Putting Responsible Research and Innovation into Practice: A Multi-Stakeholder Approach

Description

This Open Access book builds on the experiences of one of the largest European projects in the domain of responsible Research and Innovation: NewHoRRIzon. It highlights the potential of and opportunity in responsible R&I to conduct innovation in a socially responsible way. Employing the methodology of Social Labs, the book analyses responsible R&I from an experience-based viewpoint and further explores the application of responsible R&I beyond scholarly and industrial interests. The contributors analyze the current European R&I landscape, provide reflection and reconceptualization of its core concepts, and project future challenges in relation to responsible R&I. The book complements the readers' line of work by providing insights on how responsible R&I can be applied by the audience, for example, in their decision-making processes.  Acknowledgments Contents About the Editor Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Synopsis and Overview of the Chapters References Part I: Responsible Research & Innovation as EU Policy Chapter 2: The Drama of Responsible Research and Innovation: The Ups and Downs of a Policy Concept 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Short History of RRI 2.3 RRI as a Fragile Policy Concept 2.3.1 Conceptual Fragility 2.3.2 Financial Fragility 2.3.3 Legal Fragility 2.3.4 Institutional Fragility 2.4 Advocacy Coalitions in Responsible Research and Innovation 2.4.1 Sabatier’s Advocacy Coalition Approach 2.4.2 “Pro RRI” AC 2.4.3 Belief System 2.4.4 Resources 2.4.5 AC “RRI Critics and Actors Unaware of RRI” 2.4.6 Belief System 2.4.7 Resources 2.4.8 AC “de facto rri” 2.5 Conclusions References Chapter 3: The Institutionalisation of a New Paradigm at Policy Level 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review 3.2.1 Institutions, Institutionalisation, and Deep Institutionalisation 3.2.2 Deep Institutionalisation: An Attempt to Apply the Approach to Analysis of the Policy Level 3.3 Empirical Illustration 3.4 Results and Discussion 3.4.1 The Evolution of Dominant Narratives 3.4.2 Maturation by Way of Experimental Embedding 3.4.3 Systemic Consolidation: Mainstreaming 3.4.4 Vertical Multilevel Alignment 3.5 Conclusion References Chapter 4: Democratic Experimentation with Responsibility: A Pragmatist Approach to Responsible Research and Innovation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Complex and Disruptive Changes 4.3 Ethical Assessment Frameworks and RRI 4.4 Reframing RRI as a Strategy for Collective Democratic Experimentation 4.5 Learning from Pragmatism and Democracy as a Way of Life 4.6 Sociality of Practices and Contextual Nature of Responsibility 4.7 Publics and Democratic Experimentation Through Social Inquiry 4.8 Towards Collective Democratic Experimentation with RRI in Social Labs 4.9 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Cultural Particularities and Its Role in the “Innovation Divide”: A Closer Look at the Origins of “Spreading Excellence and Widening Participation” 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Genesis of Widening in H2020 5.3 Policy Transition Towards the “Grand Challenges” 5.4 Challenges for Transition in EU-13 Countries 5.5 The Importance of Cultural Particularities Towards the Policy Transition 5.6 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Joining Forces – Staying Unique: Adapting RRI to Different Research and Innovation Funding Agency Contexts 6.1 Introduction 6.2 The Wider Context: Challenges to the National R & I Landscape 6.3 Methodology 6.4 RRI Within National Funding and Innovation Agencies 6.5 Discussion 6.6 Conclusion and Recommendations References Part II: Public Engagement for Responsible Research & Innovation Chapter 7: Public Engagement in the Tradition of Participatory Approaches – An Approximation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Four Participatory Traditions in Research and Innovation 7.2.1 Participatory Design 7.2.2 User Led Innovation 7.2.3 Participatory Research 7.2.4 Systemic R&I Policy Instruments 7.2.5 Comparison of Participatory Practice Domains 7.3 Case Studies 7.3.1 Methodology 7.3.2 Case Study: Participation in Health 7.3.3 A. Reorganisation at Karolinska University Hospital 7.3.4 B. Science Shop “Science Together” in Tunis 7.3.5 C. Participatory Approaches in Research Funding in the Netherlands 7.3.6 D. myCode Project Involving Young Cancer Patients 7.3.7 Case Study: Participation in Environment 7.3.8 A. Project InnovationCity Bottrop: Public engagement in real-life laboratories 7.3.9 B. Project CuveWaters: Improving Living Conditions in Africa – Participation to Develop Ownership 7.3.10 C. Project Roadkill: Citizen Science as Innovation Engine in Science, Economy and Society 7.3.11 D. GREEN-WIN: A Win-Win Strategy for Green Business: Is Green Growth Possible? 7.3.12 Integration 7.4 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Social Labs in Public Engagement Processes for RRI 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Theoretical Embedding 8.2.1 Challenges of Public Engagement in Research and Innovation Processes 8.2.2 Selection of Participants 8.2.3 The Role of the Engaged and the Timing of Public Engagement in Research Processes 8.2.4 Management of Expectations 8.2.5 Group Dynamics 8.2.6 Effects and Impact 8.2.7 Requirements in Public Engagement Processes 8.2.8 List of Requirements 8.3 Social Labs to Operationalise Public Engagement for RRI 8.4 Methodology 8.5 Results 8.5.1 Selection of Participants and Persuasive Efforts of Invitation 8.5.2 The Roles of the Lab Participants 8.5.3 Management of Expectations – Transparency 8.5.4 Group Dynamics and Settings 8.5.5 Effects and Impact of SL Participation 8.6 Discussion 8.7 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Exploring the Ambivalent Nature of Diversity in Social Experimental Settings: First Insights from Social Labs Established to Promote Responsible Research and Innovation 9.1 Introduction 9.2 State of the Art 9.2.1 The Emerging Policy Concept of Responsible Research and Innovation 9.2.2 Diversity as a Driver of Creativity and Innovation 9.2.3 The Ambivalence of Diversity: Varying Performance Effects at Different Levels of Diversity 9.3 Materials and Methods 9.3.1 Data Collection and Analysis 9.4 Results 9.5 Discussion 9.5.1 Limitations and Future Outlook 9.6 Conclusion References Chapter 10: Engaging Stakeholders by Implementing RRI in the Social Lab Process – A Single Case Study 10.1 Introduction 10.2 From Theory to Practise: Challenges of Implementing RRI via Social Labs 10.3 Methodology 10.4 Analysis and Reflection of EURATOM Social Lab Process 10.5 Conclusion and Outlook References Part III: Governance of Responsible Research & Innovation Chapter 11: Implementing Responsible Research and Innovation: From New Public Management to New Public Governance 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methods 11.3 Implementation: An Ever-Transitioning Field of Research and Practice 11.4 Implementing RRI in the European Research Area 11.4.1 The EC’s Approach to Implementing RRI 11.4.2 NewHoRRIzon’s Approach to Implementing RRI 11.5 Discussion: RRI as New Public Governance 11.6 Conclusions References Chapter 12: Stakeholders in Research and Innovation: Towards Responsible Governance 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Corporate Stakeholder Theory 12.3 RRI and Its Stakeholders 12.4 Linking Stakeholder Inclusion Challenges of RRI and pCSR 12.5 Open Science, Open Innovation & the Quadruple Helix Model 12.6 Case Vignettes 12.6.1 Case 1: Stakeholder Engagement in a JRC Mobility Project 12.6.2 Case 2: Stakeholder Engagement Through a Mobility Initiative of the Austrian Railways 12.7 Discussion 12.8 Conclusion References Chapter 13: Managing the Responsibilities of Doing Good and Avoiding Harm in Sustainability-Orientated Innovations: Example from Agri-Tech Start-Ups in the Netherlands 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Literature Review 13.2.1 Responsible Innovation in Industry Contexts 13.2.2 Sustainability Orientated Innovations and Their Prominence in Industry Contexts 13.3 Methods 13.3.1 Phase 1: Exploratory Interviews 13.3.2 Phase 2: Development and Implementation of Ways to Manage Responsibilities 13.3.3 Phase 3: Follow-Up Interviews 13.4 Results 13.4.1 The Management of Dual Responsibilities 13.4.2 Barriers to Successfully Managing Dual Responsibilities 13.5 Discussion 13.6 Concluding Remarks Appendices (Tables 13.1, 13.2 and 13.3) References Chapter 14: Conclusion: Implementation of Responsible Research and Innovation by Social Labs. Lessons from the Micro-, Meso- and Macro Perspective 14.1 Introduction 14.2 What Are Social Labs Able to Accomplish on the Microlevel? 14.3 What Are Social Labs Able to Accomplish on the Meso-Level of Organizations? 14.4 What Are Social Labs Able to Accomplish on the Macro-Level of Policy Making? 14.5 Conclusions References