Matrix Pathobiology and Angiogenesis

Description

In the vasculature, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is involved in the regulation of angiogenesis, vascular mechanosensing, and blood vessel stability. This book aims to provide the reader with an overview of the various roles of the ECM during angiogenesis and covers its important role for the maintenance of vascular integrity, capillary and arterial morphogenesis, as well as lymphangiogenesis. Furthermore, aspects of regulation of endothelial cell and pericyte functions by the ECM under physiological and pathological conditions are discussed. In addition, the reader will learn more about different approaches to exploit ECM molecules for designing therapeutic approaches or as biomarkers to improve therapeutic decisions. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, Matrix Pathobiology and Angiogenesis is a valuable resource for experienced researchers and early career scientist alike, who are interested in in learning more about this exciting and developing field. The series Biology of Extracellular Matrix is published in collaboration with the American Society for Matrix Biology and the International Society for Matrix Biology. Introduction on the Interplay Between the Extracellular Matrix and Angiogenesis References Contents Contributors Abbreviations Chapter 1: Fibronectin Fibrillogenesis During Angiogenesis 1.1 Fibronectins 1.1.1 Cardiovascular Development 1.1.2 Evolution 1.1.3 Fibrillogenesis 1.2 Role of Fibronectin in Angiogenesis 1.2.1 Overview of Angiogenic Sprouting 1.2.2 Fibrillar Fibronectin as a Structural Support for Angiogenesis 1.2.3 Fibronectin in Growth Factor Regulation 1.2.4 Fibronectin and Cell Signalling 1.2.5 Lumen Formation and Cell Polarity 1.3 Fibronectin Remodelling 1.3.1 Integrin Receptors for Fibronectin 1.3.2 Actin Regulators Involved in Fibronectin Bundling 1.3.3 Integrin Trafficking in Fibronectin Remodelling 1.4 Fibronectin in Pathological Angiogenesis 1.4.1 Tumour Angiogenesis 1.4.2 Wound Healing Angiogenesis 1.4.3 Atherosclerosis 1.5 Summary References Chapter 2: Functional Interplay Between Fibronectin and Matricellular Proteins in the Control of Endothelial Tubulogenesis 2.1 An Evolutive Glimpse: The Origins of Endothelium, Fibronectin, and Matricellular Glycoproteins 2.2 Steps in Endothelial Tubulogenesis: Major Signaling Pathways 2.3 FN Roles in the Vascular Compartment and Sprouting Angiogenesis 2.4 Modulation of the Angiogenic Properties of FN by Matricellular Proteins 2.4.1 Tenascin-C 2.4.2 Thrombospondin-1 2.4.3 CCN Proteins and SPARC: Little but Fierce 2.4.4 CCN family 2.4.5 SPARC 2.5 Conclusions and Perspectives References Chapter 3: Endothelial Cell-Matrix Interactions in Angiogenesis and Vessel Homeostasis: A Focus on Laminins and Their Integrin... 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Integrins in Angiogenesis 3.3 Endothelial Laminins 3.4 Endothelial Laminin-Binding Integrins 3.5 Laminins in Pathological Angiogenesis 3.6 Laminin-Binding Integrins in Pathological Angiogenesis 3.7 Laminin-511 and α6β4 in the Regulation of Endothelial Barrier Function 3.8 Dissecting the Contribution of Laminin-Binding Integrins to Processes Involved in Angiogenesis Using In vitro Angiogenesis... 3.9 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 4: Collagens and Collagen-Degrading Enzymes in the Regulation of Angiogenesis 4.1 Collagens: Introduction 4.2 Collagens and Angiogenesis 4.3 Collagen-Degrading Enzymes and Angiogenesis 4.4 Collagen-Derived Anti-angiogenic Peptides 4.5 Non-collagen-Derived Angiostatic Peptides Because of MMPs´ Proteolytic Activity 4.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 5: Kruppel-Like Factor 2 and Matrix Metalloproteinases in the Context of Vasculature 5.1 Kruppel-like Factor-2 5.1.1 Pathways Regulating the Induction of KLF2 5.1.2 Pathways Reducing the Levels of KLF2 5.2 Matrix Metalloproteinases 5.2.1 MMPs in Regulating Inflammatory Signaling 5.2.2 MMPs and Endothelial Cells 5.3 KLF2 in Endothelial Cells 5.4 Factors that Induce Angiogenesis in Endothelial Cells 5.5 Interaction of MMPs and KLF2 with Thrombin and Clotting Pathways 5.6 Role of MMPs and KLF2 in Atherosclerosis 5.7 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Extracellular Matrix Remodeling Enzymes as Targets for Natural Antiangiogenic Compounds 6.1 The Extracellular Matrix and Its Role in Angiogenesis 6.2 Pharmacological Targeting of ECM by Natural Compounds in Pathological Angiogenesis 6.3 Matrix Remodeling Enzymes as Therapeutic Targets in Angiogenesis 6.4 Natural Antiangiogenic Compounds Targeting MMPs 6.5 Natural Antiangiogenic Compounds Targeting PA System 6.6 Natural Antiangiogenic Compounds Targeting Heparanase 6.7 Natural Antiangiogenic Compounds Targeting Cathepsins 6.8 Natural Antiangiogenic Compounds Targeting ADAMs and ADAMTSs 6.9 Natural Antiangiogenic Compounds Targeting Elastases 6.10 Conclusions References Chapter 7: Cell-Extracellular Matrix Adhesions in Vascular Endothelium 7.1 Organisation of the Vascular System 7.2 Tissue-Specific Endothelial Cells 7.3 Vasculogenesis 7.4 Angiogenesis 7.4.1 Sprouting Angiogenesis 7.4.2 Intussusceptive Angiogenesis 7.5 Cell-ECM Adhesion 7.5.1 Integrin Receptors 7.5.2 Adhesome Scaffolds and Mechanotransducers 7.5.2.1 Talin 7.5.2.2 Vinculin 7.5.2.3 Paxillin 7.5.2.4 Zyxin 7.5.2.5 P130Cas (CAS-Crk Associated Substrate) 7.5.2.6 Integrin Linked Kinase (ILK)-PINCH-Parvin (IPP) Complex 7.5.3 Adhesome Signalling 7.5.3.1 Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) 7.5.3.2 Phosphatidylinositol 3 Kinases (PI3Ks) 7.5.3.3 Myosin Light Chain Kinase/Phosphatase 7.5.3.4 Src Family Kinase 7.5.3.5 Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases 7.6 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 8: Hypoxia: A Potent Regulator of Angiogenesis Through Extracellular Matrix Remodelling 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Hypoxia Signalling Pathways 8.1.2 The Structure and Function of the ECM 8.2 Hypoxia-Induced Changes in the ECM 8.2.1 Hypoxia Effect on Collagen Gene Expression 8.2.2 Hypoxia Effect on Intracellular Collagen-Modifying Enzymes 8.2.3 Hypoxia Effect on Extracellular Collagen-Modifying Enzymes 8.2.4 Hypoxia Effect on ECM Remodelling Enzymes 8.2.5 Hypoxia Effect on Integrins 8.3 Summary and Future Perspectives References Chapter 9: Leading Roles of Heparan Sulfate in Angiogenesis and Cancer 9.1 Heparan Sulfate and Heparin 9.1.1 Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans 9.1.2 Biosynthesis of HS 9.1.2.1 Regulation of Biosynthesis of HS 9.1.2.2 Post-translational Modifications in HS Structure 9.1.3 Degradation of Heparan Sulfate 9.2 Heparan Sulfate and Cell Transformation 9.3 Heparan Sulfate and Angiogenesis 9.3.1 Heparan Sulfate and Thrombus Formation 9.4 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 10: The Role of Pericytes in Tumor Angiogenesis 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Role of Pericytes in Angiogenesis 10.3 Pericytes, Tumor Growth, and Metastasis 10.4 Pericyte Role in Hypoxia, Metabolism, and Tumor Progression 10.5 Pericytes as Putative Targets in the Therapy of Tumors 10.6 Tumor Immunomodulatory Activity of Pericytes 10.7 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 11: Lymphatic Mechanoregulation in Development and Disease 11.1 Introduction 11.2 The Tissue Microenvironment of Endothelial Cells 11.2.1 The Endothelial Basement Membrane and Extracellular Matrix Components 11.2.2 Mural Cell Support of the Endothelium 11.3 Mechanoregulation of Lymphatic Development 11.4 Mechano-Dysregulation of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Disease 11.4.1 Lymphedema 11.4.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease 11.4.3 Tumor Microenvironment and Tumor Metastasis 11.5 Summary References Index