Harnessing Materials for X-ray Based Cancer Therapy and Imaging

Description

This book discusses the efficacy of nanomaterial-based X-rays enhancers against cancer therapy and imaging in both in vitro and in vivo systems. Also, synthesis, mechanism, and the related biological effects are given. Moreover, nanoparticle-based contrast agents to enhance the image quality are compiled. Finally, special nanoparticle-based contrast agents to enhance the contrast for targeted cancer therapy are covered and discussed. Contents X-rays Based Bioimaging Techniques and Scintillating Materials 1 Introduction 2 An Overview of X-ray: Discovery and Road Towards Biomedical Imaging 3 X-ray Imaging and Application in Medicine 3.1 Radiography 3.2 Fluoroscopy 3.3 Angiography 3.4 Computed Tomography 4 High Energy X-ray Sensitive Materials for Medical Applications 4.1 Perovskite-Based Sensitive Materials 5 Highly Sensitive X-ray Detector: Organic and Inorganic Materials 6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Radiosensitizers in Radiation-Induced Cancer Therapy 1 Introduction 2 Small Molecules 3 Macromolecules 4 Oligonucleotides 5 SiRNAs 6 Proteins and Peptides 7 Nanomaterials 8 Metal-Based Nanomaterials as an Effective Radiosensitizers 9 Conclusions and Prospects References Emerging Nanomaterials as Radio-Sensitizer in Radiotherapy 1 Introduction 2 Mechanism of NPs Based Sensitization 3 Nanomaterials Used as Radio-Sensitizer 3.1 Gold NPs 3.2 Hafnium Oxide NPs 3.3 Gadolinium NPs 3.4 Silver NPs 3.5 Quantum Dots (QDs) 4 Conclusion References Nanoradiosensitzers: Preparation, Characterization and Their Performance 1 Introduction 1.1 Oxidative Stress 1.2 Nanoradiosensitizers Based on Oxidative Stress 1.3 DNA Damage 1.4 Nanoradiosensitizers Based on DNA Damage 1.5 Cell-Cycle Arrest 1.6 Nanoradiosensitizers Based on Cell-Cycle Arrest 1.7 Apoptosis 1.8 Nanoradiosensitizers Based on Apoptosis 1.9 Autophagy 1.10 Nanoradiosensitizers Based on Autophagy 2 Synthesis of Radiosensitizers 2.1 Gold Based Nanoparticles 2.2 Sulfonamides Based Radiosensitizers 2.3 Zinc Based Radiosensitizers 2.4 Iron Based Radiosensitizers 2.5 Curcumin Based Radiosensitizers 2.6 Nitrogen Based Radiosensitizers 2.7 Other Radiosensitizers 3 Characterization and Performance of Various Nanoradiosentizer 3.1 Gold-Based Nanoradiosentizer 4 Conclusion References Harnessing the Power of Nanomaterials to Alleviate Tumor Hypoxia in Favor of Cancer Therapy 1 Introduction 2 Targeting Hypoxia by Nanomedicine 2.1 Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1(HIF-1) as a Potential Therapeutic Target 2.2 Hypoxia-Activated Linkers/Prodrugs 2.3 Taking Advantage of Hypoxia to Modulate Tumor Therapy 3 Tumor Oxygenation by Nanomedicine 3.1 Oxygen-Loaded Nanocarriers 3.2 Oxygen Generators 4 Challenges and Conclusion References Application of Nanoradioprotective Agents in Cancer Therapy 1 Introduction 2 Delivery of Molecular Radioprotectors by Nanocarriers 2.1 Organic Polymeric Carriers 2.2 Inorganic Carriers 3 Nanoradioprotectors 3.1 Principle 3.2 Based on C60 Fullerene 3.3 Based on Graphene and CNT 3.4 Based on Cutting-Edge Carbon-Based Radioprotectors 3.5 Cerium-Based Nanoradioprotectors 3.6 Noble Metal Nanoradioprotectors 4 Challenges and Conclusion References X-ray Triggered Photodynamic Therapy 1 Introduction 2 Limitations of Photodynamic Therapy 3 X-ray Triggered Photodynamic Therapy 4 Principle of X-ray Triggered Photodynamic Therapy 5 Different Nanomaterials-Based Systems for X-ray Triggered Photodynamic Therapy 6 Radio-Sensitizing Materials Operation in X-ray Induced Photodynamic Therapy 7 Conclusion References Nanoparticle Based CT Contrast Agents 1 Introduction 2 Nanoparticle Based Contrast Agents 2.1 Gold Nanoparticle Based Contrast Agents 2.2 Silver Nanoparticle Based Contrast Agents 2.3 Bi Nanoparticle Based Contrast Agents 2.4 Thorium Oxide Nanoparticle Based Contrast Agents 2.5 Tantalum Nanoparticle Based Contrast Agents 2.6 Rare Earth Nanoparticles Based Contrast Agents 3 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Natural Radioprotectors 1 Introduction 2 Damage Due to Ionizing Radiation 3 Radioprotectors 4 Radio-Protective Agents of Natural Origin 4.1 Radioprotective Mechanisms of Natural Radioprotectors 5 Molecular-Based Radioprotection 6 Challenges and Conclusion References ROS-Based Cancer Radiotherapy 1 Introduction 2 ROS Chemistry 3 ROS Biology—ROS Modulation to Radiotherapy Efficacy Improvement 4 ROS Nanotechnology 5 RT Synergic Therapy 6 Challenges and Conclusion References