Hearing science fundamentals
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Preface Acknowledgments Contributors Reviewers Section I: Acoustics 1. Basic Acoustics Key Terms Learning Objectives Sound Sinusoidal Motion Spatial Concepts Amplitude Wavelength (?) Temporal Concepts Cycle Period Frequency Phase Velocity Frequency/Period Relationship Frequency/Wavelength Relationship Sound Propagation and Interference Complex Sounds Periodicity Versus Aperiodicity Resonance Cavity (Acoustical) Resonance Frequency Response Curve Ear Canal Analogy The Decibel Computational Perspective Hearing Threshold Level and Audiometric Zero (0 dB HL) Summary Recommended Readings References 2 Review of Speech Acoustics Key Terms Learning Objectives Source-Filter Theory and Vocal Tract Anatomy Acoustic Measures Fundamental Frequency Voice Onset Time Root Mean Square Amplitude Formants (Spectral Resonances) Long-Term Average Spectrum (LTAS) Speech Sound Classification Consonant Classification Vowel Classification Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) and Count-the-Dots Audiogram SII Count-the-Dots Audiogram Ling 6 Sounds Test Summary Recommended Readings References 3. Digital Signal Processing Key Terms Learning Objectives Amplitude Quantization and Sampling Frequency Aliasing and Anti-Aliasing Filtering Windowing Frequency Versus Time Tradeoff (Frequency Resolution Versus Temporal Resolution) Pre-Emphasis Digital Hearing Aid Signal Processing Compression Directional Microphones and Digital Noise Reduction Summary Recommended Readings References Section II: Structure and Function 4. Anatomy and Physiology of the Conductive Auditory Mechanism Key Terms Learning Objectives Outer Ear Auricle (Pinna) External Auditory Meatus (Outer Ear Canal) Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum) Middle Ear Tympanic Cavity Proper (Tympanum) Malleus Incus Stapes Middle Ear Muscles Function of the Conductive Mechanism Non-Acoustic Function Acoustic Function Impedance Impedance Mismatch Auditory (Eustachian) Tube Action of the Middle Ear Muscles Summary Recommended Readings References 5. Anatomy and Physiology of the Sensory Auditory Mechanism Key Terms Learning Objectives Inner Ear Function of the Sensory Mechanism Mechanical Properties Active Processes Cochlear Electrophysiology Resting Potential Potentials Seen as Response to Stimulation Single-Cell Electrical Activity Phase Locking Summary Recommended Readings References 6. Anatomy and Physiology of the Central Auditory Mechanism Key Terms Learning Objectives Afferent Central Auditory Pathway Interhemispheric Connections Efferent Central Auditory Pathway Summary Recommended Readings References Section III: Psychoacoustics 7. Normal Hearing Key Terms Learning Objectives Stimulus Characteristics Stimulus Frequency Stimulus Duration Stimulus Intensity Methods of Stimulus Presentation Earphones Speakers Assessment of Auditory Sensitivity Method of Limits Method of Adjustment Method of Constant Stimuli Listener (Subject) Variables Age Variation What Is “Normal Hearing”? Localization of Sound Interaural Intensity (Level) Cues for Localization Interaural Time (Phase) Cues for Localization Hearing by Bone Conduction Summary Recommended Readings References 8. Binaural Processing Key Terms Learning Objectives Advantages of Binaural Hearing Listening in Noise Binaural Squelch Directional Hearing Localization Lateralization Vertical Localization Minimal Audible Angle (MAA) Minimal Audible Movement Angle (MAMA) Distance Perception Precedence Effect Disadvantages of Binaural Hearing Physiology of Binaural Hearing Afferent Pathways Efferent Pathways Summary Recommended Readings References 9. Masking Key Terms Learning Objectives Masker-Signal Relationship and Sound Level Masking of Tones by Other Tones Masking of Tones by Narrow Noise Bands The Critical Band Masking of Tones by Wide Noise Bands Special Cases of Masking Energetic and Informational Masking Masking in Clinical Audiology Summary Recommended Readings References 10. Temporal Processing Key Terms Learning Objectives Neural Physiology Temporal Fine Structure and Temporal Envelope Dip Listening Modulation Rate and Modulation Depth Temporal Processing Skills Temporal Integration Temporal Resolution Temporal Patterning Temporal Masking Summary Recommended Readings References 11. Loudness and Pitch Key Terms Learning Objectives Loudness Pitch Residue Pitch and the Missing Fundamental Summary Recommended Readings References 12. Differential Sensitivity Key Terms Learning Objectives The Fechner-Weber Fraction Difference Limen for Intensity Difference Limen for Frequency Temporal Discrimination Summary Recommended Readings References 13. Signal Detection Theory Key Terms Learning Objectives Response Distributions Response Types Sensitivity and Specificity Response Bias Discriminability Index (d') and ROC Curves Ceiling and Floor Effects Summary Recommended Readings References 14. Auditory Perception and Hearing Impairment Key Terms Learning Objectives Outer Hair Cell (OHC) Damage Auditory Recruitment Inner Hair Cell (IHC) Damage Cochlear Dead Regions Auditory Nerve Damage Effects on Frequency Selectivity Auditory Excitation Patterns Effects on Temporal Processing Summary Recommended Readings References Section IV: Pathologies of the Auditory Mechanisms 15. Pathologies of the Conductive Auditory Mechanism Key Terms Learning Objectives Pathologies of the Outer Ear Auricle Chondritis and Cauliflower Ear External Auditory Canal Impacted Cerumen Pathologies of the Middle Ear Eustachian Tube (Auditory Tube) Otitis Media Mastoiditis Cholesteatoma Pathologies of the Middle Ear Ossicles Otosclerosis Ossicular Discontinuity Summary Recommended Readings References 16. Pathologies of the Sensory Auditory Mechanism Key Terms Learning Objectives Inner Ear Pathologies Cochlea Auditory and Non-Auditory Effects of Noise Noise-Induced Hearing Loss Socioacusis and Presbycusis Meniere’s Disease Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss Ototoxicity Auditory Nerve Acoustic Neuroma (Vestibular Schwannoma) Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder Summary Recommended Readings References 17. Pathologies of the Central Auditory Mechanism Key Terms Learning Objectives (Central) Auditory Processing Definition Signs and Symptoms (C)APD Evaluation Behavioral (Central) Auditory Skill Areas Auditory Figure Ground Low-Redundancy Speech Dichotic Listening Temporal Processing Electrophysiological Assessment Neural Response Overview Management Strategies Environmental Modifications Compensatory Strategies Auditory Training Assistive Listening Technology Pathologies of the Central Auditory Pathway Traumatic Brain Injury Cortical/Central Deafness Cerebrovascular Accident Multiple Sclerosis Summary Recommended Readings References Glossary Index
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