Introduction to Forestry and Natural Resources

Description

Introduction to Forestry and Natural Resources, Second Edition, presents a broad, completely updated overview of the profession of forestry. The book details several key fields within forestry, including forest management, economics, policy, utilization and forestry careers. Chapters deal specifically with forest regions of the world, landowners, forest products, wildlife habitats, tree anatomy and physiology, and forest disturbances and health. These topics are ideal for undergraduate introductory courses and include numerous examples and questions for students to ponder. There is also a section dedicated to forestry careers. Unlike other introductory forestry texts, which focus largely on forest ecology rather than practical forestry concepts, this book encompasses the economic, ecological and social aspects, thus providing a uniquely balanced text. The wide range of experience of the contributing authors equips them especially well to identify missing content from other texts in the area and address topics currently covered in corresponding college courses. Front Cover INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCES INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY AND NATURAL RESOURCES Copyright Dedication Contents Preface 1 - A brief history of forestry and natural resource management 1.1 What is forestry and natural resource management? 1.2 What are forests? 1.3 Why are forests important to humans? 1.4 A brief history of human interaction with forests 1.4.1 The forest extraction perspective 1.4.2 The forest renewability and management perspective 1.5 Forests in the current world political and environmental context 1.6 Human developmental pressures on forests 1.7 What are the major challenges to forests in the future? Summary References 2 - Forest regions of the world 2.1 North America 2.1.1 United States of America 2.1.2 Canada 2.1.3 Mexico 2.2 Central America 2.2.1 Costa Rica 2.2.2 Guatemala 2.2.3 Honduras 2.2.4 Nicaragua 2.2.5 Panama 2.3 South America 2.3.1 Argentina 2.3.2 Bolivia 2.3.3 Brazil 2.3.4 Chile 2.3.5 Colombia 2.3.6 Peru 2.3.7 Venezuela 2.4 Europe 2.4.1 Austria 2.4.2 Belarus 2.4.3 Finland 2.4.4 Germany 2.4.5 Russian Federation 2.4.6 Spain 2.4.7 United Kingdom 2.5 Asia 2.5.1 China 2.5.2 Indonesia 2.5.3 Japan 2.5.4 Republic of Korea (South Korea) 2.6 Africa 2.6.1 Democratic Republic of the Congo 2.6.2 Ghana 2.6.3 Nigeria 2.6.4 South Africa 2.6.5 United Republic of Tanzania 2.7 Oceania 2.7.1 Australia 2.7.2 New Zealand 2.7.3 Papua New Guinea Summary References 3 - Forest landowner goals, objectives, and constraints 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Objectives of forest landowners 3.2.1 Public ownership 3.2.1.1 Federal or national governments 3.2.1.2 State or provincial governments 3.2.1.3 County, parish, or borough government 3.2.1.4 Municipal or local government 3.2.1.5 University forests 3.2.1.6 Communal and community forests 3.2.2 Private ownership 3.2.2.1 Industrial landowners 3.2.2.2 Nonindustrial private owners 3.2.2.3 Timberland investment management organizations and real estate investment trusts 3.2.3 Nongovernmental organizations 3.3 Constraints of forest landowners Summary References 4 - Forest products 4.1 Commodities 4.1.1 Solid wood products 4.1.2 Pulp and paper 4.1.3 Composites and engineered wood 4.1.4 Chemicals 4.1.5 Residues 4.2 Nontimber forest products 4.2.1 Wildlife habitat and rangeland resources 4.2.2 Recreation 4.2.3 Water 4.2.4 Aesthetics 4.2.5 Biodiversity 4.2.6 Biofuels 4.2.7 Carbon Summary References 5 - Wildlife habitat relationships 5.1 What is wildlife? 5.2 What is wildlife habitat? 5.3 Characterization of habitat types 5.4 Succession and stand conditions 5.5 Edge versus interior habitats 5.6 Riparian zones and wildlife corridors 5.7 Direct and indirect management of habitat 5.8 Habitat models 5.9 Threats to wildlife habitat 5.9.1 Cane toad 5.9.2 Kudzu 5.9.3 Cogongrass Summary References 6 - Ecosystem services 6.1 What is an ecosystem? 6.2 What are ecosystem services? 6.3 Types of ecosystem services 6.3.1 Provisioning services 6.3.2 Regulating services 6.3.3 Cultural services 6.3.4 Supporting services 6.4 Trade-offs when managing for different forest ecosystem services Summary References 7 - Forest recreation 7.1 What is recreation? 7.2 What is forest recreation? 7.3 A brief history of forest recreation in the United States 7.4 Where are the forest recreational opportunities? 7.4.1 Federal recreational opportunities 7.4.2 State or provincial recreational opportunities 7.4.3 Urban and municipal recreational opportunities 7.4.4 Private recreational opportunities 7.5 Recreation opportunity spectrum 7.6 Factors that affect participation in forest recreation 7.6.1 People 7.6.2 Money 7.6.3 Time 7.6.4 Communications 7.7 Recreational planning and development Summary References 8 - Forest measurements and forestry related data 8.1 Measuring trees and the forest 8.2 Measuring other resources 8.2.1 Soil resources 8.2.2 Aquatic resource quality 8.2.3 Wildlife resources and habitat quality 8.2.4 Air quality and atmospheric conditions 8.2.5 Recreation-related resources 8.2.6 Rangeland resources 8.2.7 Forest fuels 8.2.8 Biodiversity 8.2.9 Nontimber forest products 8.3 Geographic information systems 8.4 Global satellite–based positioning and navigation systems 8.5 Aerial photographs and digital orthophotographs 8.6 Other remotely sensed imagery 8.7 Laser and LiDAR technology 8.8 Unmanned aerial vehicles: drones Summary References 9 - Tree anatomy and physiology 9.1 Tree anatomy 9.2 Transpiration and sap flow in a tree 9.3 Photosynthesis 9.4 Tree respiration 9.5 Tree growth 9.6 Tree roots 9.7 Tree regeneration 9.8 Tree tolerance to shade 9.9 Tree nutrition 9.10 Tree responses to signals Summary References 10 - Forest dynamics 10.1 Forest communities 10.2 Interaction, competition, and strategy among tree species 10.3 Gradients and niches 10.4 Forest succession 10.5 Stand dynamics following major disturbance 10.6 Gap dynamics Summary References 11 - Common forestry practices 11.1 Site preparation 11.2 Forest regeneration 11.2.1 Natural regeneration 11.2.2 Artificial regeneration 11.2.3 Afforestation 11.3 Early tending 11.4 Precommercial thinning 11.5 Pruning 11.6 Commercial thinning 11.7 Fertilization 11.8 Final harvest 11.9 Group selection harvests 11.10 Seed tree harvests 11.11 Shelterwood harvests 11.12 Uneven-aged partial selection harvests 11.13 Partial selective harvests 11.14 Salvage or sanitation harvests 11.15 Prescribed burning 11.16 Forest fuel reduction treatments 11.17 Understory cleaning 11.18 Biomass harvesting 11.19 Agroforestry 11.19.1 Silvopastoral systems 11.19.2 Alley cropping 11.19.3 Windbreaks 11.20 Clonal forestry 11.21 Forest protection Summary References 12 - Forest harvesting systems 12.1 Tree felling and processing in the woods 12.2 Primary transportation 12.3 Tree processing at a landing 12.4 Secondary transportation 12.5 Forest roads 12.6 Safety 12.7 Harvesting other products Summary References 13 - Forest and natural resource economics 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Why forest and natural resource economics? 13.3 Markets, efficiency, and government 13.4 The time value of money 13.5 Forest and natural resource investment evaluation criteria 13.6 Economics of a forest rotation 13.7 Nonmarket forest products Summary References 14 - Forest disturbances and health 14.1 What are forest disturbances? 14.2 Disturbances created by wind 14.3 Disturbances created by fire 14.4 Disturbances created by volcanic eruptions 14.5 Disturbances created by ice and snow 14.6 Disturbances created by floods 14.7 Disturbances created by diseases 14.8 Disturbances created by insects 14.9 Disturbances created by humans Summary References 15 - Forest policies and external pressures 15.1 What is a forest policy? 15.2 International forest policies 15.3 National, state, and provincial policies 15.4 Organizational and individual policies 15.5 Forest certification programs 15.5.1 Status of forest certification 15.5.2 Major forest certification programs 15.5.2.1 Forest Stewardship Council 15.5.2.2 Sustainable Forestry Initiative 15.5.2.3 The Program for the Endorsement of Forest Certification 15.5.3 Benefits and costs of forest certification 15.6 Trade issues 15.7 Forest carbon sequestration and markets 15.8 Renewable energy and forest resources Summary References 16 - Urban forestry 16.1 What is urban forestry? 16.2 A brief history of urban forestry 16.3 The benefits of urban forestry 16.3.1 Climate amelioration 16.3.2 Engineering benefits 16.3.3 Architectural and aesthetic benefits 16.3.4 Enhancement of real estate values 16.3.5 Enhancement of wildlife habitat 16.3.6 Social benefits 16.4 The environment of urban forestry 16.5 The management of urban forests Summary References 17 - Ethics 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Philosophical approaches to land or conservation ethics 17.2.1 Management of forestland in Upper Lapland, Finland 17.2.2 Management of family farms in Victoria, Australia 17.2.3 Bioenergy opportunities in sub-Saharan Africa 17.2.4 Clearcutting in the rainforest of British Columbia 17.3 Ethical conduct from a business perspective 17.4 Example codes of ethics in natural resource management 17.4.1 Society of American Foresters 17.4.2 Institute of Foresters of Australia (IFA) 17.4.3 Canadian Institute of Forestry 17.4.4 Southern African Institute of Forestry 17.4.5 New Brunswick Forest Technicians Association Summary References 18 - Forestry and natural resource management careers 18.1 Forestry and natural resource management careers 18.1.1 Forest ranger 18.1.2 Forest technician 18.1.3 Fire management officer and firefighter 18.1.4 Industrial or operations forester 18.1.5 Consulting forester 18.1.6 Urban forester 18.1.7 Utility forester 18.1.8 State and federal foresters 18.1.9 Procurement forester 18.1.10 Research forester 18.1.11 Inventory forester 18.1.12 Forest analyst and planner 18.1.13 Forest engineer 18.1.14 International development forester and natural resource manager 18.1.15 Silviculturist 18.1.16 Ecologist 18.1.17 Wildlife biologist 18.1.18 Fisheries biologist 18.1.19 Hydrologist and limnologist 18.1.20 Soil conservationist 18.1.21 Technical services forester 18.1.22 Invasive species coordinator 18.1.23 Forest recreation manager 18.1.24 Park interpreter and guide/naturalist 18.1.25 Forest entomologist 18.1.26 Certification and sustainability auditor 18.1.27 General or regional manager 18.1.28 Educator 18.1.29 Law enforcement/conservation officers Summary References Appendix A Appendix B Glossary References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z