Introduction to Bionanotechnology

Description

This is a comprehensive overview of bionanotechnology to students in nanotechnology, biotechnology, bionanotechnology, related fields such as biology, chemistry, physics, and materials science and also everyone who is interested in this research area. It describes the definition of bionanomaterials, how they can be synthesized, characterized and applied in different fields. The current status and future of bionanotechnology, as well as its advantages and limitations, are comprehensively discussed throughout the book. This is an entry-level book which is easy for readers to understand its contents. In this book, we tried to identify the definition of bionanotechnology. Briefly, Bionanotechnology is the emerging research field that comes from the intersection of nanotechnology and biotechnology. Nanotechnology is referring to the design, development, and application of materials which at least one dimension at nanometer scale meanwhile biotechnology is developed based on knowledge about living systems and organisms to create or improve different products. The association of nanotechnology and biotechnology pave a way to develop a hybrid technology with unique features. Thus, this novel technology will be used to improve our living standard in different aspects from developing new medicine, food, and functional cosmetics, introducing new methods to analyze and treat cancer to protect environmental problems. Preface Contents About the Authors Chapter 1: Introduction to Nanotechnology and Bionanotechnology 1.1 The Era of Nanotechnology 1.1.1 Nanotechnology: A Historical Perspective 1.1.2 Powerful Assistant for Nanotechnology: Scanning Probe Microscopes (SPMs) 1.2 Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Meet at Intersection 1.2.1 Background and Definition of Nanotechnology and Bionanotechnology 1.2.1.1 Nanotechnology 1.2.1.2 Biotechnology 1.2.1.3 Bionanotechnology 1.2.1.4 Natural Biological Assembly at the Nano-Scale 1.2.2 Notable Prospects of Bionanotechnology 1.2.2.1 Why Bionanotechnology? 1.2.2.2 How Does Bionanotechnology Inspire Other Disciplines? 1.3 Summary References Chapter 2: Fundamental of Biological Systems and Bionanotechnology 2.1 Nucleic Acid in Bionanotechnology 2.1.1 DNA as a Biomaterial in Bionanotechnology 2.1.2 Structural DNA Nanotechnology 2.1.2.1 DNA Origami 2.1.2.2 DNA Origami Devices 2.2 Peptides and Proteins in Bionanotechnology 2.2.1 The Supramolecular Structure of Peptides and Proteins 2.2.2 Sensors Based Peptides and Proteins 2.3 The Biological System of the Elements (BSE) 2.3.1 Interelemental Correlations 2.3.2 The Biological Function of Elements 2.4 Information Flows in Biological Systems 2.4.1 Transcription: DNA to RNA 2.4.2 Translation: RNA to Protein 2.5 Summary and Outlooks References Chapter 3: Bionanomaterials Production 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Microorganism-Based Synthesis of NPs 3.2.1 Synthesis of NPs by Bacteria 3.2.1.1 Silver Nanoparticles (ag NPs) 3.2.1.2 Gold Nanoparticles (au NPs) 3.2.1.3 Other Metal and Metallic Oxide NPs 3.2.2 NPs Synthesized by Fungi 3.2.3 NPs Synthesized by Yeast 3.3 Plant Extracts-Based Synthesis of NPs 3.3.1 Synthesis of NPs Using Leaf Extracts 3.3.2 Synthesis of NPs Using Seed Extracts 3.3.3 Synthesis of NPs Using Fruit Extracts 3.3.4 Synthesis of NPs Using Root Extracts 3.3.5 Synthesis of NPs Using Flower Extracts 3.4 Polysaccharide-Based Synthesis of NPs 3.4.1 Synthesis of NPs from Alginate 3.4.2 Synthesis of NPs from Chitosan 3.4.3 Synthesis of NPs from Dextran 3.5 Genetically Engineered Escherichia coli 3.6 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Interaction of Nanomaterials with Biological Systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Interaction of Nanomaterials with Biological Systems 4.2.1 Protein Binding 4.2.2 Ligand-Mediated Interactions 4.2.3 Interactions during Intracellular Processing 4.3 Applications 4.3.1 Bio-Barcodes Assay 4.3.2 Contrast Agents for Cell Imaging 4.3.3 Theranostic Nanoparticles (NPs) 4.3.4 Targeted Therapies 4.3.5 Combined Drug Therapies 4.4 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Bionanotechnology: Biological Self-Assembly 5.1 Biological Self-Assembly 5.2 Self-Assembly of Proteins and Peptides 5.3 Self-Assembly of Surface (S)-Layer Structure 5.4 Self-Assembly of Phospholipids Membranes 5.5 Self-Assembly of Viruses 5.6 Summary References Chapter 6: Bio-Nanorobotics: Mimicking Life at the Nanoscale 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Bio-Nanorobotic Systems 6.2.1 Overview 6.2.2 Bionanomolecular Machines 6.2.2.1 The ATPase Motor 6.2.2.2 Kinesin and Myosin Motors 6.2.2.3 The Flagella Motors 6.2.2.4 Other Motors 6.2.2.5 DNA-Based Molecular Nanomachines 6.3 Design and Control for Bio-Nanorobotic Systems 6.3.1 The Pathways of Construction 6.3.1.1 Bio-Nano Components 6.3.1.2 Assembled Bio-Nano Robots 6.3.1.3 Distributive Intelligence, Programming, and Control 6.3.1.4 Automatic Fabrication and Information Processing Machines 6.3.2 Design Architecture for the Bio-Nano Robotic Systems 6.3.2.1 Modular Organization 6.3.2.2 The Universal Template — Bio-Nano Stem System 6.3.3 Control Architecture for the Bio-Nanorobotic Systems 6.3.3.1 Internal Control Mechanism 6.3.3.2 External Control Mechanism 6.4 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Bioanalytical Techniques for Bionanotechnology 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Fudamentals of Using Biomolecular as Sensors in Bionanotechnology 7.3 Commonly-Applied Bioanalytical Techniques in Bionanotechnology 7.3.1 X-Ray Crystallography Provides Atomic Structures 7.3.2 NMR Spectroscopy May be Used to Derive Atomic Structures 7.3.3 Electron Microscopy Reveals Molecular Morphology 7.3.4 Atomic Force Microscopy Probes the Surface of Biomolecules 7.4 Conclusion References Chapter 8: Bionanotechnology in Medicine 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Applications of Bionanotechnology in Diagnostics 8.2.1 Nanostructures and Nanosystems in Diagnostics 8.2.1.1 Nanopores 8.2.1.2 Nano Self-Assembled Systems 8.2.1.3 Cantilevers 8.2.1.4 Microarrays and Nanoarrays 8.2.2 Nanoparticles (NPs) in Diagnostics 8.2.2.1 Quantum Dots (QDs) 8.2.2.2 Dendrimers 8.2.2.3 Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 8.2.2.4 Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Crystals 8.2.3 Biosensors in Diagnostics 8.3 Applications of Bionanotechnology in Therapeutics 8.3.1 Nano Self-Assembled Systems in Delivery of Therapeutic Agents 8.3.2 Other Nanostructures and Nanosystems in Medical Applications 8.3.3 Nanoparticles (NPs) in Molecular/Therapeutic Imaging 8.4 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Bionanotechnology in Pharmaceuticals 9.1 Dendrimers 9.1.1 Dendrimers in Biosensors 9.1.2 Gene delivery 9.2 Micelles 9.2.1 Micelles in Drug Delivery 9.2.2 DNA Micelles 9.3 Liposomes 9.3.1 Liposomes in Clinical Applications 9.3.2 Liposomes for Delivery of Protein and Peptides 9.4 Lipid Particles 9.5 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 9.5.1 Functionalization of CNTs 9.6 Future Outlooks References Chapter 10: Bionanotechnology in Biotechnology 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Bionanotechnology in Molecular Biology 10.2.1 Detection of Proteins 10.2.2 Separation and Purification of Biological Molecules 10.2.3 Detection Pathogens 10.2.4 Lab-on-a-Chip for Biomolecule Application 10.3 Bionanotechnology in Biomedical Engineering 10.3.1 Tissue Engineering 10.3.2 Genetic Engineering 10.3.3 Biomechanics Engineering 10.4 Bionanotechnology in Bioimaging 10.4.1 Hollow Nanocapsules in Biomedical Imaging Applications 10.4.2 NPs as Contrast Agents for Optoacoustic (OA) Imaging 10.4.3 Radio-Labeled NPs for Biomedical Imaging 10.5 Conclusions References Chapter 11: Bionanotechnology in Agriculture, Food, Cosmetic and Cosmeceutical 11.1 Bionanotechnology in Agriculture 11.1.1 Bionano-Pesticides 11.1.2 Bionano-Fertilizers 11.2 Bionanotechnology in Food 11.2.1 Food Safety 11.2.2 Food Packaging 11.3 Bionanotechnology in Cosmetic and Cosmeceutical 11.3.1 Organic Nanoparticles (NPs) 11.3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles (NPs) 11.4 Summary References Chapter 12: Bionanotechnology in Environment 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Plastic Replacement 12.2.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 12.2.2 Polylactic Acid (PLA) Composite for Plastics Replacement 12.3 Wastewater Treatment 12.3.1 Elastin-Like Polypeptides (ELP) 12.3.2 Graphene Oxide (GO) Gels 12.3.3 Chitosan 12.3.4 Biopolymers from Plant Extracts 12.3.5 Cellulose Nanomaterials 12.4 Conclusion References