Structure Distribution Blood Levels Biological Effects Effect on Carbohydrate Metabolism or Insulin Sensitivity Effect on Lipid Metabolism Effect on Food Uptake Effect on Body Weight or Obesity Effect on Inflammation Effect on Atherosclerosis Effect on Bone Metabolism Effect on Growth of Cancerous and Normal Cells Regulation Nutritional Regulation Hormonal Regulation Cytokine Regulation Transcription Factor Regulation Genetic Regulation Cross-References References Resistin-Like Molecule Gamma (RELMgamma) Restriction Landmark Genomic Scanning Definition Characteristics Application Identification of Low-Level DNA Amplification in Human Cancers Global Scanning for DNA Methylation Changes in Human Cancers Detection of Imprinted Genes References Resveratrol Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also RET Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Regulation Knockout Mice Clinical Relevance Mutations Found in Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Mutations Found in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma References Reticulin Retinoblastoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects Diagnosis of Rb Presentation and Family History Therapy and Prognosis Second Tumors Molecular Genetics Rb Is Initiated by Two Mutations Structure of the RB1 Gene Spectrum of RB1 Gene Mutations Genotype-Phenotype Associations Genomic Alterations Associated with the Progression of Rb Risk Prediction and Genetic Testing Cross-References References See Also Retinoblastoma1 Retinoblastoma Protein, Biological and Clinical Functions Synonyms Definition Characteristics The RB1 Gene Encodes the pRB Protein pRB Is Posttranslationally Modified Phosphorylation of pRB Acetylation of pRB Functions of pRB Cell Cycle Control Maintenance of Genome Integrity Differentiation and Development Apoptosis Clinical Relevance Inactivation of RB1 Initiates Retinoblastoma Development RB1 Loss in Other Cancers References Retinoblastoma Protein, Cellular Biochemistry Definition Characteristics pRb and Its Family Members Cell-Cycle Regulation of pRb Role in Terminal Differentiation Other Targets of pRb Animal Models Summarizing Remarks References Retinoblastoma Susceptibility Protein Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Gene Retinoic Acid Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action Regulation RA Homeostasis Delivery of RA to Its Nuclear Receptors Other Regulatory Mechanisms Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Retinoid Acid Receptors - RAR Retinoid Receptor Cross-Talk Synonyms Definition Characteristics Retinoids Retinoid Receptors Retinoid Acid Receptors (RARs) Rexinoid Receptors (RXRs) Retinoid Receptors Cross-Talk During Carcinogenesis Cross-References References Retinoid X (Rexinoid) Receptors - RXR Retinoids Definition Characteristics Retinoid Metabolism Retinoid Signaling in Normal Cells Retinoids in Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis Retinoids and Stem Cells Retinoids and Cancer Retinoids in Cancer Therapy Cross-References References Retroviral Insertional Mutagenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics History Provirus Structure Tumor Types LTRs Regulate Transcription of Host Genes near the Insertion Site Promoter Insertion Enhancer Activation Protein Fusion Transcript Stabilization Cloning of Insertion Sites Common Integration Sites Randomness of Insertion References Retroviral Insertional Tagging Retroviral Transduction Rhabdoid Tumor Definition Characteristics Genetics References Rhabdomyosarcoma Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Rho Family Proteins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Regulation Functions Clinical Relevance References Rho-GTPase-Activating Protein 7 RhumAb Recombinant Humanized Anti-HER-2 Monoclonal Antibody rhuMabHER2 Ribonuclease 5 Ribosome-Inactivating Proteins Definition Characteristics Structure and Function Targeted RIPs for Cancer Therapy Clinical Trials Cross-References References Rigaud and Schmincke Types of Lymphoepithelioma RING Finger Protein 196 RIS Rituxan (US) Rituximab Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action Administration Indications Adverse Events Clinical Trials with Rituximab Monotherapy Clinical Trials with Rituximab Combination Regimens Cross-References References See Also RLIP76 RNA Interference Synonyms Definition Characteristics RNA Interference as a Research Tool RNA Interference as a Novel Therapeutic Agent Against Cancer Prospects and Obstacles Regarding RNAi Therapeutics References RNA Polymerase I Transcription Synonyms Definition Characteristics Machinery Regulation of Activity Link to Carcinogenesis Therapeutic Targeting of rRNA Biogenesis Cross-References References RNAi RNase A Family 5 RNF116 RNF196 Ron Receptor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Expression and Function Ligand Signaling Through Ron Ron Overexpression in Multiple Tumor Types Ron Variants Ron-Dependent Transformation Transgenic Mouse Models Overexpressing Ron Ron Loss in Murine Tumor Models Oncogenic Ron Signaling Ron as a Therapeutic Target in Human Cancer References ROS Reactive Oxygen Species rRNA Synthesis RTI40 RTP, cap43, rit42, TDD5 (Mouse), Ndr1 (Mouse), Bdm1 (Rat) Runx1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Expression and Regulation RUNX1 in Leukemia Cross-References References See Also RUNX1/CBFA2T1 RUNX1/MDS1/EVI1 RUNX1/RUNX1T1 S S(1-5), T16, EFEMP1, FBLN-3 S-100 Proteins S100 Proteins Definition Characteristics S100 and Its Role in Cancer S100B S100P S100A1 S100A2 S100A3 S100A4 S100A7 S100A8/9 S100A10 S100A11 S100A13 Conclusions Cross-References References See Also SAAB SAC SAHA Salicylate Salisburia adiantifolia Salisburia macrophylla Salivary agglutinin (SAG, Human) Salivary Gland Malignancies Definition Characteristics Anatomy and Physiology Epidemiology and Risks Diagnosis Staging/Classification Treatment Conclusions References Salt Intake Synonyms Definition Characteristics Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Gastric Cancer References Salting SAPKα SAPKbeta SAPKgamma Saporin Definition Characteristics Structure and Function Targeted Saporin for Cancer Therapy Clinical Trials Cross-References References Scaffold Proteins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction Roles of Scaffold Proteins Components of Scaffold Complexes Structural Characteristics of Scaffold Proteins Compartmentalization of MAPK Signaling by Scaffold Proteins, Time, Space, and Biological Specificity Scaffold Proteins in DNA Ddamage Sensing and Repair Responses Cross-References References See Also Scatter Factor Synonyms Definition Characteristics The SF Family SF Receptor (The c-Met Proto-oncogene Product) Cellular and Molecular Regulation SF Producer and Responder Cell Types Regulation of SF Production Biologic Responses Induced by SF and Their Regulation SF and c-Met Participate in Various Physiologic and Pathologic Processes Development Oncogenesis Angiogenesis Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also SCF Receptor SCF-R SCGE SCH52365 Schwannoma-Derived Growth Factor Schwannomin Scirrhous Sclerosing Angiogenic Tumor Sclerosing Endothelial Tumor Sclerosing Epithelioid Angiosarcoma Sclerosing Interstitial Vascular Sarcoma Sclerosing Stromal Cell Tumor SDF-1α SDGF Sdi1 Second Malignant Neoplasm SMN Second Primary Cancer SPC Second Primary Cancers Second Primary Malignancy SPM Second Primary Tumors Synonyms Definition Introduction Causal and Risk Factors Shared Etiologic Exposure Genetic Predisposition Therapy-Related Risk Factors Diagnosis Treatment Prevention Cross-References References See Also Secondary Metabolites Secondary Tumor Secretagogues gamma-Secretase Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine Synonyms Definition Characteristics Gene Organization Protein Structure Functional Properties Animal Models SPARC in Cancer Cross-References References See Also Securin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Securin Function Securin Function in Tumor Development Cross-References References See Also ``Seed and Soil´´ Theory of Metastasis Definition Characteristics Historical Development of the ``Seed and Soil´´ Theory Evidence Shows that the ``Seeds´´ Can Even Prepare the ``Soils´´ References SEL-12 Selective Effect Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Selenium Definition Characteristics References SELEX SEMA Semanov II Syndrome Semaphorin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Subclasses Structure and Processing Brief History of the Semaphorin Family Semaphorins and the Composition of Their Receptors Brief History of Semaphorins in Cancer Research Mechanistic Principles Underlying Semaphorin Functions in Cancer Biology Mechanistic Principle I: Semaphorins Engage in Cross Talk with VEGF Signaling Mechanistic Principle II: Semaphorins Act to Regulate Integrin Function Mechanistic Principle III: Semaphorins May Act Through Complexes of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases and Plexins Mechanistic Principle IV: Semaphorins May Act as Regulators of the Immune Response Mechanistic Principle V: Evasion of Apoptosis Through Blockade of Dependence Receptor Signaling Mechanistic Principle VI: Regulation of Cellular Levels of Reactive Oxygen Species Cross-References References See Also Semaphorin Receptors Semaxanib (SU5416) Seminoma Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumor Senescence and Immortalization Definition Characteristics Senescence Immortalization Relevance of Senescence and Immortalization to Cancer A Cell Division Counting Mechanism Telomerase Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT) Tumor Suppressor Genes Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Senescence-Associated Chronic Inflammation Senile Involution Sentinel Lymph Node Synonyms Definition Characteristics General Anatomy and Physiology of the Lymphatic System The Sentinel Node Lymphoscintigraphy Sentinel Node Biopsy Breast Cancer Melanoma Concluding Remarks Cross-References References See Also Sentinel Node Synonyms Definition Characteristics Sentinel Node Procedure Clinical Relevance Immunology of the Sentinel Node Cross-References References SEREX Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Regulation Clinical Relevance Cross-References References Serine Elastase Serine Protease Inhibitor-Like Domain Serine Proteases (Type II) Spanning the Plasma Membrane Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation of Activity Biological Responses Expression in Cancer Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Serine-Threonine Kinase Receptor-Associated Protein Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor Serum Biomarkers Definition Characteristics Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) Beta Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (beta-hCG) Cancer-Associated Antigen 15-3 Cancer-Associated Antigen 19-9 Cancer-Associated Antigen 27-29 CA125 Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Cytokeratin 19 Fragments Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) Placental Alkaline Phosphatase (PLAP) Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) YKL-40 Cross-References References See Also Seven in Absentia Homologue Severe Hypoxia Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors - Granulosa Cell Tumors Sex Cord-Stromal Tumors with Annular Tubules Sezary Syndrome Definition Characteristics Staging and Treatment References See Also SH2/SH3 Domains Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Relevance References SH2/Src Homology 3 SH3 Domains SH3p17 SH3p18 SH3P9 Shark Cartilage Definition Characteristics References Shedding of Cells Short Hairpin RNA shRNA SIAH Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) in Health and Disease Protein Can Be Poly-ubiquitinylated and Targeted for Proteasomal Degradation SIAH Structure Regulation of SIAH Expression Regulation of SIAHs Role for SIAHs in Tumorigenesis Conclusions Acknowledgments References Sicca Complex Sicca Syndrome Side Population Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Side Population Cells in Cancer Targeting Cancer SP Cells References Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription in Oncogenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics STATs in Cytokine and Growth Factor-Induced Signaling Bioactivity STAT Activation During Progression of Human Cancer Targeting STATs for Cancer Therapy Targeting the Tumor Cell Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment Summary Cross-References References See Also Signal Transduction Definition Characteristics Receptors Targets of Signaling Pathways Signal Transduction in Cancer Pathogenesis Signal Transduction in Cancer Therapy Cross-References References See Also Signal Transduction Inhibitor-571 Silent Mating Type Information Regulation 2 Homolog 1 SIMA135 (Subtractive Immunization M(+)HEp3 Associated 135 kDa Protein) Simian Virus 40 Single-Cell Gel Electrophoresis Assay Single-Cell Microgel Electrophoresis Assay Single-Chain Fv Dimer SIR2L1 SiRNA Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects Delivery Nonspecific Immune Stimulation Off-Target Interference Cross-References References See Also siRNA Sirolimus SIRT1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Function of SIRT1 in Cancer Molecular Substrates of SIRT1 Regulation of SIRT1 Small Molecule SIRT1 Activators Conclusion References Sirtuin 1 Site-Specific Drug Delivery Sivelestat Definition Characteristics Mechanisms of Action Clinical Aspects Clinical Application in Practice Application to Cancer Treatment as Molecular Targeting Therapy References Sjögren Syndrome Synonyms Definition Characteristics Incidence Etiology Clinical Manifestations Presentation Involvement of Exocrine Glands Extraglandular Involvement Diagnosis SS Is Diagnosed on the Basis of the European Classification Laboratory Abnormalities Anti-Ro/SSA and Anti-La/SSB Antibodies Anti-CENP-H Antibodies and SS Pathogenesis Immunopathology Humoral Immunity Cellular Immunity Immune-Mediated Tissue Destruction Immunopathogenesis (Summary) Treatment and Prognosis SS and HCV SS Cause Lymphoma? SS and Lymphoproliferative Disorders Future Directions Cross-References References See Also Skeletal Complications (Skeletal-Related Events) Skeletal Metastasis Skeletal Secondary Tumors Skeletrophin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects References SKI390 Skin Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Skin Structure and Cancer Frequency Epidermal Skin Cancers Dermal Skin Cancers Skin Cancer of the Subcutis Multistep Cancer Theory and Ultraviolet Radiation (UV Light) Genetic Predispositions (Familial Skin Cancers) Cross-References References See Also Skin Carcinogenesis Definition Characteristics Genetic Basis of Skin Carcinogenesis Initiation Promotion Cellular and Molecular Basis Relevance to Human Disease References Skinny Needle Skipper-Schabel Model Skipper-Schabel-Wilcox Model Skp2 SL-1 Slit Definition Characteristics Slit Function in the Nervous System Slit-Robo Signaling Slit Functions Outside the Nervous System Slit Proteins and Cancer Slit and Medulloblastoma Cross-References References See Also Sloughing of Cells SM-5887 SMA- and MAD-Related Protein 4 Smad Proteins in TGF-Beta Signaling Definition Characteristics Cellular and Molecular Regulation Clinical Relevance References SMAD4 Small Cell and Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinomas (NEC) at the Highly Aggressive Pole of the Spectrum of NENs Small Cell Lung Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Pathology of SCLC Clinical Presentation Staging of SCLC Patients Therapy Limited Stage of SCLC Prophylactic Cranial Radiation Extensive-Stage SCLC Recurrent SCLC Management of Brain Metastases Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Small Cleaved Cell Lymphoma Small GTP-Binding Proteins Small Interfering RNA Small Molecule Drugs Definition Characteristics Differences to Large Molecule Drugs High-Throughput Screening Structure Determination and Modeling Physicochemical Properties and Drug Uptake Drug Formulations Side Effects Some Examples for the Mechanism of Cancer Drug Action Systemic Effects of Tumor Growth Cross-References References See Also Small Molecule Screens Synonyms Definition Characteristics Types of Screens ``Small´´ Molecules Screening Technology and Tools Screening Assays The Screening Epilog Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Small Round Cell Tumor SMARCB1 SMAX1 SMR Snail Transcription Factors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structural Organization Transcriptional Repression/Activation Regulation of Expression and Functional Activity Additional Snail Functions Clinical Significance Cross-References References SOCS Sodium Chloride Soft Tissue Sarcoma Solar Light-Induced Cancer Soluble ATP-Dependent Non-Lysosomal Proteolytic System Soluble Mesothelin-Related Proteins Somatic Recombination of V, D, and J Segments Somatic Stem Cells Somatocrinin Somatoliberin Somites Definition Sonochemotherapy Sonodynamic Therapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Physical Mechanisms of Ultrasound-Induced Antineoplastic Activity Chemical Mechanisms of Ultrasound-Induced Antineoplastic Activity Classes of Sonosensitizers: Reactive Oxygen Species Agents Classes of Sonosensitizers: Cytoskeletal-Directed Agents Classes of Sonosensitizers: Vascular Disrupting Agents Classes of Sonosensitizers: Echo Contrast Agents Comparison of Sonodynamic Therapy to Photodynamic Therapy Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Sorafenib Synonyms Definition Characteristics Therapeutic Range Molecular Targets of Sorafenib Complex Mechanism of Raf as a Target of Sorafenib Non-Raf Molecular Targets of Sorafenib Sorafenib Resistance Trial of the Sorafenib-Based Combination Therapy Conclusion References Sorafenib (Nexavar) Sorafenib [INN] Sorafenibum Soy Phytoestrogen SPARC Spasmolytic Polypeptide SP/TFF2 SPB SPC1 Specific Immunotherapy for Melanoma Spectral Karyotyping Definition Characteristics Advantages of SKY Disadvantages Clinical Significance References Sphacelus S-Phase Damage-Sensing Checkpoints Definition Characteristics References S-Phase-Kinase-Associated Protein 2 Sphingolipid Metabolism Definition Characteristics Polydrug Chemotherapy and Multidrug Resistance Chemotherapy via Ceramide Control Immunological Attack Against Cancer Cells Mechanisms of Sphingolipid Antineoplastic Action Cross-References References See Also Spinal and Bulber Muscular Atrophy (SBMA) Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Synonyms Definition Characteristics Discovery Arrest Mechanism Known Components Mechanism of Mitotic Inhibition SAC Control Attachment Model Tension Model The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint in Cancer Causes of a Weakened Checkpoint Therapeutic Targeting of the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Pharmacologic Strategies Biological Strategies References Spindle Pole Body Spinesin (TMPRSS5) Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Sprouty Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms of Action Regulation of the Activity of Sproutys Deregulation of Spry Expression in Cancer Ability of Sprys to Inhibit Cancer Cross-References References Spry Squamous Cell Carcinoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Etiology Diagnosis and Clinical Features Disease Management Molecular Aspects Cross-References References See Also Src Synonyms Definition Characteristics Domain Structure Subcellular Localization Interacting Proteins Cellular and Molecular Aspects Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Src Homology 2 SRC-1: NCOA1 SRC-2: NCOA2 SRC-3 SRC-3: NCOA3 Src8 SSRIs Stage IA-C Ovarian Cancer Staging of Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Purpose Methods Perspectives References See Also STARD12 START Domain-Containing Protein STAT STAT3 Synonyms Definition Characteristics STAT3-Targeted Genes STAT3 in Oncogenesis STAT3 Overexpression and Constitutive Activation in Human Cancers STAT3 as a Therapeutic Target Conclusion References Staurosporine Definition Characteristics Kinase Inhibition Staurosporine in Apoptosis Antitumor Activity References Steel Ligand Receptor Stefins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Physiological and Pathological Roles Stefins in Cancer References Stem Cell Factor Stem Cell Imaging Definition Characteristics Markers of Adult SCs in Candidate Tissues Conventional Imaging of SCs Possibility of a Cancer SC A Candidate Example: Prostate New Methodologies: Toward a Biophysical Imaging Approach Cross-References References Stem Cell Markers Definition Characteristics Methods Used to Detect Stem Cell Markers in Cancer Biology Clinical Applications Cross-References References See Also Stem Cell Mobilization Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Stem Cell Plasticity Synonyms Definition Characteristics Metaplasia The Bone Marrow and Tumor Stroma: Clinical Relevance References Stem Cell Telomeres Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Stem-Like Cancer Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Identification Clinical Implications Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3 Steroid Receptor Coactivators Synonyms Definition Characteristics Functional Domains Molecular Mechanisms Dysregulations of SRCs in Cancers Roles of SRCs in Tumor Growth and Progression SRCs as Prognostic Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Drug Targets Conclusions Cross-References References Steroid Receptor Coactivators (SRCs): Nuclear Receptor Coactivators (NCOAs) Steroid Sulfatase Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation of STS STS in Hormone-Dependent Breast Cancer (HDBC) STS Inhibitors Cross-References References See Also Steroid Sulfohydrolase Steroid Tumor Steroid X Receptor (SXR) Synonyms Definition Characteristics SXR in Cancer Breast Cancer Prostate Cancer Ovarian Cancer Endometrial Cancer Colon Cancer Other Cancers Antitumorigenic Properties of SXR SXR as a Therapeutic Target Cross-References References Steryl Sulfohydrolase STI571 STI-571 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Physicochemical Properties Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics Clinical Applications Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GISTs) Other Diseases Side Effects Resistance to STI-571 Low Concentrations in the Central Nervous System (CNS) Cross-References References Sticker Sarcoma Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Stivarga STK12 STK13 STK15 STK5 STK6 STK7 STMY1 Stomach Cancer STR1 STRAP Stress Definition Characteristics Possible Pathways of an Association of Stress and Cancer Risk Methodological Problems Findings Conclusion References Stress Response Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cellular Regulation Life or death decisions under stress Relevance for cancer progression and therapy Cross-References References Stress-Activated Protein Kinase Stress-Induced Bystander Effect Stroma Stromagenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Stromal Cell Response Stromal Progression Stromatogenesis Stromelysin-1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Enzymatic Properties of Stromelysin-1 Regulation of Stromelysin-1 Stromelysin-1 and Cancer References Structural Biology Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Structural Vascular Stabilization STS Subarachnoidal Spread Subependymal Giant Cell Astrocytoma Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Substrate Channeling Synonyms Definition Characteristics The Key Features The Prototypical Paradigm Details Mechanisms References Further Reading Subtype AML-M7 Suicide Gene Therapy Definition Cross-References Sulfated Glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2) Sulfokinases Sulforaphane Synonyms Definition Characteristics Actions and Pharmacology Mechanisms of Action Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Summary References Sulfotransferases Synonyms Definition Characteristics Sulfotransferases and Cancer Cross-References References See Also Sunitinib (Sutent) Sunlight-Induced Cancer Supervised Classification Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Relevance Caveats and Recommendations Cross-References References See Also Supervised Learning Supportive Care Synonyms Definition Characteristics Supportive Care Needs Require an Individualized Approach Patients and Carers Are Key Members of the Supportive Care Team A Multidisciplinary and Coordinated Approach The Development of an Evidence Base to Interventions to Improve Supportive Care Outcomes Conclusion References Suppressive T Cells Suppressor of Invasion, Metastasis, and Angiogenesis Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling Synonyms Definition Characteristics Role of SOCS-1 in Cancer SOCS-3 in Human Cancer SOCS-2 in Malignant Diseases Cross-References References See Also Surface Molecules Surface Plasmon Resonance Definition Characteristics Detection Principle of SPR Biosensor Properties of the SPR Biosensor Biomedical Applications Biomolecular Interaction Analysis (BIA) High-Throughput Screening (HTS) Proteomics Research Cross-References References See Also Surgical Pathology Surgical Trauma and Cancer Recurrence Definition Characteristics Trauma and Inflammation Laboratory Investigations Clinical Applications References Surrogate Endpoint Synonyms Definition Characteristics Role of Surrogate Endpoints in Cancer Research Methods of Validation Caveats in the Use of Validated Surrogate Endpoints Cross-References References See Also Surrogate Endpoint Biomarker Surrogate Outcome Survivin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Functional and Cellular Characteristics Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Susceptibility Loci SV40 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Replication Clinical Relevance References SWI/SNF-Related, Matrix-Associated, Actin-Dependent Regulator of Chromatin Subfamily b, Member 1 Syk Syk Tyrosine Kinase Synonyms Definition Characteristics Distribution and Function Experimental Evidence for a Tumor/Metastasis Suppressor Role of Syk Mechanism of Syk Activation and Signaling Clinical Studies of Syk Expression and Activity Cross-References References SYLD (syld709613 Protein) Synovial Sarcoma Definition Characteristics References Synthetic Cannabinoids Synuclein Definition Characteristics Synuclein Expression in Cancer Role in Tumor Progression References Systemic Antibody-Directed Radionuclide Therapy Systemic Spread of Cancer Systemic Therapy T T-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement T-Cell Response Definition Characteristics References T-Cells Recognizing Autoantigens t(8;21) t(8;21)(q22;q22) T1α2 TACE Tachykinins Synonyms Definition Characteristics Tachykinin Genes Tachykinin Receptors Implications of Tachykinins in Malignancies Breast Cancer Lung Cancer Brain Cancer Colon Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Melanoma Hematopoietic Malignancies Aprepitant for the Treatment CINV Cross-References References See Also Takatsuki Disease or PEP Syndrome Tamoxifen Definition Characteristics Background Adjuvant Therapy Chemoprevention Mechanism of Action Side Effects References Tankyrases Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure Intracellular Distribution Binding Partners Functions Telomere Elongation Cell Division Control Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake Clinical Aspects Cross-References References Tanshinone C Tarceva Targeted Drug Delivery Synonyms Definition Characteristics Intratumoral Drug Administration Liposomal Drug Delivery Tumor-Activated Prodrug (TAP) Therapy Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy Folate-Targeted Drug Delivery Transferrin-Targeted Drug Delivery Albumin-Drug Conjugate for Targeted Delivery Cross-References References See Also Targeted Drug Design Targeted Radioimmunotherapy Targeted Toxins Targeted Viruses Targeting Cancer Stem Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cancer Stem Cells Are Resistant to Radiation Therapy Cancer Stem Cells Are Resistant to Chemotherapy Cancer Stem Cells Have Deregulated Embryonic Signaling Pathways Targeting Cancer Stem Cells Cross-References References Targeting Tumor-Initiating Cells Tasigna TAT Protein of HIV Definition Characteristics Transcriptional Regulation: Control of HIV Replication AIDS-Associated Pathologies: A Direct Contribution by Tat Conclusion References Tax Binding Protein-181 Tax Helper Protein Taxol Definition Characteristics Mode of Action Clinical Pharmacology Antitumor Activity Absorption and Excretion Toxicity Structurally and Functionally Related Compounds Structurally Related Compounds Nontaxane, Microtubule-Stabilizing Agents References Taxotere Synonyms Definition Characteristics Chemistry Mechanisms of Action Clinical Use Cross-References References See Also T-body TCC 2,3,7,8-TCDD TCDD TCL1 Definition Characteristics Clinical Characteristics of the T-PLL Cytogenetic and Molecular Characteristic of the TCL1 Locus Animal Models TCL1 Protein TCL1 Expression in Normal and Pathological Tissues Conclusions References TDA TDGF-1 Technical Knockout Definition Characteristics Isolation of Genes in Apoptosis Clinical Aspects References Telomerase Definition Characteristics What Are Telomeres and What Do They Do? Why Do Telomeres Shorten? What Is Cellular Senescence? If You Can Stop the Shortening of Telomeres, Will This Prevent Cellular Aging? Can Telomerase Be Used as a Product to Extend Cell Lifespan? Cell and Molecular Regulation Clinical Relevance Could Telomerase Be the ``Achilles Heel´´ of Cancer? Will Inhibiting Telomerase Restore the Senescence Program in Cancer Cells and If So Will This Therapy Cure Cancer? Will Telomerase Activity Be Useful in Cancer Diagnostics? Have Any Telomerase Therapeutic Agents Been Identified and What Are the Potential Complications of Such Strategies? Cross-References References See Also Telomeric Repeats of Stem Cells Temodal Temodar Temoget Temozolomide Synonyms Definition Characteristics Temozolomide and MGMT Mismatch DNA Repair and Temozolomide Response Repair of N7-Methylguanine and N3-Methyladenine DNA Lesions References Temsirolimus Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism of Action Activity in Cancer Models Activity in Clinical Trials Cross-References References See Also Temsirolimus (Torisel) Tenascin-C Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular Organization Induction and Processing Interaction Partners Cell Rounding and Tumor Cell Proliferation Metastasis Angiogenesis Phenotype of Tenascin-C Knockout Mice and Cancer Clinical Aspects References Tensional Homeostasis Definition Characteristics References Teratocarcinoma-Derived Growth Factor-1 Teratoma Testicular Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Therapy Non-seminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NSGCT) Low-Stage (IIA/B) NSGCT Clinical Stages IIC and III Seminomatous Germ Cell Tumors Clinical Stage I Seminoma Low-Stage (Clinical Stage IIA/B) Seminoma Clinical Stages IIC and III Salvage Chemotherapy, High-Dose Chemotherapy Genetics Future Directions in TC Cross-References References See Also Testicular Feminization (TFM) Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Testicular Germ Cell Tumors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Incidence Risk Factors Histological Classification Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis Staging and Risk Stratification Management Seminomas Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors (NSGCT) Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Testicular Tumors Testosterone-Repressed Prostate Message 2 (TRPM-2) 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Tetraspanin TG2 TGc TGF-beta-Stimulated Clone 36, Tsc-36 Theragnostics Theranostics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnostic Component Therapeutic Component Other Components Impact Cross-References References Therapeutic Prevention Therapeutic Viruses Thiazolidin Synonyms Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Thiazolidinone Thin Needle Thiol-Protease Inhibitors Thioredoxin System Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Thiostatins Third-Generation Bisphosphonate Third-Generation Nitrogen-Containing Bisphosphonate Thoracentesis Three-Dimensional Culture Synonyms Definition Characteristics Comparison of 3D and 2D Cultures Advantages of 3D Cultures in Cancer Biology 3D Culture Models for Drug Sensitivity Screening 3D Models of Mammary Gland and Breast Cancer Conclusion References Three-Dimensional Tissue Cultures Definition Characteristics Multicellular Spheroids Culture Diffusion Limited Growth, ECM, and Differentiation Dissociation, Histology, and Other Study Methods Cell Proliferation pH and Metabolite Gradients Cancer Biology Drug Effects and Multicellular Resistance Drug Transport Individualized Therapy Multicellular Layers (MCL) or Multilayered Cell Cultures (MCC) Multilayered Post-Confluent Cultures (MPCC) Cocultures of Tumor and Normal Cells Histocultures Organotypic Cultures Organ Cultures and Tissue Engineering Conclusions and Future Directions References Thrombin Receptor Thrombin Receptor-Like 1 Thrombin Receptor-Like 2 Thrombin Receptor-Like 3 Thrombocyte Thrombospondin Definition Characteristics Classification TSP-1 and TSP-2 as Inhibitors of Tumor Angiogenesis Mechanism Cross-References References See Also Thymidine Phosphorylase Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Thymoma Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Classification Treatment and Prognosis References Thyroid Cancer Treatment Synonyms Definition Characteristics Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Radioactive Iodine: Targeted Therapy Thyroglobulin: A Tumor Marker for Surveillance Thyroid Hormone Replacement and TSH Suppression Medullary Thyroid Cancer Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Vandetanib Cabozantinib Sorafenib Lenvatinib Conclusion Cross-References Thyroid Carcinogenesis Definition Characteristics General Features Role of Ionizing Radiation Genetic Aberrations RET Gene Changes Cross-References References See Also Thyroid Carcinoma Treatment Thyroid Hormone Receptor Activator Molecule 1 Tiam1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also TIF2 Tight Junction Definition Characteristics References Tight Junction Protein-1 TIL Time of Flight Definition Cross-References See Also Time-Resolved Fluorescence Time-Resolved Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Technology in Drug Discovery Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Time-to-Event Analysis TIMPs Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Tissue Kallikreins Tissue Proliferation Tissue Spectroscopy Tissue Stem Cells Synonyms Definition Characteristics Defining the ``Stem Cell´´ Concept Distinctive Features of Tissue Stem Cells Tissue Stem Cells and Cancer Tissue Stem Cells and ``Cancer Stem Cells´´ Cross-References References Further Reading Tissue Transglutaminase Tissue-Specific Stem Cells TJP-1 TKIs TLR4 Definition Characteristics TLR4 and Cancer TLR4 Expression and Cancer Endogenous TLR4 Ligands and Cancer TLR4 as a Target for Cancer Therapy TLR Agonists for Cancer TLR Antagonists References T-Lymphoma Invasion and Metastasis TMPRSS11-13 (Human Genes) TMPRSS2/ERG Fusions Definition Characteristics References TMPRSS4 TMZ TNBC TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction TRAIL and Its Cell Surface Receptors Organization of TRAIL-Induced Apoptotic Signaling Mechanisms to Attenuate TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis Augmentation of TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis Clinical Potential for TRAIL Therapy Perspectives Cross-References References See Also TNF-α in HIV Infection Definition Characteristics Physiopathological Role of TNF-α in HIV Infection Relationships Between HIV Replication and TNF-α Role of TNF-α in NeuroAIDS Role of TNF-α in Cachexia, Opportunistic Infections, and Tumors Clinical Relevance of Molecules Inhibiting TNF-α Synthesis References TNK Tobacco Addiction Tobacco Carcinogenesis Definition Characteristics Tobacco Products and Human Cancer Tumor Induction in Laboratory Animals Chemistry of Tobacco Smoke Mechanisms of Tumor Induction References Tobacco Dependence Tobacco-Related Cancers Definition Characteristics Tobacco as a Carcinogen Cancers Related with Tobacco Evidence for Other Cancers Passive Smoking Conclusions References Toll-Like Receptors Definition Characteristics TLRs and Cancer Treatment Cross-References References Tongue Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Pathology and Genetic Aberration Clinical Features Subclinical Nodal Metastasis TNM Staging and Prognostic Factors Pretreatment Assessment Treatment Options Controversy of Elective Neck Dissection Versus Observation of N0 Neck Outcome of Treatment Cross-Reference References See Also Topoisomerases Definition Characteristics Topoisomerase Families Molecular Mechanism Cellular Functions Topoisomerase Inhibition and Cancer Therapy References Torisel Toxicity Testing Toxicogenomics Definition Characteristics Genomics Approaches, Technology, and Data Analysis Data Interpretation Applications in Toxicology Epigenomics Approaches, Technology, and Data Analysis Data Interpretation Applications in Toxicology Transcriptomics Approaches, Technology, and Data Analysis Data Interpretation Applications in Toxicology Proteomics Approaches, Technology, and Data Analysis Data Interpretation Applications in Toxicology Metabolomics Approaches, Technology, and Data Analysis Data Interpretation Application to Toxicology References Toxicological Carcinogenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics History Cross-References References See Also TP53 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Upstream of p53: Signaling of DNA Damage Downstream of p53: Cell Cycle Control, Apoptosis, and DNA Repair Clinical Relevance Cross-References References TP63 TP73 TP73L TPI TRA-8 Trabectedin Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structural and Biophysical Characterization of Trabectedin-DNA Adducts Biological Activity Clinical Studies References Trace Elements Traditional Chinese Medicine Traffic ATPases TRAIL TRAIL Receptor Antibodies Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects Mapatumumab (Anti-DR5) Lexatumumab (Anti-DR5) TRA-8 (CS1008) Perspectives TRAM1 TRAM-1 Transabdominal Dissemination Transabdominal Metastasis Transcoelomic Metastasis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms of Transcoelomic Metastasis Models of Metastasis Cell Detachment Peritoneal Fluid and Anatomy Ascites: A Metastatic Milieu Immune Evasion Tumor Implantation Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Transdifferentiation Transduction of Oncogenes Synonyms Definition Characteristics Identification of Cellular Oncogenes Mechanism of Oncogene Transduction Lessons from Retroviral Transduction of Oncogenes Cross-References References See Also Transfer of T Cells Transforming Gene Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Definition Characteristics TGF-beta Receptors and Signaling Mechanisms Latency TGF-beta Matrix Association and Release of TGF-beta LTBPs: Expression and Functions Activation of Soluble and Extracellular Matrix Forms of Latent TGF-beta TGF-beta and LTBP Knockout Mice Perspective Cross-References References See Also Transfusion of T Cells Transgenic Mice Transgenic Mouse Definition Characteristics Methodology Random Versus Targeted Gene Insertion Knockout Mice Tissue-Specific Knockout Mice (The Cre/loxP System) References Transglutaminase Type-2 Transglutaminase-2 Synonyms Definition Characteristics TG2 and Apoptosis TG2 in Drug Resistance and Metastasis Clinical Relevance References Transin-1 Transitional Cell Carcinoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Etiology Signs and Symptoms Evaluations Staging (1997 AJCC-UICC, TNM Staging) Treatment of Superficial Bladder Cancer Treatment of Invasive Bladder Cancer Treatment of Metastatic Bladder Cancer Cross-References References Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Renal Pelvis Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma of Ureter Translesion DNA Polymerases Definition Characteristics References Transmembrane 4 Superfamily Protein Transmembrane Protease Serine 1-13: Hepsin (TMPRSS 1) Transplacental Carcinogenesis Synonyms Definition Characteristics Types of Transplacental Carcinogens Mechanisms of Cancer Causation References Trask (Transmembrane and Associated with Src Kinases) Trastuzumab Synonyms Definition Characteristics Antibody Molecular Target of Trastuzumab Murine Anti-HER2 Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) 4D5 Clinical Indications HER2 Status Mechanisms of Action of Trastuzumab Mechanisms of Trastuzumab Resistance Trastuzumab-Induced Cardiotoxicity Cross-References References Treatment-Refractory Germ Cell Tumors Trefoil Factors Synonyms Keywords Definition Characteristics TFF Discovery and Expression TFF in Mucosal Repair and Protection TFF in Chronic Inflammation and Cancer Progression Aberrant Expression of TFF as Clinical Markers of the Neoplasia Conclusions References Trefoil Peptides pS2/TFF1 Treg TRF1-Interacting, Ankyrin-Related ADP-Ribose Polymerases TR-FRET Trident 4,5,7-Trihydroxyisoflavone 3,4,5-Trihydroxystilbene Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Synonyms Definition Characteristics Breast Cancer Treatment by Radiotherapy Radiation and Metastases Development Biomarkers of TNBC Poor Responders Cross-References References Tripterine TROP-1 Trophectoderm Definition Cross-References Trp63 Trp73 Trx TSC TSC1 tTGase Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects The Genetic Basis of TSC The Molecular Pathology of TSC Targeted Therapy for TSC References Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 Tubulin-Interacting Proteins Tumor Antigens Definition Characteristics Tumor Antigens Classification, Expression, and Immune Response Cross-References References Tumor Cell Invasion Tumor Cell-Induced Platelet Aggregation Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Clinical Aspects and Therapy Cross-References References See Also Tumor Cell-Platelet Aggregate Tumor Cell-Platelet Interaction Tumor Glucose Metabolism Tumor Grading Tumor Markers Tumor Metabolism Tumor Microenvironment Synonyms Definition Characteristics Complex Regulatory Circuits The Yin-yang (Double Edged Sword) Interplay in the Tumor Microenvironment Vicious Cycles in the Tumor microenvironment The Nontumor Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment may Express a Different Phenotype than Their Counterparts at Distant Sites Site Specific Metastasis and the Metastatic Microenvironment Dormant Micrometastasis and Microenvironmental Control The Tumor Microenvironment as Target in Cancer Therapy Cross-References References See Also Tumor Necrosis Factor Synonyms Definition Characteristics Discovery Sources Genes and Proteins Biological Functions Anti-TNF Therapy Molecular Mechanisms Activation of the IKK/NF-kappaB and the MAPK/AP-1 Pathways Induction of Apoptosis Conclusion References Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Converting Enzyme Tumor Pathology Tumor Progenitors Tumor Rejection of Non-Irradiated Tumor Areas Tumor Spread Tumor Staging Tumor Suppression Definition Characteristics Clinical Aspects References Tumor Suppressor Genes Synonyms Definition Characteristics What Was the Evidence for Tumor Suppressors? Retinoblastoma: The First Suppressor Are There Other Tumor Suppressors and What Cellular Role Do They Normally Play? Clinical Relevance Cross-References References See Also Tumor Typing Tumor-Associated Macrophages Definition Characteristics Macrophages Tumor-Associated Macrophages TAM Recruitment TAM Express Selected M2 Protumoral Functions Modulation of Adaptive Immunity by TAM Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Tumor-Associated Stromal Progression Tumor-Endothelial Communication Tumor-Endothelial Cross-Talk Synonyms Definition Characteristics Adhesion Molecules in Tumor-Endothelial Cross-Talk Mediating Extravasation Tumor-Endothelial Cross-Talk Leading to Prothrombotic Endothelial Activation Conclusion References Tumor-Induced Platelet Aggregation Tumor-Initiating Cells Tumor-Reinitiating Cells Tumor-Repopulating Cells Tumor-Transforming 1 Tunicamycin Definition Characteristics Structure and Function Antiviral Effect of Tunicamycin Apoptosis Induction by Tunicamycin Tunicamycin Increases Effects of Anticancer Agents Tunicamycin Enhances Death Ligand TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis Cross-References References Turban Tumor Syndrome Turcot Syndrome Definition Characteristics Clinical Criteria Genetics PMS2 Gene Microsatellite Instability Clinical Aspects References Turmeric Yellow TUTR1 TXBP181 Type I Cystatins Type I Interferon Type-1 Hypersensitivity Typical Neurocytoma Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Synonyms Definition Characteristics Cross-References References U Ubiquitin Ligase SCF-Skp2 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Regulation Clinical Significance References Ubiquitination Definition Characteristics Cellular Regulation Clinical Relevance p53 and HPV-Associated Cervical Carcinoma von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) Disease beta-Catenin Turnover in Colorectal Tumors Degradation of p27, a CDK Inhibitor Cbl and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Degradation Fanconi Anemia Induced Degradation of PML-RARα in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Summary Cross-References References See Also Ubiquitous TPR Motif Protein UTY Ubiquitously Transcribed Tetratricopeptide Repeat, X Chromosome Ubiquitously Transcribed TPR Protein on the X Chromosome Ubiquitously Transcribed TPR Protein on the Y Chromosome Ubiquitously Transcribed X Chromosome Tetratricopeptide Repeat Protein Ubiquitously Transcribed Y Chromosome Tetratricopeptide Repeat Protein UCN-01 Anticancer Drug Synonyms Definition Characteristics Inhibition of Chk1 Kinase and G2 Checkpoint Abrogation by UCN-01 Mechanisms of UCN-01-Induced Tumor Cell Death Cross-References References See Also Ultrasound Biomicroscopy Ultrasound Microimaging Synonyms Definition Characteristics Two- and Three-Dimensional Anatomical Imaging Doppler Blood Flow Imaging Contrast-Enhanced Imaging Cross-References References See Also Ultrasound Therapy Ultraviolet Light-Induced DNA Damage Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Cancer Uncertain or Unknown Histogenesis Tumors Definition Characteristics Distinctive Tumors of Uncertain Histogenesis Synovial Sarcoma Epithelioid Sarcoma Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft Tissue Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor Extrarenal Rhabdoid Tumor Neoplasms with Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Differentiation (PEComas) Hemangioblastoma Angiomatoid Fibrous Histiocytoma Myxoid Tumors Other (Benign) Tumors Cross-References References See Also Unfolded Domain Unfolded Protein Response and Cancer Definition Characteristics The Key Players of the UPR Pathway Activation and Function of the IRE1α-XBP1 Branch Activation and Function of the PERK-eIF2α Branch Activation and Function of the ATF6 Branch The Role of UPR in Cancer Development UPR in the Survival and Death of Cancer Cells UPR and Inflammation UPR and Cancer Angiogenesis UPR and Cancer Dormancy Targeting UPR in Cancer Therapy Promote Apoptosis by Increasing ER Stress and UPR Activation in Cancer Cells Promote Apoptosis by Inhibiting the Adaptive Function of UPR Cross-References References UNII-9ZOQ3TZI87 Unrip: Unr-interacting Protein Unstructured Domain UPA Uranium Miners Definition Characteristics Uranium Mining Miners´ Cohorts Exposures The Risk of Lung Cancer Histopathological Findings The Risk of Cancers Other than Lung Cancer Conclusion Cross-References References See Also Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Urothelial Cancer Molecular Therapy Urothelial Carcinoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Distribution, Histology, and Clinical Course Molecular Subtypes and Tumor Stem Cells Causes Therapy Diagnosis and Monitoring Molecular Genetics Epigenetics Cross-References References Urothelial Carcinoma, Clinical Oncology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Diagnosis Therapy Genetics Cross-References References See Also Urothelial Tumor Uterine Cancer Uterine Fibroid Uterine Fibroma Uterine Leiomyoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Clinical, Epidemiological, and Histological Characteristics Cellular Characteristics Molecular Genetic and Cytogenetic Characteristics Heritability and Genetic Epidemiological Characteristics Cross-References References See Also Uterine Leiomyoma, Clinical Oncology Synonyms Definition Characteristics Incidence Gross Features Microscopic Features Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Cytogenetic Changes References Uterus Cancer UTX Synonyms Definition Characteristics Introduction: Chromatin Structure and Epigenetic Modifications Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 UTX/KDM6A is a H3K27 Demethylase UTX Demethylase Target Specificity UTX Associates with Histone Methyltransferases UTX is a Specific Epigenetic Regulator UTX Targets the Retinoblastoma Pathway UTX Has JmjC Domain-Independent Functions UTX Controls Life Span Through the Insulin/IGF-1 Pathway UTX is a Tumor Suppressor Gene A Two-Hit Model of UTX/UTY Inactivation UTX Mutations were Identified in Various Tumor Types Inhibition of UTX Demethylase Activity in IDH Mutated Cells UTX and Tumorigenesis Through Notch and Rb Cross-References References UTY, Ubiquitously Transcribed Tetratricopeptide Repeat Gene on the Y Chromosome UV Radiation Definition Solar and UV Radiation Characteristics Cancers of the Skin Epidemiological Evidence of the Carcinogenic Potential of UV Radiation Host Factors Solar UV Radiation as an Environmental Risk Factor Biological Effects of UV Radiation Relevant to Carcinogenesis DNA Damage Cellular Damage Differential Effects of UVA and UVB Changes in the Immune Response Drug-Induced Photosensitivity Cancer Preventive Effects of UV Radiation UV-Emitting Tanning Devices Characteristics of UV-Emitting Tanning Devices Evidence of the Carcinogenic Potential References Uveal Melanoma Synonyms Definition Characteristics Epidemiology Risk Factors Clinical Diagnosis Signs and Symptoms Diagnostic Modalities Treatment Options Pathology Systemic Evaluation and Metastasis Prognostic Factors Systemic Therapy and Future Directions References Uvomorulin V V(D)J Recombination Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mechanism Clinical Aspects References Valproic Acid Synonyms Definition Characteristics Valproic Acid Affects Cell Behavior by Multiple Mechanisms Valproic Acid Inhibits Histone Deacetylase Activity Valproic Acid Interferes with MAPK Signaling Valproic Acid Affects the Beta-Catenin Pathway Valproic Acid May Influence Additional Pathways Cross-References References See Also Vanadium Definition Characteristics Vanadium in Cancer Treatment Chemopreventive/Anticancer Mechanisms Future Direction References Vascular Disrupting Agents Synonyms Definition Characteristics Vascular Disrupting Agents The Biologic Approach Small Molecule VDAs Flavonoid Agents Tubulin-Binding Agents VDAs as Adjuvants to Conventional Therapy Cross-References References Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Synonyms Characteristics VEGF Family VEGF Receptor Family VEGF in Vasculogenesis and Physiological Angiogenesis Clinical Relevance VEGF in Pathophysiological Angiogenesis VEGF/VEGF Receptor System: Therapeutic Opportunities Cross-References References See Also Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR) Inhibitors Vascular Maturation Vascular Permeability Factor Vascular Remodeling Vascular Stabilization Synonyms Definition Characteristics Normal Vascular Hierarchy Vascular Destabilization and Activation of Angiogenesis Vascular Stabilization Clinical Implications References Vascular Targeted Therapies Vascular Targeting Agents Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background Mechanisms Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Vascular-Targeted Therapies Vasculogenic Mimicry Definition Characteristics Introduction Current Status of Studies on VM in Tumors Molecular Mechanisms Underlying VM Dedifferentiation of Tumor Cells Is the Key to Formation of VM Channels Linearly Patterned Programmed Cell Necrosis and Three-Stage Phenomenon The Effect of Local Tumor Microenvironment on the Formation of VM Channels Clinical Significance of VM Advances and Challenges VM and Lymphogenesis in Tumors VM-Targeted Therapy References Vasoactive Intestinal Contractor Vasopressin Definition See Also VDAs VEGF VEGF Trap Velcade v-erb-B2 Vesical Cancer VHL VHL Tumor Suppressor Gene VIC Villi Definition Villin 2 Viral Oncology Epigenetics Definition Characteristics Host Epigenetic Changes Due to Viruses and Virus-Associated Cancers Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Epstein-Barr Virus Hepatitis B Virus Human Papillomavirus Polyomaviruses (SV40, BK Virus, and JC Virus) Adenovirus Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses Epigenetic Alterations in the Virus Due to the Host Conclusions Cross-References See Also Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Virology Definition Characteristics Tumor Virus Epidemiology Immunosurveillance and Viral Oncogenesis Tumor Viruses Herpesviridae Epstein-Barr Virus EBV-Encoded microRNAs Burkitt Lymphoma Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Hodgkin Lymphoma Lymphoproliferative Disease in Immunosuppressed Patients Other Tumors Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus Polyomaviridae Papillomaviridae Hepadnaviridae Hepatitis B Virus Flaviviridae Hepatitis C Virus Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1 Cross-References References See Also Virotherapy Synonyms Definition Characteristics Oncolytic Adenoviruses and Cancer Gene Therapy CRAds in Human Clinical Trials and the Limitations CAR Deficiency on Tumor Cells Results in the Poor Infectivity of Ad Agents Infectivity-Enhanced CRAd Agents Retargeting CRAds to Tumor Cells Tumor-Specific CRAd Agents: Using a Tumor-Specific Promoter to Drive Specific Viral Replication A Double-Targeted CRAd for Ovarian Cancer Future Directions for Improvements Cross-References References See Also Virus Vector Virus Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer Vitamin D Definition Characteristics Mechanisms Conclusions Cross-References References See Also v-Ki-ras2 Vomeroglandin (Mouse) Von Hippel-Lindau Disease Synonyms Definition Cross-References See Also Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Gene Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular Features Role in Diseases: Clinical, Molecular, and Cellular Characteristics Clinical and Molecular Features Classical Clinical Definition Germline Mutations Genotype/Phenotype Correlation Sporadic Tumors Somatic Mutations Cellular/Functional Features Applications in Diagnosis and Clinical Management Remaining Questions Cross-References References See Also Von Recklinghausen Disease Vorinostat Synonyms Definition Characteristics Background Mechanism of Antitumor Action Clinical Studies Activity of Vorinostat in Non-oncology Indications Cross-References References VP-16 VPF v-raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B1 v-Src VTAs W WA Waf1 Warburg Effect Synonyms Definition Characteristics Mitochondrial DNA Mutations and the Warburg Effect Tumor Suppressors and the Warburg Effect Oncogenic Activation of the Warburg Effect Does the Warburg Effect Contribute to Tumorigenicity? Clinical Aspects and Summary Cross-References References Warts (wts)-Drosophila Lats WARTS (WTS)-Mammalian LATS1 WD-Repeat Proteins Interacting with Phosphoinositides Well-Differentiated Neurocytoma Wermer Syndrome Wilms Tumor Wilms´ Tumor Definition Characteristics How Common Is Wilms´ Tumor? What Causes Wilms´ Tumor? Clinical Characteristics Is Wilms´ Tumor One Disease? Molecular Characteristics of Wilms´ Tumor Treatment of Relapsed Wilms´ Tumor and Future Therapeutic Possibilities Heritability and Screening Cross-References References WIN WIPI Synonyms Definition Characteristics Autophagy The Mechanism of Autophagy Autophagy, WIPI, and Cancer Human WIPI Proteins WIPI-1 Puncta-Formation Assessment to Monitor Autophagy Outlook: WIPI as New Targets for Anticancer Therapy? References Withaferin A Synonyms Definition Characteristics References Wnt Signaling Definition Characteristics Wnt Proteins Wnt Signaling Pathways Other Ligands and Receptors that Directly Regulate Wnt Signaling Cross-References References See Also WWOX Definition Characteristics The Gene New Genetic Findings The Protein Biological Role In Normal Cells In Cancer Cells Cross-References References See Also X X Box Repressor (XBR) Xenobiotic Biotransformation Xenobiotic Metabolism Xenobiotic Receptor Xenobiotics Synonyms Definition Characteristics Origin of Xenobiotics Metabolism of Xenobiotics Effects of Xenobiotics Interactions Individual Variability Xenobiotics and Cancer Exploitation of Knowledge About Xenobiotics and XMEs References Xeroderma Pigmentosum Definition Characteristics Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) Subgroups Clinical Aspects Cellular Parameters Molecular Parameters Animal Models Other NER-Related Syndromes Cross-References References See Also Xerophthalmia Xerostomia XIAP Synonyms Definition Characteristics Structure Functions Gene and Regulation XIAP and Cancer Conclusions Cross-References References See Also Xiphophorus Synonyms Definition Characteristics Genetics of Melanoma Formation The Xmrk Oncogene UV-Induced Tumors Carcinogen-Induced Tumors Further Information Cross-References References See Also X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis XLP2 X-Ray-Induced Cancer Y Yinxing YM-529 Yolk Sac Tumor Yondelis Z Z-Factor Definition Characteristics Connections to Other Assay Data Quality Indicators Z-Factor and Lower Limit of Detection of an Assay References ZO-1 Zoledronic Acid Definition Characteristics Structural Characteristics In Vitro Activities of Zoledronic Acid and Mechanisms of Action Antitumor and Bone Resorption Activity of Zoledronic Acid in Preclinical Models Clinical Aspects Cross-References References See Also Zolinza Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome Zonula Adherens Zonula Occludens Protein-1 Synonyms Definition Characteristics Molecular Biology of ZO-1 Regulation and Function of ZO-1 ZO-1 in Cancer Cross-References References See Also ZZANK1