The New Journey of China’s Economic and Social Development

Description

This book aims at China's economic and social development, which has embarked on a new journey. It collects more than 20 major research achievements of researchers in relevant fields of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. These topics cover rural revitalization and anti-poverty, industrialization and manufacturing transformation, service industry upgrading, fiscal and taxation system and fiscal sustainability, major financial reform, industry and competition policy, ownership structure, new pattern of opening up, digital economy, innovation driven, financial stability, macro-control, new urbanization, regional development, ecological environment, aging population, labor market, income distribution, social governance, people's livelihood, social security, the rule of law, cultural power, and other major issues. This book helps people from all walks of life better understand and grasp the new trends, opportunities, and challenges of China's economic and social development in the future and provides useful reference for thinking about China's medium and long-term development strategy and development path. Preface Contents 1 Experiences Gained from Past 13th Five-Year Plans and Guidelines for Subsequent Plans 1.1 Historical Context of Five-Year Plans for National Economic and Social Development 1.2 Experiences Gained from Past Five-Year Plans for National Economic and Social Development 1.3 Studies on the Guiding Thoughts of the Next Five-Year Plan 1.3.1 Historical Position and Background in the Next Five Years 1.3.2 Basic Conditions and Key Issues in Relation to the Next Five-Year Development 1.3.3 Research on the Concept and Guiding Ideology for Development in Next Five Years References 2 Overall Evaluation and Main Experiences of the Implementation of the 13th Five-Year Plan 2.1 Evaluation on the Performance of Major Objectives and Tasks of the 13th Five-Year Plan 2.1.1 Evaluation on Economic Growth 2.1.2 Evaluation on Innovation 2.1.3 Evaluation on Coordinated Development 2.1.4 Evaluation on Standards of Living and Quality of Life 2.1.5 Evaluation on the Overall Caliber of the Population and the Level of Civility in Society 2.1.6 Evaluation on the Quality of Environment and Ecosystems 2.1.7 Evaluation on all Systems 2.2 Evaluation on the Performance of Main Indicators During the “13th Five-Year Plan”Period 2.2.1 Evaluation on Economic Development Indicators 2.2.2 Evaluation on Innovation-Driven Indicators 2.2.3 Evaluation on Indicators of the Peoples’ Living Standards and Wellbeing 2.2.4 Evaluation on Indicators of Resources and Environment 2.3 Evaluation on the Performance of the Fight Against Poverty 2.3.1 Performance of the Poverty Alleviation Tasks 2.3.2 Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Poverty Alleviation 2.3.3 Ensuring Realization of the Poverty Alleviation Goals and Resolutely Winning the Tough Fight against Poverty 2.4 Experiences in the Implementation of the 13th Five-Year Plan 2.4.1 Pay More Attention to the Guidance of New Development Concepts and Lasting Effect 2.4.2 Deepening Reforms in All Respects and Vigorously Promoting High-Quality Economic Development 2.4.3 Giving Top Priority to a Higher Level of Openness, and Fully Stimulating Internal Driving Force and Market Vitality 2.4.4 Maintaining Strategic Resolve and Improving the Effectiveness of Macroeconomic Regulation and Control 2.4.5 Emphasizing the Effect of Scale Economy and Building a Strong Domestic Market 2.4.6 Implementing the People-Centered Development Thinking, and Enhancing Coordinated Development 2.4.7 Making Up For Shortcomings and Achieving Remarkable Results in Three Tough Battles against Poverty 3 Impacts of Medium and Long-Term External Environmental Changes on China and Countermeasures 3.1 External Environment for China’s Medium-And Long-Term Development 3.1.1 International Balance of Power (Ascending East and Descending West), and Profound Changes in the Structure of World Powers 3.1.2 Globalization Embarks on a Zigzag Path Due to Worldwide Problems and Challenges 3.1.3 Scientific and Technological Progress Has a Far-Reaching Impact and Is Beset With Many Uncertainties, So Science and Technology Will Become a Strategically Important Area for Great Power Competition 3.1.4 Far-Reaching Influence of Demographic Changes 3.1.5 Normalization of Network Security Game between Countries and the Public Consciousness of Rights Awakened By Network Technology 3.1.6 Worsening Sino-US Relations Boost the “Decoupling” Pressure 3.2 Influences of Medium and Long-Term Internal and External Environment on China 3.2.1 Influences on Promoting Supply-Side Structural Reform 3.2.2 Influences on Achieving High-Quality Development 3.2.3 Influences on Safeguarding and Shaping the Security of Overseas Interests 3.2.4 Influences on China’s Participation in and Leadership over International Economic Governance 3.3 Strategic Choice in Response to the Changes of External Environment 3.3.1 Transforming External Pressure into the Driving Force for Reform and Promoting Modernization of the National Governance System and Governance Capacity 3.3.2 Guiding Other Countries’ Opening Up To Facilitate an Open World Economy and Achieve Global Good Governance 3.3.3 Building the System and Capacity of Scientific and Technological Innovation to Improve the Overall Efficiency of the Innovation System 3.3.4 Actively Improving the Structure of Global Partnerships 3.3.5 Expanding and Upgrading the Space for the “Belt and Road Initiative” Cooperation, and Promoting Renminbi Internationalization References 4 Strategic Priorities of Medium and Long-Term Economic and Social Development 4.1 Innovative Development After “Kicking Away the Ladder” 4.1.1 Innovative Development in the New Round of Industrial Revolution 4.1.2 Achievements and Shortcomings of Innovative Development 4.1.3 Policy Priorities for Innovative Development 4.2 Further Expanding High-Level Opening-Up 4.2.1 The World Faces Great Transformations Never Seen in a Century 4.2.2 Considerable Room for China to Integrate into the World Economy 4.2.3 Opening All Economic Sectors Wider and Deeper to the Outside World 4.2.4 Fostering a New, Dual-Circulation Development Architecture with the Domestic Circulation as the Mainstay and with Mutual Promotion of Domestic and International 4.3 Expanding Middle-Income Groups 4.3.1 Estimating the Size of Middle-Income Groups 4.3.2 Policy Options for Expanding the Scale of Middle-Income Groups 4.4 Government Administration by the Rule of Law: the Core of the Law-Based Market Economy 4.4.1 Fromthe “Barbaric Growth of Market Economy” to Law-Based Economy 4.4.2 Legal Guarantee for Modern Market Economic System 4.4.3 Rule of Law for the Government is the Key to Legalization of Market Economy References 5 Research on Goals and Indicators of Mid-to-Long-Term Economic and Social Development 5.1 Forecast on China’s Economic Growth Potential in 2050 5.1.1 Key Mechanism for Predicting Potential Growth Rate 5.1.2 Forecast on Potential Growth Rate of China’s Economy from 2021 to 2050 5.2 Forecast on Scenarios of China’s Economic Growth and Structural Change in 2035 5.2.1 Forecast of China’s Economic Growth Scenario from 2021 to 2035 5.2.2 Forecast of China’s Industrial Structure Changes from 2021 to 2035 5.3 Basic Principles and Medium-Term Objectives for Promoting Economic and Social Development 5.3.1 Basic Principles for Promoting Economic and Social Development 5.3.2 Major Medium-Term Goals of Promoting Economic and Social Development 5.3.3 Main Indicators of Economic and Social Development for Some Time in the Future 5.3.4 Indicators for Economic Development 5.3.5 Indicators for Innovation-Driven Development 5.3.6 Indicators for Public Well-Being 5.3.7 Indicators for Green Development References 6 Research on Rural Vitalization and Anti-Poverty Strategy and Policy 6.1 Overall Evaluation of the Rural Vitalization Strategy and the Fight Against Poverty 6.1.1 Progress and Shortcomings in the Implementation of the Rural Vitalization Strategy 6.1.2 Evaluation of the Agricultural and Rural Modernization Process in China 6.1.3 Achievements and Challenges of the Fight Against Poverty 6.2 Strategic Approach and Goals of Rural Vitalization and Anti-Poverty 6.2.1 Overarching Approach and Goal of Rural Vitalization 6.2.2 Overall Guidelines and Goals of the Fight Against Poverty 6.3 Policies and Measures for Advancing Rural Vitalization 6.3.1 Strengthening the Food Security Guarantee Policy 6.3.2 Innovating the Policy of Rural Industrial Land Use 6.3.3 Improving the Policy of Rural Talent Vitalization 6.3.4 Innovating the Policy of Agricultural Support and Protection 6.3.5 Improving the Modern Rural Industrial Policy 6.3.6 Improving the Farmers’ Benefits Affiliating Policy 6.3.7 Improving the Rural Ecological Livability Policy 6.3.8 Improving the Urban and Rural Public Service Policy 6.3.9 Establishing and Improving the Policy of Safe Countryside 6.4 Ideas and Policies of Implementing the Anti-Poverty Strategy 6.4.1 Implementing the Policy of Consolidating the Achievements of Poverty Alleviation and Eliminating Absolute Poverty 6.4.2 Improve the Rural Vitalization Policy Including the Concept of Development-Oriented Poverty Alleviation and the Development Policy of Relatively Poor Areas 6.4.3 Establishing a Specific “Three Pillars” Anti-Poverty Strategy 6.4.4 Exploring Relative Poverty Standards and Monitoring Systems of Urban and Rural Integration and Multiple Standards 6.4.5 Building a Routine Relative Poverty Governance System with Central-Local Coordination and Urban–rural Coordination References 7 Mid-to-Long-Term Structural Adjustments of Manufacturing and Cultivation of New Competitive Advantages 7.1 Development Status and Main Problems of China's Manufacturing 7.1.1 The Growth Rate Declined and Stabilized, and the Development of Industry Differentiated 7.1.2 Formation of New Development Momentum and Effect of Weak Demand on Industry Benefits 7.1.3 The Industrial Production System is Complete and the Scale Advantage is Outstanding 7.2 Stability of Employment and Investment and Non-optimistic Market Environment 7.3 New Trends and Challenges of Global Manufacturing Development and New Demand of China's Manufacturing 7.3.1 Trends of “New Four Modernizations” of Manufacturing Industry and Its Impact on Competitive Advantages 7.3.2 Impact of New Challenges of the International Environment on China's Traditional Competitive Advantage 7.3.3 The Global Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic Threatens the Stability of China's Industrial and Supply Chains 7.4 New Demands Brought About by a Moderately Prosperous Society and the “Belt and Road” Initiative 7.5 Development Orientation and Key Areas of China's Mid-to-Long-Term Manufacturing Industry 7.5.1 Positioning of Manufacturing Industry in the National Economy 7.5.2 Favorable Conditions for Cultivating New Competitive Advantages of China's Manufacturing Industry 7.5.3 Favorable Conditions for Promoting the Development of Manufacturing Industry 7.6 Strategic Measures to Foster New Competitive Advantages 7.6.1 Industrial Basic Capacity Building Project 7.6.2 Industrial Ecosystem Upgrading Project 7.6.3 Core Technologies in High-End Manufacturing Field 7.6.4 Independent Brand Creation Project 7.6.5 Human Resources Quality Improvement Project 7.6.6 “Smart+” Pilot Demonstration Project 7.6.7 Optimizing the Global Layout Project of Manufacturing Industry References 8 Trends and Policies for Mid-to-Long-Term Development of Service Sectors 8.1 Current Conditions, Problems and Trends of the Service Sector Development 8.1.1 Current Conditions of the Service Sector Development 8.1.2 Problems Faced by the Development of Service Sectors 8.1.3 Mid-to-Long-Term Development Trends of China's Service Sector (2020–2030) 8.2 Transformation and Upgrading: Strategic Tasks for Mid-to-Long-Term Development of China's Service Sectors 8.2.1 Significance of the Transformation and Upgrading of China's Service Sectors 8.2.2 Main Tasks of the Transformation and Upgrading of China's Service Sectors 8.3 Paths and Policies to Promote the Transformation and Upgrading of Services 8.3.1 Paths of Service Transformation and Upgrading 8.3.2 Policies for Promoting Transformation and Upgrading of Services References 9 Mid-to-Long-Term Fiscal and Tax Reform and Financial Sustainability 9.1 Basic Background for Mid-to-Long-Term Operations of Finance and Taxation 9.1.1 Financial Positioning: The Foundation and Important Pillar of National Governance 9.1.2 Fiscal and Tax Operation Environment 9.1.3 Medium and Long-Term Fiscal Policy Control System 9.1.4 Challenges Facing Public Finance 9.2 Mid-to-Long-Term Reform of Fiscal and Taxation System 9.2.1 Progress and Existing Problems of the Reform of Fiscal and Taxation System in the 13th Five-Year Plan Period 9.2.2 Medium and Long-Term Reform of the Central-Local Financial Relations 9.2.3 Reform of the Budget System 9.2.4 Reform of the Tax System 9.3 Financial Sustainability 9.3.1 Research on Government Balance Sheets 9.3.2 Prevention Against Major Financial Risks 9.3.3 Tracking Study of the Financial Revenue and Expenditure Situations 9.3.4 Optimization of Fiscal Revenue and Expenditure Structure and Institutional Reform to Promote Fiscal Sustainability References 10 Research on Several Major Financial Reform Issues in the Medium and Long Term 10.1 Current Situation of Financial Reform and Development 10.1.1 Financial Scale Growth and Financial Depth 10.1.2 Structure of Financial Industry 10.1.3 Reform of the Financial Regulatory System 10.1.4 Development of Financial Inclusion 10.1.5 Construction of Financial Infrastructure 10.1.6 Innovation and Development of Financial Technologies 10.1.7 Two-Way Opening-Up of Financial Market 10.2 Main Problems in Financial Reform and Development 10.2.1 The Imbalanced and Inadequate Development of Capital Market Remains an Outstanding Problem 10.2.2 Regulatory System of Comprehensive Operation Needs to Be Established and Improved 10.2.3 Division of Central and Local Financial Regulatory Responsibilities and the Definition of Risk Disposal Responsibilities Need to Be Clarified 10.2.4 Unbalanced Financial Innovation and Supervision 10.2.5 Insufficient Financial Consumer Protection Mechanism 10.3 Policy Suggestions on Further Deepening Financial Reform 10.3.1 Accelerating Modernization of the Financial Governance System and Capacity 10.3.2 Improving Basic Systems of the Capital Market 10.3.3 Enhancing the International Competitiveness of the Financial Industry Based on Breakthroughs in Financial Technologies 10.3.4 Building a Policy System to Deal with External Risks References 11 Industrial Policy and Competition Policy for Deepening the Process of Industrialization 11.1 Achievements and Problems of China’s Industrialization 11.1.1 Great Achievements of China's Industrialization 11.1.2 Main Problems of China’s Industrialization 11.2 Major Challenges and Strategic Choices of Deepening Industrialization 11.2.1 Challenge of the “Deindustrialization” Trend 11.2.2 Challenge of “Great Changes” in the World 11.2.3 Challenge of the “New Industrial Revolution” 11.2.4 From High-Speed Industrialization to High-Quality Industrialization 11.3 Industrial Policy and Competition Policy for Deepening Industrialization 11.3.1 Boundary Between Industrial Policy and Competition Policy and Its Choice 11.3.2 Implementation Principles and Transformation of China’s Industrial Policies in the Future 11.3.3 Establishment of the Fundamental Status of Competition Policy 11.4 Policy Suggestions for High-Quality Development of the Manufacturing Industry 11.4.1 Strengthening the Planning and Deployment of High-Quality Development of Manufacturing Industry 11.4.2 Increasing Efforts to Improve the Modern Manufacturing Innovation System 11.4.3 Advancing Strong Industrial Foundation and Reengineering Protects 12 Mid-to-Long-Term Trends and Optimization Policy of the Ownership Composition 12.1 Institutional Basis for the Evolution of Ownership Composition 12.2 Status Quo and Problems of the Ownership Composition 12.2.1 Overall Situation of the Ownership Composition 12.2.2 Development of State-Owned Economy and Existing Problems 12.2.3 Development of Non-public Economy and its Problems 12.3 Basic Trends on the Changes of Ownership Composition in the Future 12.3.1 Basically Stable Mixed-Ownership Composition at Macro Level 12.3.2 Fast Fusion of the Mixed-Ownership Composition at the Micro Level 12.4 Major Policy Ideas for Perfecting Ownership Composition 12.4.1 Improving the Market Policy System 12.4.2 Deepening the Reform of State-Owned Enterprises 12.4.3 Supporting Development of the Non-public Sector References 13 Research on the Strategy and Policy of Constructing a New Open System at a Higher Level 13.1 New Trends Facing China’s Mid-to-Long-Term Opening up to the Outside World 13.1.1 Phased Adjustment of Globalization May Accelerate and the Competition of Benefit Distribution Will Become More Intense 13.1.2 China Remains in an Important Period of Strategic Opportunities as it is Faced with Blockade and Containment by the United States and Other Western Countries 13.1.3 China’s Status as a Developing Country to be Increasingly Questioned 13.1.4 More Arduous Task to Ensure Security in Opening Wider 13.2 New Strategies for Opening Wider in the Medium and Long Term 13.3 Policy Suggestions for Building a Higher-Standard New System for Opening and Win–Win Cooperation 13.3.1 Constantly Optimizing the Layout of Opening up to the Outside World 13.3.2 Accelerating the Building of a Strong Trading Country 13.3.3 Opening Wider the Service Sector to the Outside World 13.3.4 Improving the Quality of Foreign Capital Utilization 13.3.5 Supporting Chinese Enterprises to “Go Global” and Participate in the Reconstruction of the Global Industrial Chain 13.3.6 Steadily Promoting Financial Openness 13.3.7 Deepening the Building of the Belt and Road and Promoting Institutionalization of the “Belt and Road” Initiative 13.3.8 Resolutely Safeguarding National Economic Security 13.3.9 Taking Active Part in the Reform of Global Governance System 13.3.10 Undertaking International Responsibilities and Obligations More Effectively References 14 Research on Future Mid-to-Long-Term New Technologies, Digital Economy Development and Innovation-Driven Development Strategy and Major Policies 14.1 Research on the Innovation-Driven Development Strategy in the Mid-to-Long Term 14.1.1 Progress and Effectiveness of the Implementation of the Innovation-Driven Development Strategy During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period 14.1.2 Outstanding Problems and Causes of Innovation-Driven Development During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period 14.1.3 Opportunities and Challenges Faced by Innovation-Driven Development in the Medium and Long Term 14.1.4 Strategic Goals of Medium and Long-Term Innovation-Driven Development in the Future 14.1.5 Strategic Goals of Innovation-Driven Development in the Near Future 14.1.6 Key Tasks for the Implementation of the Future Medium and Long-Term Innovation-Driven Development Strategy 14.1.7 Major Policy Recommendations for Medium and Long-Term Innovation-Driven Development in the Future 14.2 Research on Major Policies for Mid-to-Long-Term Development of New Technologies and Digital Economy 14.2.1 Characteristics of the Technological Layout and Leading Technology System of a Big Innovation Country Under the New Industrial Revolution 14.2.2 Prospect Analysis of Recent Commercialization of Emerging Cutting-Edge Technologies 14.2.3 New Generation Information Technology Supports the Development of the Digital Economy into a New Stage 14.2.4 Economic and Social Impact of Commercialization of Other Emerging Cutting-Edge Technologies 14.2.5 Countermeasures and Suggestions for Promoting the Development of Digital Economy and the Application of New Technologies References 15 Enhancing Resilience, Maintaining Financial Stability and Innovating Macro Control in China as a Major Power 15.1 Enhancing the Resilience of China as a Major Power 15.1.1 Two Dimensions of “Resilience” 15.1.2 Characteristics of China’s Resilience 15.1.3 Enhancing China’s Resilience: Potentials and Challenges 15.1.4 Modernization of State Governance—The Key to Enhancing Institutional Resilience 15.2 Maintaining Financial Stability 15.2.1 Challenges Facing Financial Stability 15.2.2 Enhancing Financial Resilience and Maintaining Financial Stability 15.3 Macro Control Innovation 15.3.1 High-Quality Development Requires High-Quality Macro Control 15.3.2 An Important Measure for High-Quality Macro Control 15.3.3 Strengthening and Improving the CPC’s Centralized and Unified Leadership Over Macro Control References 16 Studies on Urbanization and Regional Development Strategies and Policies 16.1 Strategies and Policies for Medium and Long-Term Urbanization 16.1.1 Main Achievements of China’s Urbanization During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period 16.1.2 Main Problems in the Current Urbanization Process of China 16.1.3 Forecasts of China’s Urbanization Level in 2025 16.1.4 Medium and Long-Term Strategies for Advancing Urbanization 16.1.5 Several Policy Suggestions on Advancing Urbanization 16.2 Strategies and Policies for Medium and Long-Term Regional Development 16.2.1 Achievements Made by China’s Regional Development in the 13th Five-Year Plan Period 16.2.2 MajorProblems Currently Facing China’s Regional Development 16.2.3 Overarching Approach for Promoting Coordinated Regional Development 16.2.4 Major Measures to Promote Coordinated Regional Development References 17 Research on Strategies and Major Policies of Ecological Environment Protection and Climate Change Response 17.1 Achievements and Challenges of Ecological Civilization Construction 17.1.1 Significant Achievements Made in the Construction of Ecological Civilization 17.1.2 China’s Ecological Environment Protection and Response to Climate Change Are Facing a New Situation 17.1.3 Outstanding Challenges Faced by Ecological Environment Protection and Coping with Climate Change 17.2 Major Strategies for Ecological Environment Protection and Climate Change Response 17.2.1 Further Understand the Theory of “Gold and Silver Mountain” in the New Era and Focus on Improving Green Productivity 17.2.2 Thoroughly Implement the Concept of Harmonious Coexistence Between Man and Nature, Enhance the Awareness and Ability of Preventing Ecological Environmental Risks, and Ensure Ecological Security 17.2.3 Achieve High-Quality Economic Development, Improve the Quality of Air and Soil Environment, and Achieve the Peak of Carbon Emissions 17.2.4 The Advantages of Ecological Civilization System and Improvement of the Ability and Level of Ecological Environment Management 17.2.5 Focus on the Implementation of the “Green Mountain Defense War” in Rural Areas, and Realize the Overall Improvement of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment Quality 17.2.6 Sixth, Comprehensively Promote Lifestyle Changes, Advocate and Upgrade Green Consumption 17.2.7 Promote the Construction of Ecological Civilization in the River Basins, Regional Cooperative Protection, and Realize High-Quality Development and Green Prosperity 17.2.8 Hold High the Banner of Global Sustainable Development, and Enhance Our Ability and Level to Participate in and Lead Global Environmental Governance 17.3 Policy Suggestions for Promoting Ecological Environment Protection and Responding to Climate Change 17.3.1 An Economic Policy System to Strengthen Ecological Environmental Protection 17.3.2 Upgrade the Policy of Stimulating Green Consumption and Guide the Green Transformation of Economy and Society 17.3.3 Clarify the Zero Carbon-Oriented Policy and Lead the Global Climate Governance 17.3.4 Strengthen the Policy Support of “Green Mountain Defense War” in Rural Areas 17.3.5 Regional Policies for Ecological Environment Protection in the Key Functional Areas 17.3.6 Improve the Rule of Law Policy System and Improve the Efficiency of Ecological Civilization Governance References 18 Research on the Medium and Long-Term Population Development and Aging 18.1 Evaluation of the Present Situation of Population Development 18.1.1 It is Difficult to Reach the Planned Target of the Total Population 18.1.2 The Declining Birthrate and the Aging Population Are Developing Rapidly 18.1.3 The Size of the Working-Age Population is Declining 18.1.4 The Scale of Women of Childbearing Age in Vigorous Growth Period is Rapidly Decreasing 18.1.5 The Planning Goal of Average Life Expectancy Can Be Achieved 18.1.6 The Sex Ratio at Birth Has Changed Significantly 18.1.7 The Planned Goal of Urbanization Rate Has Been Achieved 18.2 Medium and Long-Term Trends of Population Development 18.2.1 China’s Population Will Reach Peak Value 18.2.2 China Will Enter a Moderately Aging Society 18.2.3 The Size of the Working-Age Population Will Continue to Decline Substantially 18.2.4 The Population of Children Continues to Decrease 18.2.5 The Consequences of the Rising Sex Ratio at Birth Gradually Appear 18.3 Evaluation and Further Reform of Population Policy Adjustment 18.3.1 Adjustment and Evaluation of Birth Policy During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period 18.3.2 The Necessity and Feasibility of Implementing the Independent Birth Policy as Soon as Possible 18.3.3 Road Map for Population Policy Adjustment 18.4 Responding to the Aging of Population as a National Strategy 18.4.1 A Prominent Feature of China’s Current Aging Population 18.4.2 There is Still a Short Opportunity to Cope with the Aging of the Population 18.4.3 Actively Respond to the Aging of the Population from a Strategic Height References 19 Research on Medium- and Long-Term Employment and Labor Market Development 19.1 Employment and the Development of Labor Market 19.1.1 The Employment Situation is Generally Stable 19.1.2 The Wage Level Continues to Increase 19.1.3 The Labor Market Structure has Changed Significantly 19.1.4 The Active Employment Policy System has Been Further Improved 19.1.5 Steadily Push Forward the System Reform Related to the Labor Market 19.2 Mid- and Long-Term Operation Trend of Labor Market 19.2.1 On the Whole, Labor Supply Is Still Tight 19.2.2 The Growth of Total Employment Slowed Down 19.2.3 Determine the Direction of Active Employment Policy According to the Nature of Unemployment 19.2.4 The Direction of Employment Structure Adjustment has Changed 19.3 Key Issues of Labor Market Reform and Development 19.3.1 Promote the Sustained Growth of Labor Productivity 19.3.2 Actively Respond to the Challenge of a New Round of Scientific and Technological Revolution 19.3.3 Continue to Reform and Improve the Basic System Related to the Labor Market 19.3.4 Pay Attention to the Realization of Active Employment Policy 19.4 Policy Suggestions for Medium and Long-Term Development of Labor Market 19.4.1 Adjust the Employment Planning Objectives and Steadily Push Forward the Extension of Retirement Age 19.4.2 Improving Labor Productivity Is the Core Goal of Labor Market Reform 19.4.3 Actively Respond to the Challenges of the New Round of Scientific and Technological Revolution and Improve Relevant Systems 19.4.4 Complete the Reform of Household Registration System 19.4.5 Make the Active Employment Policy Truly a “Priority” Policy 19.4.6 Extend Compulsory Education and Build a More Effective Human Capital Accumulation System References 20 Research on Medium and Long-Term Income Distribution Pattern and Policy 20.1 Changes in Income Distribution Situation and Policies 20.1.1 The Share of Labor Remuneration Continues to Increase 20.1.2 The Relationship Between Initial Distribution and Redistribution 20.1.3 Third, the Income of Residents has Increased Steadily and the Distribution Pattern has Improved 20.1.4 Changes of Non-statistical Income and Its Influence on Residents’ Income Distribution 20.2 Medium- and Long-Term Problems of Income Distribution 20.2.1 The Wage Income of Low- and Middle-Income Residents Grows Slowly 20.2.2 The Virtual Economy Expands the Income Gap of Residents 20.2.3 The Income Distribution Effect of the Fourth Industrial Revolution 20.2.4 The Personal Income Tax System Needs to Be Improved 20.2.5 The High Leverage Ratio of the Resident Sector Is Not Conducive to Narrowing the Income Gap 20.3 Policy Suggestions for Medium- and Long-Term Income Distribution 20.3.1 Continue to Raise the Level of Labor Remuneration Reasonably 20.3.2 Promoting the Income Growth of Low- and Middle-Income Workers 20.3.3 Continue to Improve the Personal Income Tax System 20.3.4 Consolidate the Achievements of Tax Reduction and Fee Reduction, and Standardize Hidden Income 20.3.5 Strengthen the Construction of Social Security and Subsidy System, and Timely Adjust Poverty Standards References 21 Research on Middle- and Long-Term Social Development Goals, Strategies and Policies 21.1 New Stage of Social Development 21.2 Long-Term Development Goals, Strategies and Policies of Social Structure 21.3 Long-Term Goals, Strategies and Policy Measures for Improving People’s Well-Being 21.4 Modernization of System and Capacity for Social Governance References 22 Middle- and Long-Term Social Security Development Goals, Strategic Priorities and Reform Suggestions 22.1 Goals and Ideas of Social Security Reform 22.1.1 Development Situation and Missions 22.1.2 Medium- and Long-Term Development Objectives and Ideas of Social Security 22.2 Reform and Development of the Social Assistance System 22.2.1 Transformation and Upgrading of the Social Assistance System 22.2.2 Problems and Target Tasks of the Social Assistance System 22.3 Reform and Development of the Old-Age Security System 22.3.1 Main Problems with the Old-Age Security System 22.3.2 Goals and Tasks of the Reform and Development of the Old-Age Security System 22.4 Reform and Development of the Medical Security System 22.4.1 Main Problems of the Medical Security System 22.4.2 Goals and Tasks of Reform and Development of Medical Security System 22.5 Suggestions on Promoting Major Social Security Reforms 22.5.1 Establishing a Long-Term Social Security Mechanism for Mitigating Relative Poverty 22.5.2 Improving the Self-Balancing Mechanism of Social Insurance Fund 22.5.3 Nationwide Pooling of Basic Pension Funds 22.5.4 Accelerating the Establishment of a Multi-Tiered Old-Age Security System 22.5.5 Deepening Medical Reform and Improving the Medical Security System 22.5.6 Enhancing the Role of Unemployment Insurance in Promoting Employment 22.5.7 Constantly Improving Social Security Governance and Management System 22.6 Improving the Legal System for Social Security References 23 Goals and Policy Research for Reform of the Public Service Financial Investment System 23.1 Estimate on the Total Amount of Government Expenditures on Improving People’s Well-Being and Its Benchmark Selection 23.1.1 Estimate on the Expanding Scale of People’s Livelihood Expenditures: Historical Trend Extrapolation and International Comparison 23.1.2 Benchmark Selection for Expanding Expenditures on People’s Livelihood: Population Flow and Urbanization Process 23.2 Optimizing the Financial Investment Structure According to the Goals of Government Expenditures on Improving People’s Livelihood 23.2.1 Balance Between Supply Side and Demand Side 23.2.2 Structural Imbalances in Fiscal Investment in areas with Different Administrative Levels are Not Conducive to Realizing the Equalization of Public Services 23.2.3 Providing Fiscal Subsidies to the Supply Side Does Not Fully Meet the “Public Good” and “Non-profit” Principle and Fails to Effectively Reduce the Economic Burdens of Urban and Rural Residents to Receive Public Services 23.3 Policy Suggestions on Promoting the Improvement of People’s Livelihood in the Middle and Long Term with the Public Finance Reform as the Starting Point 23.3.1 Structural Adjustment 23.3.2 Changing the Fiscal Input Mechanism References 24 Middle- and Long-Term Goals and Strategies for Advancing the Rule of Law 24.1 Middle- and Long-Term Strategies for Advancing the Rule of Law and Key Policy Points 24.2 Contents and Characteristics of the Targets and Strategies for Advancing the Rule of Law from the 9th Five-Year Plan Period to the 13th Five-Year Plan Period 24.2.1 Objectives and Strategic Arrangements for Advancing the Rule of Law in the 9th Five-Year Plan (1995–2000) 24.2.2 Objectives and Strategic Arrangements for Advancing the Rule of Law in the 10th Five-Year Plan (2000–2005) 24.2.3 Objectives and Strategic Arrangements for Advancing the Rule of Law in the 11th Five-Year Plan (2005–2010) and the 12th Five-Year Plan (2010–2015) 24.2.4 Objectives and Strategic Arrangements for Advancing the Rule of Law in the 13th Five-Year Plan (2015–2020) 24.3 Implementation of Overall Goals and Strategies for Advancing the Rule of Law During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period and Issues of Great Concern 24.4 Work Priorities in Middle- and Long-Term Goals and Strategies for Advancing the Rule of Law 24.4.1 Major Objectives 24.4.2 Concrete Tasks References 25 Medium- and Long-Term Goals, Strategies and Major Policies for Developing a Great Socialist Culture in China 25.1 Research on the Profound Significance and Guiding Ideology for Developing a Great Socialist Culture in China in the Middle and Long Term 25.1.1 Research on the Profound Significance for Developing a Great Socialist Culture in China in the Middle and Long Term 25.1.2 Research on the Guiding Ideology for Building a Great Culture in China 25.2 Opportunities and Challenges in the Middle and Long Term 25.2.1 Great Opportunities for Building a Culturally Strong Country 25.2.2 Major Challenges in the Middle and Long Term 25.3 Main Objectives in the Medium and Long Term 25.3.1 Firm Ideals and Convictions of Party Members and Officials 25.3.2 Promoting the Well-Rounded Development of All Our People and Raising Standards of Public Civility 25.3.3 Promoting the Prosperity of Cultural Undertakings 25.3.4 Gradually Improving Systems and Mechanisms that Put Social Benefits First While Pursuing Economic Returns 25.3.5 Promoting Vigorous Development of Literature and Arts 25.3.6 Stronger International Influence of Chinese Culture 25.4 Major Strategies and Policy Suggestions 25.4.1 Maintaining and Improving the Fundamental System Which Ensures that Marxism Guides All Our Ideological Work, and Holding Firmly the Leading Position and Ensuring We Have Our Say in the Realm of Ideology 25.4.2 Promoting the Prosperity of Cultural Undertakings 25.4.3 Further Accelerating the Development of Cultural Industries 25.4.4 Promoting Socialist Cultural and Ethical Progress 25.4.5 Continuously Promoting Chinese Culture to Go Global References