Human life before birth

Description

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Acknowledgments Author Part I: An overview of human development 1. Before you begin Anatomic descriptions Anatomic landmarks Symmetry Planes and sections The developmental timeline Comparative embryology Study questions Critical thinking 2. Cells General background Anatomy of the cell Nucleus Cytoplasm Plasma membrane Cytoplasmic organelles Mitochondria Golgi bodies Lysosomes Cell death Fertilization Abnormal roles Centrioles A little biochemistry Study questions Critical thinking 3. Cell division Role and types of cell division Mitosis The cell cycle Chromosomes Genes Spindle Meiosis Reduction of the number of chromosomes Random segregation of chromosomes Crossing over Significance of meiosis Epigenesis—histone proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid methylation Stem cells Study questions Critical thinking 4. Genetics Genetics and Mendel Genetics beyond Mendel Cytogenetics Genes Deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid replication Transcription Translation The expression of genetic material Genes and development Epigenesis and epigenetics Gene editing Study questions Critical thinking 5. Reproduction Male reproductive system External genitalia Gonads Reproductive ducts Epididymis Vas deferens and urethra Accessory sex glands Semen Mucus secretions Female reproductive system External genitalia Gonads Reproductive ducts Fallopian tubes Uterus Cervix Accessory sex glands A little more cell biology Cell communication Intracellular signal transduction Study questions Critical thinking 6. Gametogenesis Spermatogenesis (also, see .Chapter 21) Spermatogonia to spermatids Spermiogenesis Stem cells Sperm Structure Development Functions Oogenesis (also, see .Chapter 21) Oogonia to ootids Follicles Egg Characteristics Prophase I Egg coats Study questions Critical thinking 7. Fertilization Barriers to fertilization Consequences of sperm penetration Significance of fertilization Sex determination Sex-linked inheritance Types of inheritance Study questions Critical thinking 8. The embryonic period Cleavage (cell proliferation) The human egg Comparative embryology Patterns of cleavage Holoblastic and equal cleavage Meroblastic cleavage Blastomeres Compaction Blastocyst (initiation of cell differentiation) Two-layered embryonic disc Gastrulation and the three-layered embryonic disc Neurulation Neural tube Neural crest Embryonic induction The changing mesoderm Somitic, intermediate, and lateral mesoderm Cardiogenic mesoderm From layers to tubes: The fourth week Becoming a recognizable human: Weeks 5–8 Cell movements Artificial embryos Study questions Critical thinking 9. The fetal period Developmental changes Sex determination Growth Subdivisions of the fetal period Early fetal stage or “the fetus goes to sleep” (9–18 weeks) Middle fetal stage or “an awkward stage” (19–28 weeks) Late fetal stage or “the swan emerges” (29 weeks to birth) Organoids Study questions Critical thinking 10. The placenta and the umbilical cord Implantation Placenta Decidua and chorion Genomic imprinting Placental function Placental problems The umbilical cord Structure Umbilical circulation Childbirth Umbilical cord blood Why save umbilical cord blood? Diseases treated Collecting umbilical cord blood Study questions Placenta Umbilical cord Critical thinking 11. The pregnant woman, childbirth, and multiple pregnancies The pregnant woman Gastrointestinal effects Appearance Other changes Labor and childbirth Stage 1: dilatation Stage 2: expulsion Stage 3: placental stage Multiple pregnancies Monozygotic twins Dizygotic twins Triplets Multiple births Superfecundation Study questions The pregnant woman Childbirth Multiple pregnancies Critical thinking Part II: Some details of human development 12. The skin Epidermis Dermis Hair Glands Nails Pigmentation Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions Study questions Critical thinking 13. The nervous system Central nervous system Spinal cord Brain Vesicles and ventricles Cranial ganglia Peripheral nervous system Paradigm lost Study questions Critical thinking 14. The skeleton and muscles The skeleton Origin of bones The axial skeleton The appendicular skeleton Muscles Mesoderm Muscle types and proteins Skeletal muscle Cardiac muscle Smooth muscle A dynamic tissue Stem cells in muscle Study questions Skeleton Muscles Critical thinking 15. The circulatory system and hormones Heart Splanchnic mesoderm Regions of the tubular heart The four chambers Division into ventricles Foramen ovale Valve development Blood vessels Circulatory arcs Blood Hormones Endocrine glands Study questions Critical thinking 16. The digestive system and the respiratory system Digestive system Origin of our digestive system Major parts of the digestive system Foregut Midgut Hindgut Digestion before birth Respiratory system Origin of the respiratory system The first breath Study questions Digestive system Respiratory system Critical thinking 17. Mouth and throat, face, and the five senses Mouth and throat Pharynx Thyroid gland Branchial arches The face The human face and its origin Nose External developments Internal developments Development of the eyes and ears Jaws, lips, and teeth Palates Forehead and chin The five senses Sight Embryonic induction Retina and optic nerve Lens and cornea Hearing Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear Smell Taste Development of the tongue Taste buds Our sense of touch Study questions Mouth and throat The face Five senses Critical thinking 18. The urinary and reproductive systems and the external genitalia Urinary system Kidneys Blood and urine Reproductive system Gonads Ducts Auxiliary sex glands Males Females External genitalia Development of the male Development of the female Study questions Urinary and reproductive systems External genitalia Critical thinking Part III: Society and human development 19. Birth defects The causes of birth defects Chromosomal abnormalities Sex chromosomes Autosomes Chromosome number Chromosome structure Nonchromosomal birth defects Timing of birth defects Detection of birth defects Ultrasonography Fetoscopy Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling Fetal cells from maternal blood Study questions Critical thinking 20. Birth control Abstinence Fertility awareness methods Rhythm method Basal body temperature Cervical mucus method Preventing fertilization (contraception) Methods requiring the initiative of the man Barrier methods Withdrawal method Chemical methods Methods requiring the initiative of the woman Barrier methods Chemical methods Preventing implantation (contragestion) Chemical contragestion Physical contragestion Pregnancy termination (abortion) Abortion methods Partial-birth abortion Timing and number of abortions Comparing methods Study questions Birth control Critical thinking 21. Reproductive technology Infertility’s role in reproductive technology Specific reproductive technologies In vitro fertilization Variations of In Vitro Fertilization Gamete intrafallopian transfer and zygote intrafallopian transfer Pregnancy after menopause Balloon catheterization Intracytoplasmic sperm injection Nonsurgical sperm aspiration Preimplantation embryo diagnosis Cloning Study questions Critical thinking 22. Sexually transmitted diseases Importance of treatment and prevention Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Cause Biology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the immune system Symptoms of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Syphilis Stages Gonorrhea Genital herpes Chlamydia Sexually transmitted diseases and women Pelvic inflammatory disease Ectopic pregnancy Sexually transmitted diseases and the conceptus Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Congenital syphilis Early symptoms Late symptoms Importance of treating pregnant women Women with congenital herpes Women with gonorrhea Chlamydia Preventing sexually transmitted diseases Condom use Prevention of herpes Prevention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Study questions Critical thinking 23. Cultural aspects of development Terms related to pregnancy Terms related to birth Types of twins Terms in the news Study questions Critical thinking Answers to study questions Appendix A: Examples of birth defects by terminology Appendix B: Examples of birth defects by organ or system Glossary References Websites: In chapter order Index