Public Health 101: Improving Community Health

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Cover Public Health 101: Improving Community Health Copyright Dedication Contents Acknowledgments Preface: What Is Public Health 101: Improving Community Health All About? About the Authors SECTION I Principles of Population Health Chapter 1 Public Health: The Population Health Approach What Do We Mean by “Public Health”? How Has the Approach of Public Health Changed Over Time? What Is Meant by “Population Health”? What Are the Implications of Each of the Four Components of Public Health? Should We Focus on Everyone or on Vulnerable Groups? What Do We Mean by Population Health’s Focus on the Life Cycle? What Are the Approaches Available to Protect and Promote Health? What Factors Determine the Occurrence of Disease, Disability, and Death? What Changes in Populations Over Time Can Affect Health? Chapter 2 Evidence-Based Public Health How Can We Describe a Health Problem? How Can Understanding the Distribution of Disease Help Us Generate Ideas or Hypotheses About the Cause Of Disease? How Do Epidemiologists Investigate Whether There Is Another Explanation for the Difference or Changes in the Distribution of Disease? What Is the Implication of a Group Association? Etiology: How Do We Establish Contributory Cause? What Can We Do If We Cannot Demonstrate All Three Requirements to Definitively Establish Contributory Cause? What Does Contributory Cause Imply? Recommendations: What Works to Reduce the Health Impact? Implementation: How Do We Get the Job Done? Evaluation: How Do We Evaluate Results? SECTION I Cases and Discussion Questions HIV/AIDS Determinants and Control of the Epidemic The Aging Society Smoking and Adolescents—The Continuing Problem Reye’s Syndrome: A Public Health Success Story Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) SECTION II Tools of Population Health Chapter 3 Public Health Data and Communications What Is the Scope of Health Communications? Where Does Public Health Data Come From? How Is Public Health Information Compiled to Measure the Health of a Population? How Can We Evaluate the Display and Quality of the Presentation of Health Information? What Factors Affect How We Perceive Public Health Information? What Type of Information Needs to Be Combined to Make Health Decisions? What Other Data Needs to Be Included in Decision-Making? How Do We Utilize Information to Make Health Decisions? How Can We Use Health Information to Make Healthcare Decisions? Chapter 4 Social and Behavioral Sciences and Public Health How Is Public Health Related to the Social and Behavioral Sciences? How Are Social Systems Related to Health? How Do Socioeconomic Status, Culture, and Religion Affect Health? What Are Social Determinants of Health? 10 Key Categories of Social Determinants of Health How Do Social Determinants Affect Health? Can Health Behavior Be Changed? Why Are Some Individual Health Behaviors Easier to Change Than Others? How Can Individual Behavior Be Changed? How Can Health Behavior Be Explained and Predicted? What Are Some Key Theories and Models Used to Address Health Behavior? How Can Theories Be Applied in Practice? Chapter 5 Health Law, Policy, and Ethics What Is the Scope of Health Law, Policy, and Ethics? What Legal Principles Underlie Public Health and Health Care? What Do We Mean by “Health Policy”? How Are Public Health Policy Priorities Established? How Do Philosophies Toward the Role of Government Affect Health Policies? Is There a Right to Health Care? How Does Public Health Attempt to Balance the Rights of Individuals and the Needs of Society? What Bioethical Principles Are Used to Address Public Health Issues? How Can Bioethical Principles Be Applied to Protecting Individuals Who Participate in Research? What Can Be Done to Respond to the Threat of Pandemic Diseases? SECTION II Cases and Discussion Questions Don’s Diabetes A New Disease Called SADS—A Decision Analysis José and Jorge—Identical Twins Without Identical Lives The Obesity Epidemic in the United States—The Tip of an Iceberg Changing Behavior—Cigarette Smoking The New Era of E-Cigarettes The Elderly Driver SECTION III Preventing Disease, Morbidity, and Mortality Chapter 6 Noncommunicable Diseases What Is the Burden of Noncommunicable Disease? How Can Screening for Disease Address the Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases? How Can Identification and Treatment of Multiple Risk Factors Be Used to Address the Burden of Noncommunicable Disease? How Can Cost-Effective Interventions Help Us Address the Burden of Noncommunicable Diseases? Can Genetic Testing Help Predict Disease and Disease Outcomes and Allow More Personalized Medicine? What Can Be Done to Prevent Long-Term Mortality and Morbidity from Our Treatments? What Can We Do When Highly Effective Interventions Do Not Exist? How Can We Combine Strategies to Address Complex Problems of Noncommunicable Diseases? Chapter 7 Communicable Diseases What Is the Burden of Disease Caused by Communicable Diseases? How Do We Establish That an Organism Is a Contributory Cause of a Communicable Disease? How Do We Measure the Potential Impact of a Communicable Disease? What Public Health Tools Are Available to Address the Burden of Communicable Diseases? How Can Barriers Against Disease Be Used to Address the Burden of Communicable Diseases? How Can Immunizations Be Used to Address the Burden of Communicable Disease? How Can Screening and Case Finding Be Used to Address the Burden of Communicable Disease? How Can Treatment of Those Diagnosed and Their Contacts Help to Address the Burden of Communicable Disease? What Is the Human Microbiome and Why Is It Important? How Can Public Health Strategies Be Used to Eliminate Specific Communicable Diseases? What Options Are Available for the Control of HIV/AIDS? What Options Are Available for the Control of Influenza? What Options Are Available for the Control of Rabies? Chapter 8 Environmental Health and Safety What Is Meant by “Environment”? What Is the Burden of Disease Due to the Physical Environment? How Do We Interact with Our Physical Environment? How Does Risk Assessment Address the Impacts of the Physical Environment? What Is a Public Health Assessment? What Is an Ecological Risk Assessment? What Is an Interaction Analysis Approach to Environmental Diseases? What Are the Health Impacts of the Built Environment? What Do We Mean by “Intentional and Unintentional Injuries”? What Is Being Done to Keep the Population Safe? SECTION III Cases and Discussion Questions High Blood Pressure: A Public Health and Healthcare Success Testing and Screening H. pylori and Peptic Ulcers What to Do About Lyme Disease? Sharma's Village Type 2 Diabetes—An Epidemic Disease Legal Drugs That Kill—Death from Prescription Drug Overdoses SECTION IV Health Professionals, Healthcare Institutions, and Healthcare Systems Chapter 9 Health Professionals and the Health Workforce What Do We Mean by a “Health Professional”? How Do Education and Training Serve to Define Health Professions? What Are the Educational Options Within Public Health? What Is the Education and Training Process for Physicians? What Is the Education and Training Process for Nursing? What Roles Can Physicians, Nurses, and Other Clinical Health Professions Play in Public Health? What Is Meant by “Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Care”? How Are Clinical Health Professionals Rewarded and Compensated for Their Services? How Can We Ensure the System Has the Right Number of Healthcare Professionals? Chapter 10 Healthcare Institutions What Institutions Make Up the Healthcare System? What Types of Inpatient Facilities Exist in the United States? What Types of Outpatient Facilities Exist in the United States? What Do We Mean by the “Quality of Healthcare Services?” How Can Health Care Be Coordinated Among the Multiple Institutions That Provide Healthcare Services? What Types of Coordination of Care Are Needed and What Purposes Do They Serve? What Types of Healthcare Delivery Systems Are Being Developed and How Can They Help Ensure Coordination of Health Care? How Can Electronic Medical Records Be Used To Facilitate Coordination of Care and Improve Quality? How Is Technology Being Used to Improve the Quality of Care? What Mechanisms Are Being Used to Monitor and Ensure the Quality of Health Care in the United States? Chapter 11 Health Insurance and Healthcare Systems How Much Money Does the United States Spend On Health Care? What Types of Government-Supported Health Insurance Are Available? What Types of Employment-Based Health Insurance Are Available? What Mechanism Is Available to Obtain Insurance for Those Not Otherwise Eligible for Health Insurance? What Are the Extent and Consequences of Being Uninsured and Underinsured in the United States? Are There Other Programs Available for Those Who are Disabled or Injured on the Job? How Does the United States’ Health System Compare with Other Developed Countries? How Can We Describe the Healthcare Systems in Canada and the United Kingdom? What Conclusions Can We Reach from These Descriptions of the Healthcare Systems in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom? How Can a Healthcare System Be Scored? Using the National Scorecard, How Does the United States’ Healthcare System Perform Compared to Those of Other Developed Countries? How Can the Costs of Health Care Be Controlled in the United States? How Can Population Health Become a Mechanism for Controlling Costs? SECTION IV Cases and Discussion Questions When Nursing Meets Medicine Jack and Continuity of Care Donna’s Doctor—To Err Is Human Health Care in the United States—For Better or Worse? Excess Costs—How Much Can Be Saved? Navigating the Health System Influenza in Middleburg and Far Beyond SECTION V Public Health Institutions and Systems Chapter 12 Public Health Institutions and Systems What Are the Goals and Roles of Governmental Public Health Agencies? What Are the 10 Essential Public Health Services? What Are the Roles of Local and State Public Health Agencies? Is There a Process of Accreditation of Health Departments? What Are the Roles of Federal Public Health Agencies? What Are the Roles of Global Health Organizations and Agencies? How Can Public Health Agencies Work Together? What Other Government Agencies Are Involved in Health Issues? What Roles Do Nongovernmental Organizations Play in Public Health? How Can Public Health Agencies Partner with Health Care to Improve the Response to Health Problems? How Can Public Health Take the Lead in Mobilizing Community Partnerships to Identify and Solve Health Problems? Chapter 13 Food and Drugs As Public Health Issues What Are Important Milestones in the History of Food and Drugs As Public Health Issues in the United States? Food and Food Safety Drugs and Drug Safety Chapter 14 Systems Thinking: From Single Solutions to One Health What Makes Systems Thinking Different? What Is a System? What Are the Initial Steps in Systems Analysis? What Additional Steps Are Needed to Complete a Systems Analysis? How Can We Use a Systems Analysis to Better Understand a Problem Such As Coronary Artery Disease? How Can We Use Systems Diagrams to Display the Workings of a System? How Can We Apply Systems Thinking to Population Health Issues? How Can Systems Thinking Help Us Incorporate Interactions Between Factors to Better Understand the Etiology of Disease? How Can Systems Thinking Help Take into Account the Interactions Between Diseases? How Can Systems Thinking Help Identify Bottlenecks and Leverage Points That Can Be Used to Improve Population Health? How Can Systems Thinking Help Us Develop Strategies for Multiple Simultaneous Interventions? How Can Systems Thinking Help Us Look at Processes As a Whole To Plan Short-Term and Long-Term Intervention Strategies? What Is Meant by One Health? What Is the One Health Initiative? What Is the One Health Educational Framework? Microbiological Influences on Health and Disease Ecosystem Health/Physical Environment How Can Global Movements of Populations Affect Health? How Can Agricultural Practices and Changes in Food Distribution Influence the Occurrence of Infectious Diseases in Humans? How Can Ecological Changes in Land and Resource Use Affect the Development of Infectious Diseases? How Can Climate Change Affect Human Health? Human–Animal Interactions What Is the Human–Animal Bond and What Are Its Health Benefits? What Are the Major Risks from Cats and Dogs and How Can They Be Minimized? What Is Meant by Exotic Pets and What Risks Do They Pose for Infectious Disease? SECTION V Cases and Discussion Questions Public Health Departments—Getting the Lead Out Community-Oriented Primary Care (COPC) Hurricane Karl and the Public Health Success in Old Orleans Lung Cancer: Old Disease, New Approaches Restorital—How Do We Establish Safety? West Nile Virus: What Should We Do? Antibiotic Resistance: It’s With Us for the Long Run Glossary Index