Comparative Anatomy and Histology: A Mouse, Rat, and Human Atlas

Description

Comparative Anatomy and Histology: A Mouse, Rat, and Human Atlas, Second Edition is aimed at the new mouse investigator as well as medical and veterinary pathologists who need to expand their knowledge base into comparative anatomy and histology. It guides the reader through normal mouse anatomy and histology using direct comparison to the human. The side by side comparison of mouse and human tissues highlight the unique biology of the mouse, which has great impact on the validation of mouse models of human disease. This second edition features added comprehensive tables of mouse background strains and lesions for quick comparison with normal anatomy. New imaging modalities (MRI, CT, microCT, Pet/CT, Bioluminescence) have been incorporated into every body system chapter. Offers the only comprehensive source for comparing human and mouse anatomy and histology through over 600 full-color images, in one reference work Enables human and veterinary pathologists to examine tissue samples with greater accuracy and confidence Teaches biomedical researchers to examine the histologic changes in their mutant mice Includes input from experts from both human and veterinary fields Takes readers through each organ system in a side-by-side comparative approach to anatomy and histology-human Netter anatomy images along with Netter-style mouse images Includes virtual microscope slides of both human and mouse histology from each body system Front Cover Inside Front Cover Comparative Anatomy and Histology Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Preface to the Second Edition Acknowledgments from the First Edition 1 Introduction Overview and Introduction to the Second Edition Comparative Pathology: Closing a Gap C57BL/6 Mice as Index Strain Sprague-Dawley Rats as Index Strain Atlas Scope and Design Further Reading and Relevant Websites 2 Phenotyping Introduction Phenotyping Study Design Strategies Materials and Methods Animals Tests, Equipment, Procedures, and Analyses Pathology Evaluations Reporting Conclusion Further Reading and Relevant Websites 3 Necropsy and Histology Introduction Fixation Considerations Prior to Necropsy Major Groups of Fixatives Aldehydes Mercuric Chloride Alcohols Picric Acid Oxidizing Agents Tissue Fixation Variables to Consider Temperature Size Volume Ratio Time pH Osmolarity Decalcification of Bone Samples Frozen Tissue for Histologic Evaluation Necropsy Recommended Materials External Examination First Incision Subcutaneous Structures Mammary Glands Subcutaneous Lymph Nodes Internal Examination Abdominal Cavity Spleen and Pancreas Liver GI Tract Urogenital System Male Female Kidneys and Adrenals Thoracic Cavity Removal of the Thoracic Organs En Bloc Lungs Heart and Thymus Head Skeletal System Bone Marrow Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord Next Steps Histology Processing Dehydration Clearing Infiltration Considerations for Processing Embedding Sectioning Staining Routine and Special Staining Further Reading and Relevant Websites 4 Microscopy, Immunohistochemistry, Digital Imaging, and Quantitative Microscopy Introduction Key Elements of Microscopy Magnification Resolution Contrast Key Elements of IHC Background Tissue Processing Validation of Antibody Specificity Protocol Optimization Antigen Retrieval Minimizing Nonspecific Interactions Antibody Controls Negative Controls Positive Controls Absorption Controls Tissue Controls Negative Controls Positive Controls Key Elements of Digital Imaging Key Elements of Quantitative Microscopy Background Stereology Image Analysis IHC and Imaging Reproducibility Acknowledgments Further Reading and Relevant Websites 5 Skeletal System Introduction Skeleton Gross Anatomy Histology General Histologic Methods Bone Formation and Maturation Long Bones Gross Anatomy Histology Epiphysis Growth Plate Metaphysis Cutback Zone Diaphysis Marrow Spine Gross Anatomy Histology Vertebrae Intervertebral Discs Joints Gross Anatomy Histology Articular cartilage Meniscus Soft Tissues Further Reading 6 Nose, Sinus, Pharynx, and Larynx Introduction Nose and Sinus Gross Anatomy Preparation of Nasal Tissues for Microscopic Exam Histology Squamous Epithelium Transitional Epithelium Respiratory Epithelium Olfactory Epithelium Olfactory Sensory Neurons Basal Cells Sustentacular Cells Other OE Cells Other Nasal Cavity Features Accessory Olfactory Organs in Rodents Vomeronasal Organ Septal Organ of Masera Septal Organ of Grüneberg Lymphoepithelium and Nasal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Nasal Trigeminal Nerves and Solitary Chemoreceptive Cells Nasal Blood Vessels Pharynx and Larynx Gross Anatomy Preparation of Rodent Pharynx and Larynx for Microscopic Exam Histology Pharynx Larynx Further Reading 7 Oral Cavity and Teeth Introduction Oral Cavity Gross Anatomy Histology Teeth Gross Anatomy Histology Further Reading 8 Salivary Glands Introduction Salivary Gland Features Gross Anatomy General Histology Submandibular Gland Gross Anatomy Histology Parotid Gland Gross Anatomy Histology Sublingual Gland Gross Anatomy Histology Further Reading 9 Respiratory System Introduction Trachea Gross Anatomy Histology Lung Gross Anatomy Bronchi to Terminal Bronchioles Gross Anatomy Histology Bronchi Bronchioles Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Respiratory Zone Gross Anatomy Histology Lung Circulatory System Gross Anatomy Histology Pleura Gross Anatomy Histology Further Reading 10 Cardiovascular Introduction Heart Gross Anatomy Relative Size Considerations Histology Myocardium Endocardium, Epicardium, and Pericardial Sac Cardiac Valves Gross Anatomy Histology Conduction System Great Vessels and Coronary Vasculature Gross Anatomy Histology Common Incidental Findings in Rodents Further Reading 11 Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Introduction Esophagus Gross Anatomy Histology Stomach Gross Anatomy Histology Small Intestine Gross Anatomy Histology Methods Further Reading 12 Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Introduction Cecum Gross Anatomy Histology Appendix Gross Anatomy Histology Colon Gross Anatomy Histology Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Gross Anatomy Histology Further Reading 13 Hepatobiliary System Introduction Liver Gross Anatomy Histology Gallbladder Further Reading 14 Pancreas Introduction Pancreas Gross Anatomy Histology Further Reading 15 Endocrine System Introduction Thyroid Gland Gross Anatomy Histology Parathyroid Gland Gross Anatomy Histology Adrenal Gland Gross Anatomy Histology Pituitary Gland Gross Anatomy Histology Pineal Gland Gross Anatomy Histology Paraganglia Gross Anatomy Histology Further Reading 16 Urinary System Introduction Kidney Gross Anatomy Histology Nephron Glomeruli Cortical labyrinths Medulla Papilla Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra Gross Anatomy Histology Further Reading 17 Female Reproductive System Introduction Ovary Gross Anatomy Histology Oviduct (Uterine Tube) Gross Anatomy Histology Uterus and Cervix Gross Anatomy Histology Vagina and Clitoris Gross Anatomy Histology Placenta Gross Anatomy Histology Further Reading 18 Male Reproductive System Introduction Testes Gross Anatomy Histology Seminiferous Tubules Rete Testis Efferent Ducts Gross Anatomy Histology Epididymis Gross Anatomy Histology Vas Deferens Gross Anatomy Histology Seminal Vesicles (Vesicular Glands) Gross Anatomy Histology Prostate Gland Gross Anatomy Histology Ampullary Glands Gross Anatomy Histology Bulbourethral Glands Gross Anatomy Histology Preputial Glands Gross Anatomy Histology Urethra Gross Anatomy Histology Penis Gross anatomy Histology Further Reading 19 Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues Introduction Bone Marrow Methods Collection and Processing of Bone Marrow Examination of the Bone Marrow Histology and Cytology Erythroid Cells Myeloid Cells Lymphocytes Megakaryocytes Peripheral Blood Methods Collection of Peripheral Blood Automated Cell Counting Peripheral Blood Smear Histology and Cytology Erythrocytes Leukocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes Platelets Thymus Gross Anatomy Histology Lymph Nodes Regional Anatomy Histology Spleen Gross Anatomy Histology Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Milky Spots Acknowledgments Further Reading and Relevant Websites 20 Nervous System Introduction Brain Gross Anatomy Surface Features Internal Landmarks The Endocrine Brain Functional Specialization of the Brain Histology Cell Types Neurons Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Ependyma Choroid Plexus (CP) Epithelium Microglia Region-Specific Histology Cerebral Cortex Basal Nuclei Diencephalon Cerebellum Brain Stem Cell Rests Related Structures Meninges Blood–Brain Barrier Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy Anatomic Organization Functional Specialization of the Spinal Cord Histology Nerves and Ganglia Regional Anatomy Histology Other Considerations Conventions for Neuroanatomic Terminology Special Methods in Neurohistologic Preparation Acknowledgments Further Reading and Relevant Websites 21 Special Senses: Eye Introduction The Eye Gross Anatomy Cornea and Sclera Gross Anatomy Histology Uvea Gross Anatomy Histology Iris Iridocorneal Angle and Aqueous Humor Drainage Ciliary Body Choroid Retina Gross Anatomy Histology Neuorsensory Retina Retinal Pigment Epithelium Vitreous Chamber and Lens Gross Anatomy Histology Optic Nerve Gross Anatomy Histology Intraocular Optic Nerve Intraorbital Optic Nerve Extraocular Muscles Gross Anatomy Histology Conjunctiva Gross Anatomy Histology Eyelids Gross Anatomy Histology Lacrimal Gland and Drainage System Gross Anatomy Histology The Developing Eye Further Reading 22 Special Senses: Ear Introduction External Ear Gross Anatomy Histology Middle Ear Gross Anatomy Histology Inner Ear Gross Anatomy Histology Labryinths and Fluid Vestibule and Semicircular Canals Cochlea Further Reading 23 Mammary Gland Introduction Mammary Gland Gross Anatomy Subgross Anatomy and Histology Terminal Duct Lobular Unit (TDLU) Lactiferous Duct Nipple Mammary Gland Natural History and Reproductive Cycles Early Development Ovarian (Estrous and Menstrual) Cycle Pregnancy and Lactation Postpartum Involution Senescence Further Reading 24 Skin and Adnexa Introduction Skin Histology Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Panniculus Carnosus Muscle Adventitia Adnexa Histology Pilosebaceous Unit Hair Follicle Arrector Pili Muscle Sebaceous Glands Hair Cycle Hair Types Modified Sebaceous Glands Meibomian Glands Zymbal Glands Clitoral/Preputial Glands Perianal Glands Sweat Glands Eccrine Sweat Glands Apocrine Sweat Glands The Nail Further Reading Index Back Cover