Munro Kerr’s Operative Obstetrics
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Munro Kerr's Operative Obstetrics......Page 1 Copyright page......Page 4 Acknowledgments......Page 5 Preface......Page 6 Contributors......Page 8 Myometrial Function......Page 10 The Cervix......Page 11 Biological Control of Labour – Triggering and Maintenance......Page 13 Bibliography......Page 15 Are Delivery Units as Safe as They Should Be?......Page 16 Clinical Practice Guidance......Page 17 Oxytocin: Boon or Bane?......Page 18 Massive Haemorrhage: Time Is of the Essence......Page 19 Collect and AnalySe Patient Safety Data......Page 21 References......Page 22 Information Collection......Page 24 Labour Events and Outcome......Page 25 Indications......Page 26 10-Group Classification......Page 28 Classification of Caesarean Section and Induction of Labour......Page 29 References......Page 30 Preventable Harm......Page 31 Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring......Page 32 Simulation and Obstetric Skills Training......Page 33 Maternal Collapse......Page 34 Teamworking and Teamwork Training......Page 35 Communication......Page 36 References......Page 37 Antenatal Preparation for Labour......Page 40 Diagnosis of Labour......Page 41 Spontaneous Onset of Labour and Favourable Predictive Factors......Page 42 Personal Attention......Page 44 The Pelvis......Page 45 Assessing Progress in Labour......Page 46 Multiparous Women......Page 47 The Duration of Labour......Page 48 References......Page 49 Intermittent Auscultation......Page 50 Decelerations......Page 51 Fetal Behavioural State in the CTG – ‘Cycling’......Page 53 Sinusoidal Pattern......Page 54 Feto-Maternal Transfusion......Page 57 Monitoring Uterine Contractions......Page 58 Fetal Scalp Blood Sampling......Page 59 Fetal Pulse Oximetry......Page 60 Fetal ECG Waveform Analysis......Page 61 Fetal Scalp Lactate Measurements......Page 62 Conclusions......Page 63 References......Page 64 Hypoxaemia, Hypoxia and Asphyxia......Page 66 Acute Hypoxia......Page 67 Gradually Developing Hypoxia......Page 68 Longstanding Hypoxia......Page 71 Vascular Ischaemic Injury......Page 73 Fetal Asphyxia and Medicolegal Implications......Page 74 Reducing Adverse Outcomes......Page 75 Non-Recognition of Technical Errors......Page 76 Education and Training......Page 77 References......Page 78 Indications for Induction of Labour......Page 80 Maternal Diabetes......Page 81 Elective Induction of Labour......Page 82 Membrane Sweeping......Page 83 Amniotomy......Page 84 Phase II......Page 85 Late Intrauterine Fetal Death......Page 86 References......Page 87 Definition......Page 89 Aetiology and Mechanisms......Page 90 Prediction......Page 91 Progesterone......Page 92 Routine Antibiotics......Page 93 Conclusion......Page 94 References......Page 95 10 Assisted Vaginal Delivery......Page 97 General Considerations......Page 100 Maternal Effort......Page 101 Station......Page 102 Bony Pelvis......Page 103 Assessment for Assisted Vaginal Delivery......Page 104 Indication and Assessment......Page 106 Trial of Assisted Vaginal Delivery......Page 107 Forceps Assisted Delivery......Page 108 Classical Forceps......Page 109 Occipito-Posterior Delivery......Page 112 Manual Rotation......Page 113 Forceps Rotation......Page 114 Vacuum Assisted Delivery......Page 117 Fetal......Page 120 Subgaleal Haemorrhage......Page 121 References......Page 122 Bibliography......Page 124 Diagnosis......Page 125 Management......Page 126 Causes......Page 128 Course of Labour......Page 129 During Labour with the Fetus Dead......Page 130 Bibliography......Page 131 Maternal Diabetes Mellitus......Page 132 Caesarean Section......Page 133 State the Problem and Stop the Woman Pushing......Page 134 Evaluate the Need for Episiotomy......Page 135 Delivery of the Posterior Arm......Page 136 All-Fours Position......Page 137 Brachial Plexus Injury......Page 138 Recommendations and Requirements for Shoulder Dystocia Training......Page 139 References......Page 140 13 Caesarean Section......Page 141 Generally Accepted Indications......Page 144 Preoperative Considerations......Page 145 Classical Caesarean Section......Page 146 Surgical Techniques......Page 147 Classical Caesarean Section......Page 149 Deeply Engaged Fetal Head......Page 150 Obesity......Page 151 References......Page 152 14 Vaginal Birth after Caesarean Section......Page 154 Labour with the Previous Caesarean Section......Page 155 Measurement of Lower Uterine Segment Thickness......Page 156 Labour......Page 157 References......Page 159 Bibliography......Page 160 Causes......Page 161 Clinical Presentation......Page 162 Prevention of Uterine Rupture......Page 163 References......Page 164 16 Breech Delivery......Page 166 Anaesthesia......Page 167 Delivery of the Breech and Legs......Page 168 Delivery of the Head......Page 170 Mauriceau–Smellie–Veit Manoeuvre......Page 171 Løvset’s Manoeuvre......Page 172 Nuchal Arm......Page 173 Head Entrapment by Incompletely Dilated Cervix......Page 174 Breech Extraction......Page 175 References......Page 177 Individual Considerations......Page 178 Delivery of the Second Twin......Page 179 Third Stage of Labour......Page 180 References......Page 181 Amniotic Fluid......Page 183 Immediate Relief of Cord Compression......Page 184 Delay in Transfer of Patient for Delivery......Page 185 References......Page 186 Classification......Page 187 Assessment of Vaginal Bleeding from Placenta Praevia......Page 189 Antepartum Management......Page 191 Vaginal Delivery in Placenta Praevia......Page 193 Abnormal Lie/Malpresentation in Early Labour with Minor Placenta Praevia......Page 194 Technical Aspects of Caesarean Section for Placenta Praevia......Page 195 Placental Abruption......Page 198 Pathophysiology......Page 199 Vasa Praevia......Page 200 Screening for Placenta Praevia Increta......Page 202 Surgical Strategies for Placenta Praevia Increta......Page 203 References......Page 205 Physiology of the Third Stage of Labour......Page 207 Management of the Third Stage of Labour......Page 208 Ergometrine......Page 210 Carbetocin......Page 211 Prevention of Primary PPH......Page 212 Oxytocic Drugs......Page 213 References......Page 214 Uterine Massage......Page 216 Predisposing Factors......Page 217 Technique of Manual Removal......Page 218 References......Page 219 Causes......Page 220 Management......Page 221 Recurrent Uterine Inversion......Page 223 References......Page 224 Episiotomy......Page 226 Technique......Page 228 Technique......Page 229 Vaginal Lacerations......Page 230 Annular Detachment of the Cervix......Page 231 References......Page 232 Pathophysiological Response to Haemorrhage......Page 234 Management......Page 235 Monitoring Progress......Page 237 Bibliography......Page 238 Pathophysiology......Page 239 Management......Page 240 Replacement of Procoagulants......Page 241 References......Page 242 Diagnosis......Page 243 References......Page 244 Prepared Childbirth......Page 245 Inhalation Analgesia......Page 246 Narcotic Analgesia......Page 247 Local Infiltration......Page 248 Paracervical Block......Page 249 Bibliography......Page 250 Timing......Page 251 Bibliography......Page 252 Excessive Uterine Action......Page 254 Nitroglycerine......Page 255 References......Page 256 Technique......Page 257 Recognition of Fetal Landmarks......Page 259 Technique......Page 260 References......Page 261 Balloon Tamponade......Page 262 Care after Uterine Tamponade......Page 263 References......Page 264 Modified B-Lynch Suture......Page 266 Square Compression Sutures......Page 267 References......Page 268 Anatomy and Haemodynamics......Page 270 Uterine Artery Ligation......Page 271 Internal Iliac Artery Ligation......Page 272 Pelvic Vessel Embolization......Page 273 References......Page 274 Uterine Rupture......Page 275 Surgical Considerations......Page 276 Surgical Technique......Page 277 References......Page 279 Breech Presentation......Page 280 Technique......Page 281 References......Page 283 General Principles......Page 285 Craniotomy......Page 286 Craniocentesis......Page 287 Decapitation......Page 288 References......Page 289
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