Mapping Antarctica. A five hunderd year record of discovery

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Contents Preface Unnumbered figures, and table Abbreviations and acronyms 1 Arctic and Antarctic regions are not poles apart MAP 1.1 Typus Orbis Terrarum (1570) Abraham Ortelius MAP 1.2 Septentrionalium Terrarum Descriptio (1595–1609) G. Mercator MAP 1.3 Untitled (map of the third voyage of Willem Barentsz) Theodor DeBry(1590–1634) MAP 1.4 Regiones Sub Polo Arctico (1645) Johannes Blaeu MAP 1.5 Map showing discoveries of James Cook (1778) Henry Roberts MAP 1.6 General chart of the track of HMS Hecla and Griper from the Orkneysto Melville Island, North Georgia (1819–1820) William Parry (detail) MAP 1.7 Map showing the route of the Fram and Nansen and Johansen’s sledgejourney (1897) F. Nansen MAP 1.8 Circumpolar Map (1886) A.E. Nordenskio¨ ld MAP 1.9 Map of North-West Route (1907) R. Amundsen MAP 1.10 Map of the Arctic Regions Showing Commander Peary’s Route to theNorth Pole (1910) R. Peary 2 Drivers of discovery COMMERCIAL ENTREPRENEURS PRAGMATIC SCIENCE MAP 2.1 Tartaria (1606) Jodocus Hondius MAP 2.2 Totius Orbis Cogniti Universalis (1593) Cornelis De Jode MAP 2.3 Descriptio Hydrographica (1598–1628) Theodore DeBry MAP 2.4 Poli Arcti (1639) Henricus Hondius MAP 2.5 Chart Showing the Track of the S.S. Balaena (1894) W.G. BurnMurdoch MAP 2.6 Route Map of the Voyages to McMurdo Sound and the Coast ofVictoria Land Made by the Whaler Star 1 (1924) A.J. Villiers MAP 2.7 Nova et Accuratissima Totius Terrarum Orbis Tabula Nautica VariatumMagneticarum Index Juxta Observationes Anno 1700 HabitasConstructa per Edm: Halley (1706) Edmond Halley; published inAmsterdam 1702/1730 J. & R. Ottens MAP 2.8 Discoveries Made in the Arctic Regions in 1829, 1830, 1831, 1832 &1833 (1834) John Ross and James Clark Ross MAP 2.9 Wachsende, Karte der Magnetischen Meridiane und Parallelen (1840)Capitaine L.I. Duperrey MAP 2.10 Haemisphaerium Stellatum Australe (1660–1720) Andreas Cellarius MAP 2.11 Nova Orbus Terrarum . . . (1630) Philipp Eckebrecht MAP 2.12 Track of HMS Challenger (December 1872 to May 1876) showing thedredging and trawling stations (1885) 3 Antarctica—the concept: From Ptolemyto Cook MAP 3.1 Zonal and T-O map (untitled) from Novissime Hystoriae (1503)G. Foresti MAP 3.2 Mappaemundi (untitled) (c. 1850) A. Bianco MAP 3.3 Zonal map (untitled) (1540) Macrobius MAP 3.4 World (untitled) (1482) Ulm edition of Ptolemy MAP 3.5 Nova et Integra Universi Orbis Descriptio (1531) O. Fine MAP 3.6 Orbis Terrae Compendiosa Descriptio (1595) G. Mercator MAP 3.7 Maris Pacifici (1589) A. Ortelius MAP 3.8 Orbis Terrarum Typus de Integro Multis in Locus Emendatus (1599)P. Plancius MAP 3.9 Chica Sive Patagonica et Australis Terra (1599) C. Wytfleit MAP 3.10 The Tracks of Le Maire & Schouten across the South Pacific as far asNew Guinea and Halmahera (in Herrera) (1619–1622) Le Maire MAP 3.11 A Chart of the Straits of Magellan (1773) Capt. Byron, Capt. Wallis,and Capt. Carteret MAP 3.12 Typus Orbis Terrarum (1630) Jan Cloppenburg MAP 3.13 Mar del Zur Hispanic Mare Pacificum (1634) Johannes Jansson MAP 3.14 Orbis Terrarum Nova (1658) Nicolaus Visscher MAP 3.15 Hemisphere Meridional pour voir plus distinctement Les TerresAustrales (1714) Guillaume Delisle MAP 3.16 Chart of the Antarctic Polar Circle (1763) Philippe Buache 4 Antarctica—the reality: From Cook to the International Geographical Congress MAP 4.1 Carte de l’Hemisphere Austral (1778) J. Cook MAP 4.2 Map of voyage (untitled) (1831–1945) T. Bellingshausen MAP 4.3 Part of the Southern Hemisphere Showing Recent Discoveries (1833)J. Biscoe MAP 4.4 Chart showing the discoveries and approximate track of EdwardBransfield, Master RN, in the hired brig ‘‘Williams’’ (1925)Geographical Journal MAP 4.5 Chart of the Tracks of the Vessels Jane and Beaufoy (1820–1824)J. Weddell RN MAP 4.6 L’Astrolabe et La Ze´le´e dans les Regions Australes (1841)J. Dumont D’Urville MAP 4.7 Carte des Explorations Execute´es par les Corvettes L’Astrolabe et LaZe´le´e (1841) J. Dumont D’Urville MAP 4.8 Victoria Land (1847) J. Ross MAP 4.9 Map of the World Showing the Tracks of the U.S. ExploringExpedition (1844) C. Wilkes MAP 4.10 Chart of the South Polar Sea (1842–1845) British Admiralty Chart MAP 4.11 Ice Chart MAP 4.12 Sudpolarkarte (1872) Dr. G. von Neumayer MAP 4.13 Antarctic Research Series of Maps Illustrating Dr. John Murray’sAddress (1893) J. Bartholomew MAP 4.14 Antarctic Regions (1898) J. Bartholomew 5 Antarctica—the heroic age: Heroes, legends,and land MAP 5.1 Untitled (Ross Sea) (1901) W. Colbeck MAP 5.2 Detroit de la Gerlache (1903) G. Lecointe MAP 5.3 Map Showing the Tracks of the National Antarctic Expedition (1908)G. Mulock, London MAP 5.4 Sketch Map Showing the First Year’s Work of the GeographicalJournal (1904) C. Markham, Geographical Journal, London MAP 5.5 Sketch Maps Showing the Track and Explorations of the German SouthPolar Exhibition (1903) Dr. von Drygalski, Geographical Journal,London MAP 5.6 Sketch Map to Illustrate the Explorations of the Swedish AntarcticExpedition (1903) O. Nordenskjo¨ ld, Geographical Journal, London MAP 5.7 French Antarctic Expedition 1908–10 (1911) J. Charcot, GeographicalJournal, London MAP 5.8 Routes of Captain R. Amundsen’s South Polar Expeditions (1912)R. Amundsen, Geographical Journal, London MAP 5.9 Bird’s Eye View: Drawn from the First Telegraphic Account (1913)R. Amundsen MAP 5.10 British Antarctic Expedition 1910–13 (Terra Nova) Map to IllustratePole Journey (1923) F. Debenham MAP 5.11 British Antarctic Expedition 1910–13 (Terra Nova) Map of theMcMurdo Sound Region, Ross Sea (1923) F. Debenham MAP 5.12 Southern Journey Party (1909) E. Marshall MAP 5.13 The Drift of the Endurance (1918) J. Wordie, Geographical Journal,London MAP 5.14 South Magnetic Polar Party (1909) D. Mawson MAP 5.15 Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911–14 (1915), D. Mawson MAP 5.16 King George V Land (1915) D. Mawson MAP 5.17 Queen Mary Land (1915) D. Mawson MAP 5.18 Antarktika (1922) W. Filchner MAP 5.19 Untitled world map (c. 1850) MAP 5.20 Route of the Japanese South Polar Expedition in the Ross Sea(1910–1912) N. Shirase MAP 5.21 Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1904) 6 Antarctica—wings over the continent:From Wilkins to war MAP 6.1 Discoveries in Graham Land by Sir Hubert Wilkins (1929) H. Wilkins MAP 6.2 Detail of Map Showing H. Wilkins Flight over the Antarctic Peninsulapublished in Hearst Publications (1929) MAP 6.3 Map to Illustrate the Paper on the First Crossing of Antarctica (1935)L. Ellsworth MAP 6.4 Graham Land B.G.L.E. January 1935–March 1937 (British GrahamLand Expedition) (1938) J. Rymill MAP 6.5 Expedition Led by Adm. Richard Evelyn Byrd (1956) MAP 6.6 Antarktis (1946) H. Hansen MAP 6.7 Antarctica (1932) D. Mawson MAP 6.8 Alexander-v.-Humboldt-Gebirges (1939) O. von Gruber 7 Antarctica 1940–1960: A second world war and a new order of business MAP 7.1 Map of Antarctica (1939) E.P. Bayliss MAP 7.2 Graham Land (1939) E.P. Bayliss MAP 7.3 Index to Admiralty Charts (1948) Antarctic Pilot MAP 7.4 Antarctica (1957) National Geographic (detail) MAP 7.5 Antarctica: The Subject of New International Scientific Research (1956)Illustrated London News MAP 7.6 Antarctica: Route of the Trans-Antarctic Expedition (1958) V. Fuchs MAP 7.7 Antarctica (1908) MAP 7.8 Antarctica (1948) Australian Antarctic Division 8 Consolidation of political interest and national mapping programs (1950–2010) ARGENTINA AUSTRALIA CHILE CHINA FRANCE GERMANY ITALY JAPAN NEW ZEALAND NORWAY UNITED KINGDOM UNITED STATES OF AMERICA U.S.S.R. (RUSSIA) 9 Antarctic science comes of age: window on the world (1960–2010) MAP 9.1 BAS Map of Antarctica Peninsula, 1:1 million MAP 9.2 SSI Map of Scullin Monolith MAP 9.3 McMurdo Sound to Dumont D’Urville—Australian tourist map MAP 9.4 Cape Denison Historic Site, Commonwealth Bay, Antarctica (1990) MAP 9.5 BAS Minimap 2, Antarctica 1:25,000,000, 1997 MAP 9.6 Map of Vinson Massif Region—Omega Foundation MAP 9.7 Satellite image map of Vestfold Hills 10 Atlas maps MAP 10.1 Chica sive Patagonica et Australis Terra (1600) M. Quad MAP 10.2 Descriptio Terrae Subaustralis (1616) P. Bertius MAP 10.3 Polus Antarcticus (1639) H. Hondius MAP 10.4 Polus Antarcticus (1657) J. Jansson MAP 10.5 Descriptio du Pole Antarctique (1657) A. de Fer MAP 10.6 Les Deux Poles Arctique ou Septentrional et Antarctique ouMeridional—jusques aux 45 Degres de Latitude (1657) N. Sanson MAP 10.7 Facies Poli Antarcti (1740) C. Weigel MAP 10.8 Untitled (c. 1700) J. Mu¨ ller MAP 10.9 Continent Meridional Austral ou Antarctique (1683) A. Mallet MAP 10.10 Novus Planiglobi Terrestris (1672-95) J. Blaeu/G. Valk MAP 10.11 Polo Australe Meridionale & Antarctico (1696) V. Coronelli MAP 10.12 Polus Antarticus (1696) J. Zahn MAP 10.13 Hemisphere Meridional pour voir plus distinctement Les TerresAustrales (1714–1738) G. Delisle/J. Covens and C. Mortier MAP 10.14 Hemisphere Meridional pour voir plus distinctement Les TerresAustrales (1714–1745) J. Ottens MAP 10.15 Hemisphere Meridional (1714–1780) J. Dezauche MAP 10.16 Planisphere Physique (1752) P. Buache MAP 10.17 Nouvelle Mappe Monde (1768) R. Julien MAP 10.18 Emisfero Terrestre Meridionale (1779) A. Zatta MAP 10.19 Circumjacent the South Pole (1831) Society for the Diffusion ofUseful Knowledge (SDUK) MAP 10.20 Neueste Karte vom Sud-Pol (1849) J. Meyer, Zeitungs-Atlas,Hildburghausen (1844–1849) MAP 10.21 Sud-Polar Karte (1880) A. Petermann MAP 10.22 Southern Regions (1855) J. Colton MAP 10.23 The South Polar Regions (1869) J. Davis Index