Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques

Description

Comprehensive, cutting-edge content addresses contemporary orthodontic practice! Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques, 7th Edition provides an evidence-based approach to orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and clinical techniques, including esthetics, genetics, temporary anchorage devices, aligners, technology-assisted biomechanics, and much more. New to this edition are seven chapters, covering topics like AI, maxillary expansion in adults, Class II correctors, and autotransplantation. Newly authored chapters on orthognathic surgery and the craniofacial team, the periodontal-orthodontic interface, interdisciplinary treatment, and accelerated tooth movement, among others, address current perspectives. The 7th edition comes with access to an enhanced eBook version, which includes videos and additional visuals to show concepts difficult to explain with words alone. Readers can also find additional, online-only chapters and a fully searchable version of the text. Respected editors Lee Graber, Katherine Vig, and Greg Huang are joined by new editor Pádhraig Fleming, along with expert contributors from around the world. This text provides the most current and comprehensive collection of orthodontic knowledge, making it the go-to book for orthodontic residents and practitioners! Comprehensive coverage provides a one-stop resource for the field of orthodontics, including foundational theory and the latest on the materials and techniques used in today’s practice.Experienced, renowned editors lead a team of expert, international contributors to provide the most authoritative clinical practice and supporting science from the best and brightest in the industry.More than 3,400 images include a mixture of radiographs, full-color clinical photos, and anatomic or schematic line drawings, showing examples of treatment, techniques, and outcomes.Detailed, illustrated case studies show the decision-making process, highlighting the consequences of various treatment techniques over time.Extensive references make it easy to look up the latest in orthodontic research and evidence-based information, and all references also appear online.Enhanced ebook, included with every print purchase, features a fully searchable version of the text and bonus online-only chapters, instructional videos, and more.NEW! Seven chapters cover topics such as AI, maxillary expansion in adults, Class II correctors, and autotransplantation. Newly authored chapters on aligners, orthognathic surgery, the periodontal-orthodontic interface, interdisciplinary and computer-assisted treatment, temporary anchorage devices, and accelerated tooth movement, among others, address current perspectives.UPDATED! Relevant literature and evidence-based practices are featured throughout the text.NEW! Additional photos and illustrations visually reinforce key concepts and procedures. Front Cover Inside Front Cover Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques Copyright Dedication Contributors Preface Contents Part A Foundations of Orthodontics 1 The History of Orthodontics… From an Idea to a Profession Pre-1900 development of the orthodontic specialty The professionalization of orthodontics The American Board of Orthodontics, Albert Ketcham, and early 20th-century appliances More early 20th-century appliances and the extraction controversy The cephalometer takes its place in the orthodontic armamentarium Functional appliances to midcentury The golden age of orthodontics Two controversies: early treatment and occlusion The temporomandibular joint and orthognathic surgery Surgical adjuncts to orthodontics Skeletal anchorage Late 20th-century 2 Craniofacial Growth and Development Developing a Perspective Somatic Growth Differential Development and Maturation Variation in Rates of Growth during Maturation Craniofacial Complex Structural Units Desmocranium Chondrocranium Viscerocraniu Dentition Functional Units Neurocranium Face Oral Apparatus Molecular Basis of Craniofacial Development and Growth Cranial Vault Development of the Cranial Vault Mechanisms of Suture Growth Postnatal Growth of the Cranial Vault Cranial Base Development of the Cranial Base Mechanism of Synchondrosal Growth Postnatal Growth of the Cranial Base Midface/Nasomaxillary Complex Development of the Midface Postnatal Growth of the Midface Mandible Development of the Mandible Growth of the Mandibular Condyle Histomorphology of the Growing Condyle Articular layer Growth layer Age-Related Changes in the Mandibular Condyle Mechanisms of Condylar Growth Postnatal Growth of the Mandible Arch Development, Tooth Migration, and Eruption Adult Changes in Craniofacial Form Postnatal Interrelationships During Craniofacial Growth Significance of Understanding Craniofacial Growth for Orthodontics References 3 Genetics and Orthodontics Etiology Background and basic definitions Types of genetic effects and modes of inheritance Monogenic Traits Autosomal Dominant Traits and Penetrance Variable Expressivity Autosomal Recessive Traits X-Linked Traits and Lyonization (X-Inactivation) Complex Traits Nature versus nurture Heritability and Its Estimation Use of Family Data to “Predict” Growth Normal facial growth Growth Differences During Puberty Mandibular Prognathism/Class III Malocclusion Class II Division 2 Malocclusion Tooth size and agenesis Dental Crown Morphology Dental Agenesis Dental eruption problems Canine Impaction and/or Displacement Primary Failure of Eruption Environmental and genetic influences on bilateral symmetry Genetic factors and external apical root resorption Short root anomaly Personalized-precision orthodontics Summary References 4 The Biological Basis for Orthodontics Introduction Tooth-supporting tissues Gingiva Periodontal Ligament Root Cementum Alveolar Bone Biology of orthodontic tooth movement through bone Fundamental studies reveal tissue-level bone changes leading to tooth movement Bone cell modeling activity enables tooth movement through bone Mechanical orthodontic forces stimulate biochemical cell signals Local biological mediators of orthodontic tooth movement Neuropeptides and orthodontic tooth movement RANK/RANKL/OPG system for control of osteoclastogenesis and tooth movement Biological control of osteogenesis involved in orthodontic tooth movement Physical methods aimed at stimulating the biology of orthodontic tooth movement Injury-Facilitated Acceleration of Tooth Movement Vibration-Induced Acceleration of Tooth Movement Laser Irradiation–Induced Acceleration of Tooth Movement Types of Tooth Movements Physiologic Tooth Migration Tipping Bodily Movement Rotation Extrusion Intrusion Movements in the Labial/Buccal Direction Tissue Reactions Seen in Orthodontic Retention and Relapse Future directions References 5 Bone Physiology, Metabolism, and Biomechanics in Orthodontic Practice Osteology Differential Osteology of the Maxilla and Mandible Bone physiology Specific Assessment Methodology Classification of Bone Tissue Woven Bone Lamellar Bone Composite Bone Bundle Bone Skeletal adaptation: remodeling and modeling Bone Remodeling Bone Modeling Cortical bone growth and maturation Cutting and Filling Cones Structural and Metabolic Fractions Bone metabolism Biomechanics Sutures Orthodontic tooth movement Occlusal Trauma and Root Resorption Induction of the Tooth Movement Response Differential Anchorage Rate of Tooth Movement Periodontitis and Orthodontics Endosseous Implants Current status of miniscrew implants Osseointegration Bone-to-Implant Contact Bone Remodeling Failure of Miniscrew Implants—Design or Unique Biological Constraints? Rigidity of Miniscrew Implants Animal models for studying bone adaptation, remodeling, and modeling Novel Application of in vivo Micro-CT to Study Bone Adaptation in 3D Developing a Novel Animal Model for Orthodontic Tooth Movement 188 Expedited tooth movement Regional Acceleratory Phenomena Bone Remodeling Rate Current Evidence of Expedited Tooth Movement from Experimental Studies on Rodents and Canines Summary Acknowledgments References 6 Application of Bioengineering to Clinical Orthodontics Sign conventions Biomechanics of tooth movement Centers of Rotation and Centers of Resistance Bracket Path and the Required Force System Optimal Force and Stress The orthodontic appliance Active and Reactive Members Moment-to-Force Ratio Load-Deflection Rate Maximal Elastic Moment Manner of Loading Mechanical Properties of Metals Basic Behavior of Alloys Elastic Limit Modulus of Elasticity Shape-Memory Alloys Ideal Orthodontic Alloys Wire Cross-Section Selection of the Proper Wire (Alloy and Cross-Section) Wire Length Amount of Wire Stress Raisers Sections of Maximal Stress Direction of Loading Attachment Forces from a Continuous Arch Principles of Spring Design The Role of Friction Summary Acknowledgment References 7 Clinically Relevant Aspects of Dental Materials Science in Orthodontics Impact of appliance properties on mechanics Stainless Steel Brackets Stiffness Roughness Base-Wing Joint Hardness Friction Material Properties and Torque Titanium Brackets Ceramic Brackets Brittleness and Fracture Ceramics in Wet Environments Effect of Grain Size Archwires Clinical Impact of Nickel-Titanium Archwire Properties Superelastic and Non-superelastic Nickel-Titanium in Crowding Alleviation Photocuring and adhesives Photocuring Light Intensity Lamps Biological Properties of Blue Light and Adhesives Blue Light Effects Grinding of Adhesives: Production of Aerosol and Estrogenic Action Materials for fixed retainers Properties of Wires and Composite Resins Used for Fixed Retainers Wires Composite Resins Materials used in aligner treatment Properties Important to Their Clinical Performance Intraoral Alterations of Orthodontic Aligners Aspects of Composite Resin Attachments to the Tooth Summary Acknowledgments References 8 The Role of Evidence in Orthodontics Introduction The best scientific evidence Observational Studies Randomized Controlled Trials Critical Assessment and Interpretation of Randomized Controlled Trials 1 . Research Question Systematic Reviews Applying evidence-based orthodontics in clinical practice Example Integrating clinical expertise, the best evidence, and patient preferences/values Critique of Evidence-Based Orthodontics The future of evidence-based orthodontics References 9 Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analytics in Orthodontics Introduction Applications of artificial intelligence in orthodontics Automated Cephalometric Analysis Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Analysis Orthodontic Treatment Planning Assessment of Treatment Outcomes Computer-Aided Design/Computer-Aided Manufacturing/Additive Manufacturing Classifying and Organizing Data Remote Treatment Monitoring Other Orthodontic Applications Artificial intelligences and genomics Conclusion References Part B Diagnosis and Treatment Planning 10 The Decision-Making Process in Orthodontics Background Concepts Quality of Life: The Modern Healthcare Paradigm Understanding Normal versus Ideal Occlusion Dental and Skeletal Compensations: Nature’s Way of Camouflaging Discrepancies Recognizing Orthodontic Problems Limitations of Orthodontic Treatment Patient evaluation: the diagnostic process in orthodontics Overview of the Problem-Oriented Approach Collection of Interview Data First Contact Interview at the First Appointment Meeting the Patient and Eliciting the Chief Concern Clinical Evaluation Facial Proportions and Appearance Intraoral Examination Health of hard and soft tissues Soft tissue function Jaw function Diagnostic Records What Records Are Needed? Virtual versus physical dental casts Head orientation for cephalograms Additional records Technologic Advances in Diagnosis Digital photography, videography, and three-dimensional photography Computer imaging Cone-beam computed tomography Intraoral scanning Analysis of Diagnostic Records Cast Analysis Cephalometric Analysis Development of clinical cephalometrics Goals of modern cephalometric analysis Evaluation of Class II malocclusion Evaluation of Class III malocclusion Vertical skeletal problems Vertical dental problems Classification: Organizing the Database Angle Classification Systematic Description: Ackerman-Proffit Classification Development of the classification scheme Application of systematic description Step 1: Evaluation of dentofacial appearance Step 2: Analysis of the dental alignment and intraarch symmetry Step 3: Lateral dimensions (Transverse Plane of Space) Step 4: Anteroposterior dimensions (Sagittal Plane of Space) Step 5: Vertical dimensions (Vertical Plane of Space) Summary of Diagnosis Treatment planning: the problem-oriented approach Prioritizing the Problem List Considerations in Evaluating Treatment Possibilities To Extract or Not to Extract? Management of crowding or protrusion Incisor repositioning for camouflage Visual treatment objectives in the extraction decision Therapeutic Modifiability Interaction among potential solutions to problems Patient cooperation Presenting the Tentative Treatment Plan, Finalizing It, and Obtaining Informed Consent The Patient-Parent Conference Informed Consent Informed consent sequence Computer image predictions Treatment response The Final Step: The Treatment Plan Details (Mechanotherapy Plan) Applications of skeletal anchorage Stereolithographic models and three-dimensional printing Custom milling of attachments and robotic wire bending References 11 Psychological Aspects of Diagnosis and Treatment Patient perceptions Patients with psychological disorders Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Body Dysmorphic Disorder Bipolar Disorder Panic Disorder Depression Eating Disorders Personality Disorders Difficult” Patients Patients having orthognathic surgery Psychological Status and Motivation Expectations Satisfaction Patients with craniofacial deformities Psychological Issues Patients with Clefts of the Lip and Palate Patients with Acquired Deformities Summary References 12 Orthodontic Diagnosis and Treatment Planning with Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Imaging Introduction Strategies for assessment of radiation dose risk Factors that Influence Dose and Risk Estimation Biological Factors Technical Factors Receptor technology and field of view mAs kVp and beam filtration Resolution Clinical indications for the use of cone-beam computed tomography in orthodontics Tooth Morphology and Relative Position Within the Alveolar Bone Temporomandibular Joint Health and Disease Airway Assessment Skeletal Discrepancies and Craniofacial Anomalies Image analyses and the use of three-dimensional surface models and superimpositions Practical Challenges Image Acquisition Challenges Segmentation Challenges Image Registration Quantitative Measurements Volume Three-dimensional linear surface distances in triangular meshes Closest point measurements Shape correspondence measurements Three-dimensional angular measurements Step-by-Step Open-Source Three-Dimensional Image Analysis Procedures Acquisition of Three-Dimensional Diagnostic Records Head orientation Construction of 3D volumetric files that label with color the anatomic structures of interest Image registration Manual approximation of Time 1 and Time 2 scans Voxel-based registration for longitudinal assessments Placement of prelabeled landmarks on the segmentations Generation of three-dimensional surface models from the segmentations with prelabeled landmarks Quantitative measurements Three-dimensional linear surface distances in triangular meshes 3D angular measurements Visual analytics with graphic display of three-dimensional morphologic variability and/or changes over time Treatment planning with computer-assisted surgery Surgical Planning and Simulation Simulation of Soft Tissue Changes Intraoperative Guidance: Surgical Navigation Tracking Technology Final considerations References 13 Upper Airway, Cranial Morphology, and Sleep Apnea Introduction Airway complications have far-reaching effects Anatomy and growth Overview Hyoid Bone Position and Morphologic Features Relationship of Different Skeletal Patterns to Airway Morphologic Structure Airway measurements and imaging Overview Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Acoustic Rhinometry Pharyngometry Ultrasonography Influence of orthodontic treatment on the airway Treatment Including Extractions Rapid Maxillary Expansion Functional Orthopedic Appliances Orthognathic Surgery Summary of Orthodontic Treatment Effects on the Airway Sleep-disordered breathing: airway disorders and management Definitions and Testing Reports Classifications of Sleep-Disordered Breathing Obstructive Sleep Apnea Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome Central Sleep Apnea Syndrome Sleep Hypoventilation Syndromes Epidemiologic Factors Pathophysiologic Precipitants in Sleep Clinical Presentations Physical Risks in Wakefulness Clinical Prediction of Significant Sleep-Disordered Breathing Patient-Based Tests and Questionnaires Friedman Classification Modified Mallampati Classification Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire STOP-Bang Questionnaire Epworth Sleepiness Scale Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation Scale Diagnostic Testing of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment Modalities Treatment Options Lifestyle and Behavior Modification Positive Airway Pressure Oral Appliances Surgical Treatment Oropharyngeal Exercises Upper Airway Electrical Neurostimulation Management for Prevention of Harm Importance of a multidisciplinary approach Summary and conclusions Acknowledgment References 14 Orthodontic Therapy and the Patient with Temporomandibular Disorders Introduction The Concept of Orthopedic Stability Finding the Musculoskeletal Stable Position Evaluating the Patient for Temporomandibular Disorders A Temporomandibular Disorder Screen History A Temporomandibular Disorder Screen Examination Muscle Palpation Temporomandibular Joint Palpation Range of Mandibular Movement Occlusal Evaluation The Clinical Significance of Joint Sounds Developing the Orthodontic/Temporomandibular Disorder Treatment Plan Managing Temporomandibular Disorder Symptoms that Arise During Orthodontic Therapy Summary References 15 The Orthodontist’s Role and Collaboration in a Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Team The Team Approach Orthodontic Treatment and Team Collaboration Neonates and Infants (Birth to 2 Years of Age) Presurgical Infant Orthopedics Primary Alveolar Bone Grafting Speech Considerations for Infants and Toddlers Primary Dentition Stage (2 to 6 Years of Age) Speech Considerations for the Young Child Mixed Dentition Stage (7 to 12 Years of Age) Secondary Alveolar Bone Grafting Early secondary alveolar bone grafting (2 to 6 years of age) Intermediate or secondary alveolar bone grafting (7 to 15 years of age) Timing Interdisciplinary sequencing Orthodontic considerations associated with secondary alveolar bone grafting The transverse dimension Maxillary incisor alignment Position of the premaxilla in bilateral cleft cases Eruption of the maxillary canine Assessing the outcome of secondary alveolar bone grafting Speech Considerations for Older Children and Young Adolescents Permanent Dentition Stage Speech Considerations during Comprehensive Orthodontic Treatment Skeletofacial Growth Considerations Orthognathic Surgery Interdisciplinary treatment planning Role of the orthodontist Distraction osteogenesis Speech considerations AFTER orthognathic surgery Management of the Missing Lateral Incisor Space Canine substitution Fixed partial dentures Removable partial dentures Endosseous implants Current Issues in the Access of Orthodontic Care Barriers in the Access to Cleft Team Interdisciplinary Coordination and Specialty Care Barriers from United States Health Insurance Programs Other Barriers Encountered by Families References Part C Orthodontic Treatment 16 Principles of Treatment: Balancing Outcome and Efficiency Introduction Balancing risk and benefit Orthodontic planning and esthetics Orthodontic planning and dental health Treatment process, experience, and outcome Treatment duration and experience: association with outcome Optimizing efficiency: treatment planning and mechanics Fixed appliance attachments Nonsurgical and surgical adjunctive procedures Short-term” orthodontics Treatment principles: planning for stability Conclusion References 17 Optimizing Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Part A: Patient Management and Motivation for the Child and Adolescent Patient Behavior guidance Pain Management First Impressions Differences in behavior management between pediatric dentistry and orthodontics Communication Guidance Patient at-home responsibilities Oral Hygiene and Diet Removable Orthodontic Appliances Extraoral Appliances Headgear for Class II Correction Removable Intraoral Appliances Orthodontic Appointments Intraoral Elastics Removable Retainers Summary Part B: Treatment Timing and Mixed Dentition Therapy The timing of treatment intervention Modification of Craniofacial Growth Patient Cooperation Practice Management The cervical vertebral maturation method When to intervene Treatment of tooth-size and arch-size discrepancy problems Space Maintenance During the Transition of the Dentition Transpalatal Arch Lingual Arch Serial extraction Arch expansion Types of Expansion Orthodontic Expansion Passive Expansion Orthopedic Expansion Rationale for Early Orthopedic Expansion Permanent Dentition Mixed Dentition Orthopedic Expansion Protocols Maxillary Adaptations Mandibular Dental Uprighting, Expansion, and Space Management Appliances Mandibular Adaptations The Schwarz Appliance Lip Bumper Spontaneous improvement of sagittal malocclusions Class II Patients Class III Patients The treatment of class II malocclusion Components of Class II Malocclusion Available Class II Treatment Strategies Maxillary Distalization Extraoral Traction Maxillary Molar Distalization Pendulum and Pendex Appliances Mandibular Enhancement: Functional Jaw Orthopedics Appliance Selection Herbst Appliance Mandibular Anterior Repositioning Appliance Treatment Timing for Class II Malocclusion Additional Comments Regarding Class II Treatment Treatment of class III malocclusion Components of Class III Malocclusion Available Class III Treatment Strategies Appliance Selection The Orthopedic Facial Mask The Fränkel FR-3 Appliance The Orthopedic Chin Cup Bone-anchored miniplates for maxillary protraction Additional Comments Regarding Class III Treatment Overview and summary Final remarks Acknowledgments References 18 Standard Edgewise: Tweed-Merrifield Philosophy, Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, and Force Systems 19 Contemporary Straight Wire Biomechanics Straight wire appliance design and values Straight wire appliance and self-ligation Optimal Bracket Placement Treatment Mechanics Stage 1: Leveling and Aligning Stage 2: Working Stage Arch coordination Overbite and overjet correction Closing extraction spaces Double keyhole loop activation Niti thermal-activated coil activation Minimum anchorage Medium Anchorage Maximum anchorage Intermaxillary elastics Stage 3: Finishing Stage Future directions Summary References 20 Self-Ligating Bracket Biomechanics The Historical Context of Self-Ligation Stainless Steel Ligatures Elastomeric Ligature Begg Pins Self-Ligation Factors that Hindered the Adoption of Self-Ligation Proposed Core Advantages of Self-Ligating Brackets Faster Archwire Removal and Ligation Less or No Chairside Assistance for Ligation Secure Archwire Engagement Friction and Self-Ligation Friction with Active Archwires: Thick, Stiff Wires Friction with Active Archwires: Thin, Flexible Wires Friction In Vivo: Occlusal and Masticatory Forces Secure Ligation and Low Friction as a Combination of Properties The Clinical Significance of Low Friction Active Clips and Passive Slides Thin Aligning Wires Smaller Than 0.018 -Inch in Diameter Wires Larger Than 0.018 Inch in Diameter Thick Rectangular Wires Aging of Spring Clips Self-Ligation and Treatment Efficiency Accuracy of Bracket Placement Initial Alignment Canine Retraction Transverse Development Space Closure Overall Treatment Duration Self-Ligation and Patient Comfort Self-Ligation and Effectiveness of Torque Control Self-Ligation and The Periodontium Self-Ligation and Root Resorption Force Levels with Self-Ligation and Conventional Ligation Does Self-Ligation Reduce the Need for Extractions? PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND CLINICAL TECHNIQUE TIPS Bracket Type Practical Tips Summary References 21 Lingual Appliance Treatment Introduction Customized Treatment Goals and Lingual Appliances Use of a Target Setup Model System Accurate Realization of Individual Treatment Goals Reduced Risk of Decalcification Main Differences Between Labial and Lingual Techniques Anatomic Variations of the Lingual Tooth Surfaces First-Order Compensations Torque Control Exposure of Bonding Area Innovation in Completely Customized Lingual Appliances Efficient Leveling and Aligning with Lingual Appliances Aligning Type 1 Aligning Type 2 Aligning Type 3 Summary Ref erences 22 Clear Aligner Treatment Introduction Materials Attachment design and other features Software Biomechanics of clear aligner treatment Clinical application References 23 New Frontiers in Fixed Class II Correctors Introduction Two-phase treatment with fixed class II correctors Interarch appliances Herbst Appliance and Variations: Clinical Use Herbst Appliance and Variations: Phase 1 Herbst and Variations: Comprehensive Treatment Mandibular Anterior Repositioning Appliance: Phase 1 Mandibular Anterior Repositioning Appliance: Comprehensive Treatment Xbow (Crossbow): Phase 1 Xbow (Crossbow): Comprehensive Treatment Intraarch appliances Pendulum Appliance: Phase 1 Pendulum Appliance: Comprehensive Treatment Other Intraoral Distalizers: Phase 1 Distal Jet: Phase 1 Distal Jet: Comprehensive Treatment Jones Jig: Phase 1 Jones Jig: Comprehensive Treatment Wilson Arch Carriere Motion Appliance: Phase 1 Carriere Motion Appliance: Comprehensive Treatment Jasper Jumper: Phase 1 Jasper Jumper: Comprehensive Treatment Forsus: Comprehensive Treatment Temporary anchorage devices anchored or bone-borne noncompliance appliances for molar distalization Overall Success Rates Insertion Sites Loading Force Effectiveness and Biomechanics Effectiveness of Different Nontooth/Tissue-Borne Distalization Variations Biomechanics: Palatal Versus Buccal Clinical Application Distal Jet as a Mainframe Pendulum-Type Distalizers Conclusion References 24 Temporary Anchorage Devices Part A: Biomechanical Considerations with Temporary Anchorage Devices Characteristics and clinical significance of temporary anchorage devices Characteristics of temporary anchorage device mechanics Rigid Anchorage Intrusive Mechanics High-Efficiency Mechanics Clinical significance of temporary anchorage device mechanics Easy and Simple Anchorage Preparation Increased Treatment Efficiency Expansion of the range of orthodontic and orthopedic treatment Shifting from a Mechanics-Centered Approach Considerations for temporary anchorage device mechanics Temporary Anchorage Device Stability Temporary Anchorage Device Positioning Load-Bearing Capacity of the Temporary Anchorage Device Biomechanical Considerations Biological Considerations Side effects related to temporary anchorage device mechanics and their management Clinical and biomechanical applications of temporary anchorage devices General Principles in Biomechanical Application of Temporary Anchorage Device Mechanics Diagnosis and Treatment Planning Selection of a Temporary Anchorage Device System and Insertion Site Anatomic factors Biomechanical factors Clinical factor Treatment Strategy Mechanotherapy Design Monitoring Molar Intrusion Decision-making Local factors General factors Factors for stability Biomechanics Mechanical efficiency Three-dimensional control Treatment Mechanics Maxillary molar intrusion Mandibular molar intrusion Considerations for Stability Molar Distalization Decision-making Required space Hard tissue conditions Soft tissue conditions Biomechanics Mechanical efficiency Three-dimensional control En masse distalization Molar Protraction Decision-making Biomechanics Anterior Retraction in Extraction Treatment Decision-making Biomechanics Case studies Prospective Insight Part B: The Use Of Palatal Mini-Implant Anchorage: Conventional Approaches Versus Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided ... Mini-implants in the anterior palate Mini-implant Placement Appliance Installation: Conventional Workflow Clinical Procedure: Digital Workflow Clinical Applications of Palatal Mini-implant Anchorage Upper Molar Distalization Maxillary Space Closure Molar Anchorage, En Masse Retraction Alignment of Impacted Teeth Molar Intrusion Rapid Maxillary Expansion Conventional Versus Digital Techniques? Conclusion Part C: Extraalveolar Bone Screw Anchorage Applied to Challenging Malocclusions Design and applications of orthobonescrews Mandibular buccal shelf Sagittal Anchorage: Retraction of the Lower Dentition Transverse Anchorage: Correction of Scissors Bite Mandibular Impaction Recovery: Three-Dimensional Lever Arm Anchored with an OrthoBoneScrew Protraction of Lower Posterior Teeth Ramus screw Application of a Ramus Screw to Treat Horizontally Impacted Molars Infrazygomatic crest bone screw Maxillary Impaction Recovery: Three-Dimensional Lever Arm Anchored with an OrthoBoneScrew Combined Incisal and Infrazygomatic Crest Screws for Arch Intrusion Combined Palatal and Infrazygomatic Crest Screws for Molar Intrusion Other Applications of Infrazygomatic Crest Screws Conclusions Acknowledgment Part D: Orthopedic Changes With Boneanchored Miniplates and Functional Jaw Orthopedics: Biological Basis and Practice Growth changes in the maxilla Class III Orthopedics Class II Orthopedics Growth changes in the mandible Class III Orthopedics Class II Orthopedics Gonial Angle Modifications Modification of Condylar Growth Direction Orthopedics in cleft patients Class III orthopedics and mandibular asymmetry Equilibrium of forces References Biomechanical Considerations with Temporary Anchorage Devices The Use of Palatal Mini-implant Anchorage: Conventional Approaches Versus Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufact ... Extraalveolar Bone Screw Anchorage Applied to Challenging Malocclusions Orthopedic Changes with Bone-Anchored Miniplates and Functional Jaw Orthopedics: Biological Basis and Practice 25 Maxillary Expansion in Adults Traditional Tooth-Borne Expansion Appliances Surgically Assisted Rapid Maxillary Expansion Evolution of Bone-Borne Expansion Appliance Maxillary Skeletal Expander Fundamental Concept of Adult Expansion with Maxillary Skeletal Expander Expansion Protocols Midfacial Expansion with Maxillary Skeletal Expander Midfacial Protraction Surgically Assisted Maxillary Skeletal Expander Cortipuncture Surgery and Microimplant-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SMARPE) Future Consideration Less Invasive Surgical Options Airway Considerations Maxillary Skeletal Expander (MSE) Versus SURGERY AND MICROIMPLANT–Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (SMARPE) Versus Surgical ... The Microimplant-Assisted Rapid Palatal Expander and Orthodontics References 26 Orthodontic–Periodontal Interface Prevalence of Periodontal Disease and Conditions Periodontitis in Children and Adolescents The Problem of Different Case Definitions Increased Risk for Periodontitis Periodontal Health and Gingival Diseases and Conditions Forms of Periodontitis Periodontal Manifestations of Systemic Diseases and Developmental and Acquired Conditions Pathologic Tooth Migration Related to Periodontal Disease Prevalence Etiology Treatment of Pathologic Tooth Migration Gingival Recession Definition and Classifications Prevalence Etiology Traumatic Occlusion Gingival Recession and Planning of Orthodontic Treatment General Findings Proclination and Protrusion of Incisors Maxillary Arch Expansion Extraction Versus Nonextraction Treatment of Gingival Recession in Orthodontic Patients Increasing Gingival Thickness in Relation to Orthodontic Tooth Movement Indications for The Treatment of Gingival Recession in Orthodontically Treated Patients Timing of Soft Tissue Augmentation in Relation to Orthodontic Treatment Surgical Treatment of Gingival Recession in Orthodontic Patients Development of Gingival Recession in the Long-Term Following Orthodontic Treatment Orthodontic Fixed Retainers and Periodontal Health Studies Comparing Fixed Retainers to Orthodontically Treated or Untreated Controls Without Retainer Studies Comparing Fixed to Removable Retainers Studies Assessing Different Vertical Wire Positions Other Studies Studies Assessing Fixed Orthodontic Retainers and Gingival Recession Conclusions References 27 Orthodontic Aspects of Orthognathic Surgery Background Definition Prevalence of Dentofacial Deformities Objectives Esthetics Function Incising Food Mastication Deglutition Trauma Attrition Respiration and Sleep Apnea Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Speech Drooling Stability Effectiveness Treatment need Measurable Criteria Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need Index of Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need Facial Attractiveness Research Studies The patient pathway The Orthognathic Team The Clinician’s Role in the Treatment Pathway Sequencing of Treatment and Coordination of Care Patient evaluation Patient Interview Presenting Complaint History of Presenting Complaint Psychosocial History Perception Motivation Expectation(s) Cooperation Support Network Medical History Suitability for Orthognathic Treatment Diagnostic Records Systematic clinical evaluation Principles Frontal Facial Evaluation Vertical Proportions Transverse Proportions Facial Height to Width Ratios Sagittal Midface Assessment in Frontal View Bilateral Facial Symmetry Dental Midlines Buccal Corridors (Negative Space) Profile Facial Evaluation Sagittal Position of the Maxilla Nasolabial Region Maxillary Incisor Crown Inclination in Profile Smiling View Sagittal Maxillary Incisor Position Lip Prominence Mentolabial Region Chin Prominence Submental-Cervical Region Cephalometric Analysis Sagittal Skeletal Relationships Vertical Skeletal Relationships Incisor Inclinations Dental-Occlusal Relationships Treatment planning principles Preoperative Diagnosis Vectorial Analysis Prediction Planning Model Surgery Three-Dimensional Virtual Surgical Planning Multidisciplinary 3D-VSP Meeting: Virtual Diagnosis, Surgical Planning, and Simulation Virtual diagnosis. Surgical planning and simulation. Virtual maxillary osteotomy. Virtual mandibular osteotomy and/or genioplasty. Cutting guide and plate positioning and design. CAD/CAM: Review and Printing of Surgical Cutting Guides, Plates, and Occlusal Splints Intraoperative Use of Cutting Guides, Plates, and Occlusal Splints The orthodontist’s role in orthognathic surgery Preoperative Orthodontics Alignment Leveling Decompensation Incisor Inclination Preparation Arch Coordination Elimination of Occlusal Interferences Immediate Preoperative Appointment Intraoperative Orthodontic Requirements Immediate Postoperative Appointment Postoperative Orthodontics Soft tissue effects Individual Variation in Soft Tissue Response The Immediate Response to Orthognathic Surgery Major Soft Tissue Effects of Orthognathic Procedures Reference Ratios for Soft Tissue to Hard Tissue Movements Stability Factors Affecting Postoperative Stability The Hierarchy of Stability Considerations in specific situations Timing of Surgery in Relation to Patient Age Surgery-First Versus Conventional Surgery Orthognathic Surgery for Sleep Apnea Mandible-Only Surgery for Anterior Open Bite Correction Distraction Osteogenesis Facial Feminization Surgery Bimaxillary and Occlusal Plane Rotation Concomitant Temporomandibular Joint Surgery Hilotherapy Adjunctive Treatments Complications Conclusion Acknowledgment References Further reading 28 Adult Interdisciplinary Therapy: Diagnosis and Treatment Current Status of Adult Interdisciplinary Therapy Adult Patient Demographics Adult Patient Needs Developing an Interdisciplinary Team Goals of Adult Interdisciplinary Therapy Ideal Orthodontic Treatment Goals and the Adult Patient Individualized Adult Interdisciplinary Orthodontic Treatment Objectives Additional Adult Treatment Objectives Diagnosis of Adult Orthodontic Conditions Skeletal Differential Diagnosis Periodontal Differential Diagnosis Temporomandibular Joint Differential Diagnosis Clinical Management of The Interdisciplinary Adult Therapy Patient Biomechanical Considerations Control of Occlusion Disarticulation Selective grinding Modification of mechanotherapy Removable appliances Fixed appliances Use of temporary anchorage devices Occlusal control Periodontal accelerated osteogenic orthodontics Periodontal Management during the Orthodontic Tooth Movement Significance of Tooth Mobility Periodontal Preparation of Adults before Orthodontic Therapy Smoking cessation Gingival tissue Osseous surgery Inflammation control Behavioral Management: Orthodontist and Staff Preparation for Adult Interdisciplinary Patient Management Advanced Continuing Education Courses Refined Consultation Techniques Appliance Modifications for Adult Treatment to Reduce Esthetic Concerns Sequence of Adult Interdisciplinary Therapy Evaluation of the Skeletal Component of the Malocclusion Periodontal Preparation Dentoalveolar Collapse: Orthodontic and Restorative Considerations in The Adult Interdisciplinary Patient Application of Principles Concepts for Adult Interdisciplinary Team Patients with Missing Teeth and Dentoalveolar Collapse Evaluation before Debonding or Debanding Coordination of Debonding or Debanding with Other Treatment Providers Stability and Individualized Retention for The Adult Interdisciplinary Patient Risk Management for The Adult Interdisciplinary Therapy Patient Treatment Conference Report Progress Report Stabilization and Retention Report Treatment Completion Report Summary Acknowledgments References Part D Specialized Treatment Considerations 29 Bonding in Orthodontics Introduction and Historical Perspective Materials and Devices Used in Orthodontic Bonding Brackets Ceramic Brackets Metal Brackets Adhesives Composite Resins No-mix adhesives Light-cured adhesives Primers Moisture-insensitive primers Self-etching primers Cytotoxicity of orthodontic resins Glass Ionomer Cements Light Sources Light-Emitting Diodes BONDING Bonding to Enamel Premedication Cleaning Enamel Conditioning Moisture control Enamel pretreatment Conventional acid etching Laser etching Sealing and priming Bonding Transfer Positioning Fitting Removal of excess Curing Bonding to Artificial Tooth Surfaces Bonding to Porcelain Bonding to Zirconia Bonding to Amalgam Small amalgam filling with surrounding sound enamel Large amalgam restoration or amalgam only Bonding to Gold Bonding to Composite Restoratives Indirect Bonding Clinical Procedure Indirect bonding with composite custom bracket base Indirect bonding with CAD/CAM-assisted bracket placement and clear transfer tray Rebonding Special Considerations for Orthodontic Bonding during COVID-19 Outbreak Initial Bonding and Rebonding with No Adhesive on Enamel202 Rebonding with Residual Composite on Enamel202 Special Considerations for Orthodontic Bonding During COVID-19 Outbreak Final Check and Delivery of Care Instructions to Prevent Decalcification and to Decrease Bond Failures Conclusion Debonding Clinical Procedure Removal of Steel Brackets Removal of Ceramic Brackets: Enamel Tearouts Cracks: Fracture Lines Removal of Residual Adhesive Amount of Enamel Lost in Debonding Operator Safety during Debonding Prevention and Reversal of Decalcification Microabrasion Clinical Procedure Resin Infiltration Clinical Procedure (Fig. 29.42) Bonded Retainers Bonded Fixed Retainer Materials Bonded Fixed Retainer Adhesives Periodontal Health with Bonded Fixed Retainers Bonded Canine-to-Canine Lingual Retainer Bar Bonding the 3-3 Retainer Bar Failure Analysis and Long-Term Experience with the 3-3 Retainer Bar Multistranded Wire Retainers Bonding the Multistranded Wire Retainer Direct bonding of multistranded wire retainer Indirect bonding of multistranded wire retainer Failure Analysis and Repair Long-Term Experience with the Multistranded Wire Retainer Direct-Bonded Labial Retainers Technical Procedure Long-Term Results Other Applications of Bonding Bonding a Large Acrylic Appliance Technical Procedures Permanent dentition Deciduous or mixed dentition Occlusal Buildup of Posterior Teeth Technical Procedure Conclusion References 30 Management of Impactions Teeth normally erupt! (cause) Is there an impaction? (diagnosis) Which teeth are the most likely to be affected? (prevalence) Where is the tooth? (positional diagnosis) Clinical Examination Plane Film Radiography Three-Dimensional Imaging Assessment of the overall malocclusion (treatment planning) Resolving the impaction Rationale for surgical exposure Surgical options: two approaches Attachments Traction mechanisms, their range, and their directional potential Finishing and the importance of torque correction Impacted canines that resorb the incisors Prevalence Proximity of the Canine Crown Treatment Priority Protocol Treatment Priority Protocols for Patients with Canine-Induced Severe Resorption When Can We Start Orthodontic Movement of the Resorbed Tooth? Failure—patient-dependent factors Failure—orthodontist-dependent factors Failure—surgeon-dependent factors References 31 Management of Dental Luxation and Avulsion Injuries in the Permanent Dentition Tissue response to trauma Root resorption Pulpal response Pulp Necrosis Pulp Canal Obliteration Alveolar fracture Management of trauma and immediate sequelae Concussion and Subluxation Lateral Displacement Extrusive Luxation Intrusive Luxation Avulsion Treatment of avulsed permanent teeth with closed apex Treatment of avulsed permanent teeth with open apex Prevention References 32 Autotransplantation of Developing Teeth Autotransplantation of developing premolars Selection of a Donor: Orthodontic Considerations Selection of a Donor: Surgical Considerations Surgical Procedure Removal of the Donor Tooth Preparation of the Recipient Site Follow-Up Presurgical and Postsurgical Orthodontics Reshaping to Incisor Morphology Transalveolar transplantation Autotransplantation of developing third molars Conclusions References 33 Iatrogenic Effects of Orthodontic Appliances Prevalence Detection and Measurement Transverse Microradiography Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence–Digital Prevention Prevention of DL During Orthodontic Treatment Preventing Loss of Mineral from Enamel (Demineralization) Promoting the Uptake of Mineral into Enamel (Remineralization) Reducing plaque. Mechanical. Chemical. Diet. Placing a barrier to mineral loss. Increasing the availability of fluoride. Toothpaste Mouthrinse, gel, and foam Varnish Bonding materials Elastics Slow-release devices Diet Increasing the availability of calcium and phosphate. CPP-ACP Increase salivary flow or increase the pH of saliva Chewing gum Treatment of demineralized lesions Fluoride Casein Phosphopeptide–Amorphous Calcium Phosphate Resin Infiltration Summary Cause Risk Factors Diagnostic Factors Tooth anatomy. Demographic factors. Malocclusion factors. Protective factors. Patient medical history and habits. Treatment Factors Mechanical factors. Clear aligners. Accelerated treatment. Early treatment. Rapid maxillary expansion Extractions. Treatment duration. Root apex displacement. Magnitude of applied force. Skeletal anchorage devices. Maxillary surgery. Management Imaging History Progress Review What Should Be Done if Root Resorption Is Detected at Progress Review? Common questions When Does EARR Start? When Does EARR Stop? What Happens to Teeth with Short Roots over the Long Term? Are There Any Methods to Detect Root Resorption Before It Is Visible on Radiographs? References Prevention and Management of Demineralized White Lesions External Apical Root Resorption Further readingS 34 Minimally Invasive and Noninvasive Approaches to Accelerate Tooth Movement Patient and parent perspective on orthodontic treatment duration Avenues to reduce duration of orthodontic treatment Optimizing Delivery of the Load System Altering Biology to Enhance the Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement Objective outcome measures in tooth movement acceleration Approaches to accelerate the rate of tooth movement Invasive methods Distraction Osteogenesis Periodontal Ligament Distraction Osteogenesis Dentoalveolar Distraction Osteogenesis Speedy Surgical Orthodontics Corticotomy Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics Minimally invasive methods Orthodontic Tooth Movement Piezocision Animal Studies Human Studies Micro-osteoperforation Animal Studies Human Studies Noninvasive methods Photobiomodulation Animal Studies Human Studies Mechanical Vibration Animal Studies Human Studies Drugs, hormones, and biologics Platelet-Rich Plasma Animal Studies Human Studies Vitamin D Animal Studies Human Studies Prostaglandins Animal Studies Human Studies Hormones Gene Therapy Conclusion References 35 Aerosols in Orthodontics 36 Computer-Assisted Orthodontics Integrating Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacturing Technology with Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, and Thera ... Evolution of diagnostic media technologies into therapeutics Early treatment simulation technologies Integrated Digital Technology Platform: SureSmile Technology The Starting Point: Digital Diagnostic Model and Do-It-Yourself Simulation Solutions Digitally-Assisted Indirect Bonding Digital Indirect Bonding Solutions Digital Technology–Assisted Indirect Bonding Advantages SureSmile Indirect Bonding Process Evolution of digital orthodontic therapeutics The Traditional Reactive Care Cycle Model Computer-Assisted Orthodontic Therapy Benefits Computer-Assisted Customized Prescriptive Care Model The suresmile fixed appliance process: collaboration of the practice and digital lab The Therapeutic Model MACROS: Communicating with the Digital Lab Plan Construction and Review Surgical Tools Qualitative Viewing Quantitative Viewing Quality Tools Wire Design Clinical Management of SureSmile Wires Summary of SureSmile Technology Benefits Additional therapies supported on the suresmile platform Lingual Fixed Appliance Treatment In-Office Aligner Treatment Minor Tooth Movement Finishing Aligners Comprehensive Aligner Treatment Summary Acknowledgments References Part E Orthodontic Retention and Posttreatment Changes 37 Stability, Posttreatment Changes, and Retention Historical Background Schools of Thought for Reducing Instability The Occlusal School The Apical Base School The Mandibular Incisor School The Musculature School Historical Theories of Retention That Influence Contemporary Practice Theory 1: Teeth That Have Been Moved Tend to Return to Their Former Position Theory 2: Elimination of the Cause of the Malocclusion Will Prevent Recurrence Theory 3: The Malocclusion Should Be Overcorrected Theory 4: Proper Occlusion Is an Important Factor in Holding Teeth in Their Corrected Positions Theory 5: Bone and Adjacent Tissues Must Be Allowed to Reorganize Around Newly Positioned Teeth Theory 6: If The Lower Incisors Are Placed over Basal Bone, They Are More Likely to Remain in Good Alignment Theory 7: Corrections Carried out During Periods of Growth Are Less Likely to Relapse Theory 8: Arch Form, Particularly the Mandibular Arch, Cannot Be Altered Permanently with Appliance Therapy The University of Washington Post-Retention Studies: Key Findings Post-Retention Changes Are Unpredictable Arch Length and Width Decrease Over Time, Especially Intercanine Width Rotations Usually Relapse Toward Initial Positions Some Cases Display More Favorable Results Treatment Timing Early Post-Retention Stability Is Usually a Mirage Life-Long Retention Is the Best Insurance Policy Some Good News: Maxillary Teeth Fare Better Treat to Excellence: Quality Matters Impact of Key Findings of Post-Retention Registry Posttreatment Changes Etiologic Factors of Unwanted Posttreatment Changes Periodontal and Gingival Fibers Occlusion, Centric Relation, Temporomandibular Disorder Growth Third Molars Do Not Have an Effect Interarch Stability in the Anteroposterior, Vertical, and Transverse Dimensions Anteroposterior Stability Transverse Stability Vertical Stability Retention Devices Hawley-Type Retainers Clear Plastic Retainers History of Clear Plastic Retainers Design of Clear Plastic Retainers Clear Plastic Retainer Materials and Manufacture Contraindications for Clear Plastic Retainers Dangers of Clear Plastic Retainers Bonded Retainers History of Fixed Retainers Indications for Bonded Retainers Bonded Retainer Material and Design Adhesives and Bonded Retainers Problems with Bonded Retainers Bonded retainer failures Negative effects on periodontal health Unwanted tooth movement while bonded retainer is in situ Adverse effects on general health Maintenance of Bonded Retainers Positioners as Retainers Evidence Comparing Different Types of Retainers Evidence Comparing Hawley and Clear Plastic Retainers Evidence Comparing Different Types of Bonded Retainers Evidence Comparing Removable and Fixed Retainers Evidence About Dual Retention Evidence of How Often to Wear Removable Retainers Summary of Evidence Comparing Different Types of Retainers Adjunctive Techniques for Reducing Posttreatment Changes Pericision Interproximal Reduction Frenectomy Novel Approaches for Improving Stability Developments in Technology Related to Retention Alternative Removable Retainer Materials Remote Monitoring of Retention Biologic Approaches to Reducing Relapse No Retainers: Testing Who Is Stable Educating and Motivating Patients at a Population and Patient Level Responsibilities and Retention Summary References Part F Classic Chapters 38 Interceptive Guidance of Occlusion 39 Functional Appliances References 40 Treatment of the Face with Biocompatible Orthodontics Part A Foundations of Orthodontics 1e Orthodontics: From an Idea to a Profession How the Specialty Has Evolved from 1850 to the Present Pre-1900 Development of the Orthodontic Specialty The Professionalization of Orthodontics Universities Take the Plunge Orthodontists Get Together: Associations Organizations Abroad Periodicals The Study of Craniofacial Growth Histologic Studies The American Board of Orthodontics, Albert Ketcham, and Early Twentieth-Century Appliances The American Board of Orthodontics and Albert H. Ketcham The Crib Grows Up Angle’s Appliances Mershon Lingual Arch Labiolingual Appliance Open-Tube Appliance Stainless Steel More Early Twentieth-Century Appliances and the Extraction Controversy Universal Appliance Twin Wire Preformed Bands Acrylics Headgear Extraction Controversy The Cephalometer Takes its Place in the Orthodontic Armamentarium Form-Function Relationship Laminography Individual Growth Cephalometrics Maxillofacial Triangle Anteroposterior Dysplasia Downs’ Analysis ANB Angle Steiner Analysis Tweed Triangle Archial Analysis Harvold Analysis McNamara Analysis Wits Analysis Ricketts Analysis Mesh Diagram Commentary Functional Appliances to Midcentury The Monobloc Myofunctional Therapy The Activator The Herbst Appliance The Bimler Appliance The Double Plate The Function Regulator The Tooth Positioner The Nuk Sauger The Bionator and Other Functional Appliances Classification by Type The Golden Age of Orthodontics Orthodontic Education American Association of Orthodontists Preceptorship Program The Upswing The Downswing Arch-Length Analyses Second Premolar Extraction Two Controversies: Early Treatment and Occlusion Early Treatment Definition Clinical Period Academic Period More Recent Concepts Occlusion Fictional Period Hypothetical Period Factual Period The Temporomandibular Joint and Orthognathic Surgery Neuromuscular Theories Myofascial Theories Psychological Theories Recent Theories Articulators and Centric Relation Temporomandibular Joint Prostheses Orthognathic Surgery to Midcentury Surgical Adjuncts to Orthodontics Surgery Matures Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment Distraction Osteogenesis Pioneers Mandibular Procedures Skeletal Fixation Ilizarov’s Influence Skeletal Anchorage Types of Implants Evolution of Skeletal Anchorage Capabilities and Limitations Late Twentieth-Century Fixed Appliances Rotation Control Preadjusted Brackets Narrow Slots Esthetic Brackets Bonded Brackets Adhesives Mature A Brief History of the American Journal of Orthodontics Martin Dewey 1915–1931 Harvey Carlyle Pollock 1932–1968 B. F. (Tod) Dewel 1968–1978 Wayne G. Watson 1978–1985 Thomas M. Graber 1985–2000 ( Fig. 1.76) David L. Turpin 2000–2010 Vincent G. Kokich 2010–2013 ( Fig. 1.77) Rolf G. Behrents 2014–Present Formation of the World Federation Of Orthodontists References Pre-1900 Development of the Orthodontic Specialty The Professionalization of Orthodontics The American Board of Orthodontics, Albert Ketcham, and Early 20th-Century Appliances More Early Twentieth-Century Appliances and the Extraction Controversy The Cephalometer Takes its Place in the Orthodontic Armamentarium Functional Appliances to Midcentury The Golden Age of Orthodontics Two Controversies: Early Treatment and Occlusion The Temporomandibular Joint and Orthognathic Surgery Surgical Adjuncts to Orthodontics Skeletal Anchorage Late Twentieth-Century Fixed Appliances A Brief History of the American Journal of Orthodontics Formation of the World Federation of Orthodontists 18e Standard Edgewise: Tweed-Merrifield Philosophy, Diagnosis, Treatment Planning, and Force Systems Historical Perspective The Angle System The Edgewise Appliance Charles H. Tweed Levern Merrifield Diagnostic Concepts Treatment Concepts Dimensions of the Dentition Differential Diagnosis Facial Disharmony Z Angle Frankfort Mandibular Incisor Angle Cranial Disharmony Skeletal Analysis Values Frankfort mandibular plane angle Incisor mandibular plane angle Sella-nasion-subspinale angle Sella-nasion-supramentale angle Subspinale-nasion-supramentale angle Occlusal plane Posterior facial height Anterior facial height Facial height index Facial height change ratio Craniofacial Analysis Dental Disharmony Total Dentition Space Analysis Anterior Space Analysis Midarch Space Analysis Posterior Space Analysis Differential Diagnostic Analysis System Tweed-Merrifield Edgewise Appliance Brackets and Tubes Archwires First-, Second-, and Third-Order Bends and Their Interaction First-Order Bends Second-Order Bends Third-Order Bends Auxiliaries Variations of the Appliance Treatment with the Tweed-Merrifield Edgewise Appliance Sequential Appliance Placement Sequential Tooth Movement Sequential Mandibular Anchorage Preparation Directional Force Timing of Treatment Steps of Treatment Denture Preparation Denture Correction Sequential Mandibular Anchorage Preparation Class II Force System Orthodontic Correction of the Class II Dental Relationship Denture Completion Denture Recovery Summary References 35e Aerosols in Orthodontics What is an aerosol? What happens to aerosol particles and droplets once generated? What are orthodontic aerosols? Triple Syringe Enamel Prophylaxis Before Bonding Removal of Adhesives Air Polishing Ultrasonic Scalers When do aerosols pose a health risk? How can we mitigate against orthodontic aerosols? Non–Aerosol-Generating Procedures Preprocedural Mouthrinse Use of Facemasks High-Volume Evacuation Ventilation in the Workspace Use of Face Shield and Protective Eyewear Extraoral Scavenging Devices Summary References Part F Classic Chapters 38e Interceptive Guidance of Occlusion with Emphasis on Diagnosis Diagnostic records Intraoral, Panoral, or Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images Cephalometric Radiographs Facial Photographs Study Models Intraoral Photographs Diagnosis The Face Proportional Facial Analysis The Standard Alveolodental Protrusion Class I: Maxillary and mandibular alveolodental protrusion Class II: Maxillary alveolodental protrusion Class III Alveolodental Retrusion Class I: Maxillary and mandibular alveolodental retrusion Class II: Mandibular alveolodental retrusion Prognathism Class I: Maxillary and mandibular prognathism Class II: Maxillary prognathism Retrognathism Class I: Maxillary and mandibular retrognathism Class II: Mandibular retrognathism High angle (hyperdivergent) Low angle (hypodivergent) The Teeth Clinical Analysis Hereditary crowding Environmental crowding Dental Development in the Mixed Dentition First molars Incisors Canines, premolars, and second molars Total Space Analysis Conventional Method Tweed Method Total Space Analysis Anterior area Tooth measurement Cephalometric correction Soft tissue modification Middle area Tooth measurement Curve of occlusion Posterior area Discussion Timing of Guided Primary Tooth Removal Treatment Class I treatment Treatment Procedures: Interceptive Guidance and Active Treatment Serial Extraction in Class I Treatment Group A: Anterior discrepancy—crowding Group B: Anterior discrepancy—alveolodental protrusion Group C: Middle discrepancy—impacted canines Group D: Enucleation in the mandible Group E: Enucleation in the maxilla and mandible Group F: Alternative to enucleation Group G: Interproximal reduction Group H: Congenital absence Maxillary incisors Mandibular incisors Premolars Typical Patient for Class I Serial Extraction Key measurements for diagnosis and case evaluation References Additional Readings 39e Functional Appliances Origin Andresen activator Bite-opening controversy Head Posture during Sleep Working Hypotheses Sagittal Change Vertical Opening Variations Mechanisms of class ii correction with functional orthopedics Class II Correction: A Likely Scenario Bionator Construction bite Anterior Mandibular Posturing Hamilton Expansion Activator Fränkel Appliance Double Plates Clark Twin Block Appliance Magnetic Appliances Stöckli-Teuscher Combined Activator-Headgear Orthopedics Fixed Functional Appliances Herbst Appliance Sagittal Changes Vertical Changes Long-Term Posttreatment Changes Jasper Jumper Summary References 40e Treatment of the Face with Biocompatible Orthodontics The damon system concept Early observations of damon system treatment Contemporary orthodontic philosophies Achieve Facial Harmony via Facially Driven Treatment Planning Use of Nonextraction Therapy Where Possible and Light-Force Mechanics Force management Achieving Extremely Light–Force Mechanics: A Passive Tube A Look at Sliding Mechanics Case for Using Extremely Light Forces in Passive Tubes Computed tomographic scans demonstrate healthy bone structure after treatment with the low-force damon tube system Case presentations and clinical analyses Treatment with the Herbst Appliance of Growing Patients with Skeletal Class II Dentition Clinical Principles for Using the Herbst Appliance Clinical Application of the Herbst Appliance Damon system essentials Damon System Appliance Damon Standard Prescription High-Torque and Low-Torque Alternatives to the Damon Standard Prescription Upper central incisors Upper lateral incisors Upper and lower canines Lower central and lateral incisors Damon System Archwires and Archwire Sequencing Light Round Wire Phase High-Tech Edgewise Phase Major Mechanics Phase Finishing Phase Tieback Usage with the Damon System Using Elastics with the Damon System Lingual Retainer Wire and Splint Retainer Summary Acknowledgment References Index