Applied Principles of Hydrology

Description

Title Page Contents Preface Chapter 1: The Water Cycle Earth-The Blue Planet The Water Cycle Water in Motion Review Questions Chapter 2: The Structure and Properties of Water Molecular Structure of Water The Hydrogen Bond Properties of Water Thermal Properties Viscosity Compressibility Surface Tension Capillarity Water as a Solvent Electrical Properties Summary Review Questions Chapter 3: Water in the Air: Evaporation and Condensation Evaporation The Process of Evaporation Measuring Evaporation Estimating Evaporation from Weather Data Practical Importance of Evaporation Data Condensation The Process of Condensation Measurement of Condensation Applications Suppressing Evaporation to Reduce Water Loss Disposal of Wastewater by Evaporation Evaporative Cooling of Industrial Process Water Review Questions Investigations Chapter 4: Precipitation The Process of Precipitation Forms of Precipitation Types of Precipitation Measurement of Precipitation Precipitation Patterns in Space and Time Interpretation and Analysis of Precipitation Data Snow Measuring Snow to Predict Runoff Interception Applications Weather Modification Cloud Seeding in Practice Environmental Effects of Weather Modification Summary Review Questions Investigations Chapter 5: Infiltration and Soil Water Infiltration What is Soil? Zones of Subsurface Water The Process of Infiltration Soil Water Soil as a Porous Medium Soil Water in Storage Soil Water in Motion Applications Irrigation Groundwater Recharge Gold Recovery by Heap Leaching Review Questions Investigations Chapter 6: Evapotranspiration The Process of Transpiration Osmosis--a Process of Selective Diffusion Measuring Evapotranspiration Basin Water Balance Lysimeter Method Neutron Probe Method Estimation of Evapotranspiration for a Growing Crop Potential Evapotranspiration Effect of Evapotranspiration on Water Supply Changes in Runoff Changes in Groundwater Storage Phreatophytes--Water Thieves of the Desert Common Phreatophytes Applications Evapotranspiration as a Method for Waste Disposal Summary Review Questions Chapter 7: Groundwater The Groundwater Reservoir Areas of Natural Recharge and Discharge Aquifers Geology of Aquifers Confined and Unconfined Aquifers The Function of Aquifers in the Water Cycle Aquifers as Reservoirs: Groundwater in Storage Storage in Unconfined Aquifers Storage in Confined Aquifers Storage in Relation to Geology Interpretation of Water Levels in a California Reservoir Declining Water Levels and Storage Reduction Water Level Contour Map Groundwater Hydrograph Water Level Profile Rising Water Levels--an Increase in Storage Aquifers as Conduits--Groundwater in Motion The Concept of Permeability Groundwater Discharge Through Wells Applications The Dakota Artesian Basin The Great Artesian Basin Why Do Artesian Wells Flow? Storing Surplus Water Underground Review Questions Investigations Chapter 8: Runoff The Runoff Cycle Factors Affecting Runoff Climate Physical Characteristics of the Drainage Basin Land Use: Human Alterations of the Environment Measurement of Runoff Measuring Streamflow The Stream Hydrograph The Stream Channel and Its Floodplain The Channel The Floodplain Floods Flood Control Applications The Colorado River Basin Review Questions Investigations Chapter 9: Chemical Quality of Natural Water What Is Salinity? When Is Water Saline? Dissolved Solids Major Constituents Minor Constituents in Sea Water Global Circulation of Dissolved Solids Salt in the Oceans Salt in the Atmosphere Salt in Surface Water Salt in Groundwater How Quality Affects Use Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Electrical Conductivity (EC) Hardness Minor Constituents in Surface and Underground Waters Applications Extracting Minerals from Natural Waters Reclaiming Waste Water for Drinking Water Reclaimation at Windhoek, Namibia Review Questions Investigations Chapter 10: The Water Cycle and Man The Beginning of Western Civilization The Egyptians and Mesopotamians The Greeks and Romans The Middle Ages Modern Times--The Age of Science Water Problems--Ancient and Modern Salinization of Agricultural Soils Sediment in Reservoirs The Myth of Flood Control Conclusion Review Questions Appendix I: Map of California Showing Locations of Examples Discussed in Text Appendix II: Moving Averages Appendix III: Sources of Hydrologic Data Appendix IV: References Index