Advanced Materials from Recycled Waste

Description

Advanced Materials from Recycled Waste examines the structural components of waste and looks at how best to transform those waste materials into advanced materials that can be utilized for high-end applications. Sections explore what is meant by Waste – looking at what are the sources, types of waste, and the management techniques and three sections dealing with specific types of waste materials, including Industrial, Agricultural and Plastics/Polymers. Classification, characterization, utilization of, physical and mechanical properties, and design and development are explored for each of these materials. Each section concludes with a review of the challenges and future prospects for their utilization. This book will be a vital resource for a broad audience interested in the reuse of waste materials, including materials scientists and materials engineers in industry involved in the recycling, reuse and reclamation of materials and industrial byproducts, and some more general environmental scientists and engineers involved in sustainable development. Front Cover Advanced Materials From Recycled Waste Copyright Contents Contributors Preface Acknowledgments Chapter 1: Industrial solid waste: An overview 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Classification of ISW 1.2.1. According to nature 1.2.2. Per pollution characteristics 1.2.3. According to industrial sectors 1.2.4. Industrial process 1.3. Wastes from different industries: Generation, properties and uses 1.3.1. Coal fly ash (FA) 1.3.1.1. Classification of FA 1.3.1.2. Physical properties of FA 1.3.1.3. Composition of FA 1.3.1.4. Characterization of FA 1.3.1.5. Applications of FA 1.3.1.5.1. FA in concretes 1.3.1.5.2. Fly ash bricks 1.3.1.5.3. Fly ash based geopolymer cement 1.3.1.5.4. Fly ash in soils 1.3.1.5.5. Water purification by FA 1.3.2. Blast furnace slag (BFS) 1.3.2.1. Reuse and recycling of blast furnace slag 1.3.2.1.1. Slag in cement and concrete 1.3.2.2. Ferro nickel slag 1.3.3. Rubber tires 1.3.3.1. Waste tires into useful products 1.3.3.2. Rubber in concrete 1.3.4. Used glasses 1.3.5. Silica fume 1.3.6. Plastic wastes 1.3.7. Agro industrial wastes 1.3.8. Dairy wastes 1.3.9. E-waste and their recycling 1.3.10. Industrial waste as heat recourse 1.3.11. Bioremediation of industrial wastes 1.4. Conclusions and future prospects References Chapter 2: Exploring brine sludge and fly ash waste for making nontoxic radiation shielding materials 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Brine sludge as radiation shielding materials 2.3. Fly ash as radiation shielding materials 2.4. Applications of brine sludge and fly ash as nontoxic radiation shielding materials 2.5. Conclusion 2.6. Future perspectives References Chapter 3: Use of red mud as advanced soil stabilization material 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Chemical properties of red mud 3.3. Physical properties of soil and red mud 3.4. Red mud as a soil stabilizer 3.5. Discussion 3.6. Conclusion References Chapter 4: Conversion of agricultural crop waste into valuable chemicals 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass 4.2.1. Furfural 4.2.2. Furfuryl alcohol 4.2.3. Furan 4.2.4. 2(5H)-furanone 4.2.5. Levulinic acid 4.2.6. Caprolactam 4.2.7. Cyclopentanone 4.2.8. 1,3-Propane diol 4.2.9. Ethylene glycol 4.2.10. Gamma-valerolactone 4.2.11. Maleic acid and maleic anhydride 4.2.12. Isosorbide 4.2.13. Acrylic acid 4.2.14. 1,5-Pentane diol 4.2.15. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) 4.2.16. 2,5-Diformyl furan (DFF) 4.2.17. Furoic acid 4.2.18. 2,5-Dimethylfuran 4.2.19. 1,3-Butadiene 4.2.20. 1,4-Butanediol 4.2.21. Ethyl lactate 4.2.22. Glycerin 4.2.23. Isoprene 4.2.24. p-Xylene 4.3. Conclusions and future prospect Acknowledgments References Chapter 5: Membrane-based treatment of wastewater generated in pharmaceutical and textile industries for a sustainable en ... 5.1. A brief overview on pharmaceutical and textile waste 5.2. Wastewater: A source of environmental hazards 5.3. Effective performance of membrane on wastewater 5.3.1. Temperature 5.3.2. Pressure 5.3.3. Flow rate 5.4. Effect of nanocomposite membrane on wastewater treatment process 5.5. Conclusion References Chapter 6: Efficient and nutritive value addition of waste from food processing industries 6.1. A brief overview on food waste 6.2. Types of food waste 6.2.1. Apple manufacturing industries 6.2.2. Berries 6.3. Process for recovery of waste products 6.4. Extraction of food waste 6.4.1. Extrusion process 6.4.2. Solvent extraction 6.4.3. Sub critical water extraction 6.4.4. Enzyme assisted extraction 6.4.5. Ultrasound-assisted extraction 6.4.6. Microwave-assisted extraction 6.4.7. Pulse electric field 6.4.8. High hydrostatic pressure extraction 6.4.9. Membrane assisted extraction 6.5. Recovery of bioactive compounds from waste 6.5.1. Adsorption 6.5.2. Electrodialysis 6.6. Potential applicability of food waste 6.7. Conclusion References Chapter 7: Waste incorporation in glass: A potential alternative and safe utilization 7.1. Introduction 7.1.1. Tannery solid waste (TSW) 7.1.1.1. Various approaches for TSW management 7.1.2. Arsenic-containing sludge (ACS) 7.1.2.1. Various approaches for ACS management 7.1.3. E-waste 7.1.4. Rice husk ash (RHA) 7.1.5. Waste incorporation in glass and ceramic 7.2. Material and method 7.2.1. Glass preparation with TSW 7.2.2. Glass preparation with ACS 7.2.3. Glass preparation with e-waste glass 7.2.4. Glass preparation with RHA 7.2.5. Characterization 7.3. Result and discussion 7.3.1. Tannery waste incorporation 7.3.2. Arsenic waste 7.3.3. E-waste glass 7.3.4. Rice husk ash (RHA) 7.4. Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 8: Agricultural waste: Sustainable valuable products 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Current scenario of agricultural waste 8.2.1. Food crop agrowastes 8.2.2. Cash crop agrowastes 8.2.3. Plantation crop agrowaste 8.2.4. Horticultural crop agrowastes 8.3. Agricultural wastes toward biorefinery process 8.3.1. Biodiesel 8.3.2. Bioethanol 8.3.3. Biogas 8.4. Agricultural waste toward platform chemicals 8.5. Agricultural waste toward pharmaceutical chemicals 8.6. Other value-added products 8.7. Conclusions References Chapter 9: Use of industrial waste for value-added products 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Different industrial waste and their uses 9.2.1. Fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) 9.2.1.1. Blended cements 9.2.1.2. Use of Fly ash/GGBFS in concrete 9.2.1.3. Ready-mix plaster 9.2.1.4. Masonry bricks and blocks 9.2.1.5. Wall panels 9.2.1.6. Microconcrete and repair mortar 9.2.1.7. Grout material 9.2.1.8. Masonry mortar 9.2.1.9. Tile base material 9.2.1.10. Tile adhesive material 9.2.1.11. Other applications 9.2.2. Phosphogypsum-A fertilizer industry waste 9.2.2.1. Phosphogypsum-based plaster 9.2.2.2. Phosphogypsum-based wall putty 9.2.2.3. Phosphogypsum wall panels 9.2.2.4. Plaster boards, false ceiling 9.2.2.5. Making statues and models 9.2.3. Red mud-Waste from aluminum industry 9.2.3.1. Cement production 9.2.3.2. Cement mortar and concrete with red mud 9.2.3.3. Checkered tiles and paver blocks 9.2.3.4. Geopolymers concrete 9.2.3.5. Brick manufacturing 9.2.3.6. Ceramic products 9.2.3.7. Wastewater treatment 9.2.3.8. As a catalyst 9.2.3.9. As a filler in plastic 9.2.4. Rice husk ash 9.2.4.1. Cement composites 9.2.4.2. Silicon-based materials 9.2.4.3. Adsorbents in vegetable oil refining and removal of heavy metals 9.2.5. Plastic waste 9.2.5.1. Pipes with partly recycled plastic pipe waste 9.2.5.2. Asphalt mix with waste plastic 9.2.5.3. Cement mortar and concrete with thermoset plastic waste 9.3. Concluding remarks Acknowledgment References Chapter 10: Conversion of agriculture, forest, and garden waste for alternate energy source: Bio-oil and biochar producti ... 10.1. Introduction 10.1.1. Present scenario of agriculture waste in India 10.2. Literature review 10.2.1. Biochar production from crop residue relevant to India and Maharashtra 10.3. Materials and method 10.3.1. Method for estimation of surplus crop residue in India and Maharashtra 10.3.2. Method for estimation of biochar yield 10.4. Results and discussion 10.4.1. Estimate of surplus biomass generated in India 10.4.2. Surplus crop residue for biochar production in India and Maharashtra 10.4.3. Potential for biochar application 10.5. Economic benefits of combined production of biochar and bio-oil 10.5.1. Introduction 10.5.2. Benefits from combined production of biochar and bio-oil 10.5.3. Overall benefits from the pyrolysis activity to the nation 10.5.4. Direct benefits to farmers in terms of increase in income 10.6. Conclusions and suggestion for future work Acknowledgment References Chapter 11: Agricultural waste: An exploration of the innovative possibilities in the pursuit of long-term sustainability 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Categorization and sources of agricultural waste 11.2.1. Animal waste 11.2.2. Meat and food processing waste 11.2.3. On-farm organic waste 11.2.4. Horticulture production waste 11.2.5. Fisheries waste 11.2.6. Agrochemical wastes 11.3. Effect of agricultural residue on an environment and human health 11.4. Value-added products from agricultural wastes 11.4.1. Fertilizer 11.4.2. Anaerobic digestion 11.4.3. Composting and vermicomposting 11.4.4. Removal of heavy metals onto untreated or treated agriculture wastes 11.4.5. Animal feed 11.4.6. Pyrolysis and plasma gasification 11.4.7. Agrocement 11.5. Conclusions and future scope References Chapter 12: Utilization of value-added products from fly ash: An industrial waste 12.1. Introduction 12.2. FA properties 12.3. Fly ash (FA) applications in different fields 12.3.1. FA usage in the concrete industry 12.3.2. FA usage in bricks 12.3.3. FA in agriculture sector 12.3.4. FA application in the stabilized base course 12.3.5. FA utilization in mosaic tiles 12.3.6. FA utilization as light aggregates 12.3.7. FA utilization in flowable fills 12.3.8. FA utilization in pavements 12.3.9. FA utilization as pesticide 12.3.10. FA utilization as an adsorbent 12.4. Conclusions and recommendations References Chapter 13: Advanced geopolymer: Utilizing industrial waste to material to achieve zero waste 13.1. Introduction 13.1.1. Current strategies to waste management 13.2. Basic principles of solid waste management 13.2.1. Challenges to current waste management 13.2.2. Why choose geopolymer? 13.2.3. Geopolymer and its structure 13.3. Industrial wastes utilization in geopolymer technology 13.3.1. Fly ash utilization into geopolymer 13.3.2. Kaolin and Metakaolin utilization into Geopolymer 13.3.3. Rice husk ash utilization into geopolymer 13.3.4. Construction demolition waste into geopolymer 13.4. Municipal waste encapsulation and integration into geopolymer technology 13.4.1. Encapsulation of MSW 13.4.2. Recycling wastepaper, cardboard into geopolymer 13.4.3. Recycling thermoplastic polymers into geopolymer 13.5. Advanced applications of waste driven geopolymer 13.5.1. Acid resistance of geopolymer 13.5.2. Alkali resistance of geopolymer 13.5.3. Geopolymer in thermal transportation 13.6. Summary 13.7. Diversity statement 13.8. Conclusion and future perspectives References Chapter 14: Utilization of waste glass fiber in polymer composites 14.1. Introduction 14.1.1. Land filling 14.1.2. Incineration 14.2. About waste glass fiber (WGF) 14.3. Some studies on the separation of fibers from waste FRP 14.4. Development of suitable polymer composite 14.5. Wear behavior of waste glass fiber (WGF)-polyester composites 14.5.1. Abrasive wear testing 14.5.2. Wear behavior of waste glass fiber-reinforced epoxy gradient composites 14.5.3. Abrasive wear behavior of WGF/polypropylene based lining materials 14.6. Possible applications of waste glass fiber 14.7. Conclusions References Chapter 15: Muga silk: Sustainable materials for emerging technology 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Origin of silk 15.3. Types of silk 15.4. Antiquity of Muga silk in Assam 15.5. Distribution of Muga silk 15.6. Present status of Muga silk 15.7. Cultivation of Muga silk 15.8. Compositions of Muga silk 15.9. Fibroin (central structure protein) 15.10. Sericin (glue protein) 15.11. Properties of Muga silk 15.11.1. Structure of Muga silk 15.11.2. Tensile strength 15.11.3. Moisture absorbance 15.11.4. Conduction of heat 15.11.5. Conduction of electricity 15.11.6. Effect of acid/alkali 15.11.7. Porosity 15.11.8. Eco-friendly 15.12. Uses and applications 15.13. Dietary application 15.14. Biomedical applications 15.15. Tissue engineering 15.16. Pharmaceutical application 15.17. Cosmetic application 15.18. Textile application 15.19. Art craft application 15.20. Construction applications 15.21. Application as biodiesel 15.22. Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 16: Plastic recycling: Challenges, opportunities, and future aspects 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Steps involved in plastic recycling and advantages of recycling 16.3. Chemical recycling methods for various polymers 16.3.1. Depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 16.3.1.1. Glycolysis 16.3.1.2. Chemolysis 16.3.2. Depolymerization of high density polyethylene (HDPE) 16.3.3. Depolymerization of polystyrene 16.3.4. Depolymerization of polycarbonate 16.3.4.1. Alcoholysis 16.3.4.2. Hydrolysis 16.3.4.3. Catalytic depolymerization 16.3.5. Polyvinyl chloride depolymerization 16.3.6. Waste vehicle tire depolymerization 16.3.7. Polyamides recycling 16.3.7.1. Nylon-66 recycling 16.3.7.2. Nylon-6 recycling 16.3.8. Polyethylene and polypropylene recycling 16.3.9. Polyurethane foam recycling 16.3.9.1. Glycolysis and hydrolysis 16.3.9.2. Aminolysis and ammonolysis 16.3.10. Recycling of mixture of waste polymers 16.4. Applications and properties of recycled polymers 16.4.1. Additives in recycled polymers and polymer composites: A way to enhance material properties 16.4.2. Recycled polymers in food industry 16.4.3. Other major applications of recycled polymers 16.5. Plastic recycling and CO2 emissions 16.5.1. Energy recovery 16.5.2. Impact of plastic recycling on CO2 emissions, greenhouse effect and carbon footprint 16.6. Conclusions and future aspects Acknowledgments References Index Back Cover