Fuel Cell Modeling and Simulation: From Microscale to Macroscale

Description

Fuel Cell Modeling and Simulation: From Micro-Scale to Macro-Scale provides a comprehensive guide to the numerical model and simulation of fuel cell systems and related devices, with easy-to-follow instructions to help optimize analysis, design and control. With a focus on commercialized PEM and solid-oxide fuel cells, the book provides decision-making tools for each stage of the modeling process, including required accuracy and available computational capacity. Readers are guided through the process of developing bespoke fuel cell models for their specific needs. This book provides a step-by-step guide to the fundamentals of fuel cell modeling that is ideal for students, researchers and industry engineers working with fuel cell systems, but it will also be a great repository of knowledge for those involved with electric vehicles, batteries and computational fluid dynamics. Front Cover Fuel Cell Modeling and Simulation Copyright Contents Preface References 1 Fuel cell fundamentals 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Fuel cell perspective 1.1.1.1 Roadmap of Japan 1.1.1.2 Roadmap of EU 1.1.1.3 Roadmap of the United States 1.1.1.4 Roadmap conclusions 1.1.2 Fuel cell operation 1.1.3 Fuel cell types 1.1.3.1 Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) 1.1.3.2 Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) 1.1.3.3 Alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) 1.1.3.4 Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFCs) 1.1.3.5 Solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFCs) 1.1.3.6 Molten-carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) 1.1.3.7 Other technologies 1.2 Thermodynamics 1.2.1 Gibbs free energy 1.2.2 Second law of thermodynamics and fuel cells 1.2.3 Fuel cell efficiency 1.2.4 Role of effective factors 1.2.4.1 Effect of temperature 1.2.4.2 Effect of pressure 1.3 Electrochemical reaction kinetics 1.3.1 Exchange current density 1.3.2 Butler–Volmer equation 1.3.3 Role of effective factors 1.4 Charge transfer 1.4.1 Electronic resistance 1.4.2 Ionic resistance 1.4.3 Role of effective factors 1.5 Mass transport 1.5.1 Convective mass transfer from flow channel to GDL 1.5.2 Diffusive mass transfer 1.5.3 Role of effective factors 1.6 Characteristic curve of a fuel cell 1.7 Summary 1.8 Problems References 2 PEMFCs 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Components and structure 2.1.2 Transport phenomena in PEMFCs 2.1.3 Hydrogen for PEMFCs 2.2 Microscale modeling and simulation of PEMFCs 2.2.1 Microstructure reconstruction 2.2.2 Pore-scale numerical simulation methods 2.2.3 Lattice Boltzmann simulation technique 2.2.4 Pore-network simulation of water transport 2.2.5 VOF simulation of water transport 2.3 Macroscale modeling and simulation of PEMFCs 2.3.1 1D modeling of a cell 2.3.2 Framework of finite volume method 2.3.3 2D/3D modeling of a cell 2.3.4 Modeling of a stack 2.3.5 Modeling and control of PEMFC system 2.3.6 Modeling of PEMFC cold start 2.4 Summary 2.5 Questions and problems References 3 Solid oxide fuel cells 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Components and structures 3.1.1.1 The main reactor 3.1.1.2 Fuel-processing unit 3.1.1.3 Heat-transfer active components 3.1.1.4 Power regulator subsystem 3.1.1.5 Controllers 3.1.2 Transport phenomena in SOFCs 3.1.2.1 Charge transport 3.1.2.2 Mass transport 3.1.2.3 Heat transport 3.2 Microscale modeling and simulation of SOFCs 3.2.1 Microstructure reconstruction methods 3.2.1.1 Stochastic reconstruction technique 3.2.1.2 FIB/SEM reconstruction technique 3.2.2 Lattice Boltzmann simulation of reactive gas flow 3.3 Macroscale modeling and simulation of SOFCs 3.3.1 1D modeling 3.3.1.1 The first step, activation loss 3.3.1.2 Second step, concentration loss 3.3.1.3 Third step, ohmic loss 3.3.2 2D/3D models of SOFC cell, stack, and system 3.3.2.1 Gas transport submodel 3.3.2.2 Heat transport submodel 3.3.2.3 Electron transport submodel 3.3.2.4 Electrochemical reaction submodel 3.3.3 Modeling of a SOFC system 3.4 Modeling of a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC) 3.5 Summary 3.6 Problems References 4 Hydrogen storage systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 High-pressure tanks 4.3 Hydrogen-absorbing tank 4.3.1 1D modeling 4.3.2 CFD simulation 4.4 Summary 4.5 Questions and problems References 5 Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Vehicle dynamics 5.2.1 Resistant and traction forces 5.2.2 Vehicle performance 5.2.3 Vehicle energy consumption 5.3 FCEV configuration and components 5.3.1 PEMFC and battery module 5.3.2 Vehicle control unit (VCU) 5.3.3 Traction motor 5.3.4 PEMFC and hydrogen tank 5.4 Modeling and control of FCEVs 5.4.1 Performance characteristics 5.4.2 Energy consumption characteristics 5.5 Summary 5.6 Problems and questions References 6 Fuel cell power plants 6.1 Applications 6.1.1 Residential sectors 6.1.2 Power plants 6.1.3 Automotive 6.2 SOFC power plant components 6.2.1 Main reactor 6.2.2 Materials 6.2.2.1 Anode 6.2.2.2 Cathode 6.2.2.3 Electrolyte 6.2.2.4 Interconnection 6.2.3 Reformer 6.2.4 Voltage regulator 6.2.5 Thermal management components 6.2.5.1 Fuel preheater or HX1 6.2.5.2 Steam generator or HX2 6.2.5.3 Reformer, Rf 6.2.5.4 Air preheater, HX3, and air heater, HX4 6.2.5.5 Fuel heater, HX5 6.2.5.6 SOFC anode, An, and cathode, Ca 6.2.5.7 Combustor or the afterburner or AB 6.3 Fuel 6.3.1 External reforming 6.3.2 Internal reforming 6.3.3 Gasification 6.3.3.1 Entrained flow 6.3.3.2 Moving bed 6.3.3.3 Fluidized bed 6.4 Summary 6.5 Problems References 7 Combined heat and power systems 7.1 CHP and fuel cells 7.1.1 The produced heat of an FC 7.1.2 Exergy 7.1.3 Thermoeconomics 7.2 General procedure for CHP designs 7.3 SOFC-based CHP system 7.3.1 Combined SOFC and gas turbine 7.3.2 Application for space warming 7.3.3 Combined SOFC and desalination 7.3.4 Application in supply utilities 7.3.5 Application for high-temperature batteries 7.4 PEMFC-based CHP system 7.4.1 The main concerns of a PEMFC-based CHP system 7.4.1.1 Efficiency 7.4.1.2 Temperature stability 7.4.1.3 Impact on the environment 7.4.1.4 Safety 7.4.1.5 Economy 7.4.2 Organic Rankine cycles 7.4.3 Calculation of CHP cycle 7.4.3.1 Fuel cell relations 7.4.3.2 The thermal cycle or ORC relations 7.4.3.3 Cooling tower relations 7.4.3.4 Heat exchanger relations 7.4.3.5 Heat transfer coefficient 7.4.3.6 Exergy 7.4.3.7 Exergy balance on the whole system 7.4.3.8 Thermoeconomics 7.4.3.9 Cost functions 7.4.4 Worked example 7.5 Summary 7.6 Problems References A Lattice-Boltzmann codes A.1 GeometryGenerator A.2 Isothermal single-phase air flow in a PEMFC channel with fiber obstacle A.3 Modeling of fluid displacement in porous media A.4 PEMFC cathode catalyst layer (CL) modeling using LBM B MATLAB® code for the simulation of PEMFC C Optimization methods C.1 Concepts of optimization C.2 Optimization methods C.2.1 Crow search algorithm C.2.2 Whale optimization algorithm C.2.3 Teaching–learning-based optimization algorithm C.3 Implementing optimization methods in C++ C.3.1 CSA C.3.2 WOA C.3.3 TBLO C.4 Summary References D UDFs for MH tank simulation in ANSYS Fluent E Matlab® code for calculating energy consumption of an FCEV Index Back Cover