Basics of fluid Mechamics

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Nomenclature......Page 23 GNU Free Documentation License......Page 33 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents......Page 34 Steven from artofproblemsolving.com......Page 41 Your name here......Page 42 Typo corrections and other "minor" contributions......Page 43 pages 400 size 3.5M......Page 47 pages 151 size 1.3M......Page 48 Internal Viscous Flow......Page 55 Open Channel Flow......Page 56 What is Fluid Mechanics?......Page 58 Brief History......Page 60 Kinds of Fluids......Page 62 Shear Stress......Page 63 General Discussion......Page 66 Non–Newtonian Fluids......Page 68 Estimation of The Viscosity......Page 69 Fluid Density......Page 79 Bulk Modulus......Page 81 Surface Tension......Page 87 Wetting of Surfaces......Page 92 Basic Definitions......Page 102 Thermodynamics First Law......Page 103 Thermodynamics Second Law......Page 104 Kinematics of of Point Body......Page 110 Actual Center of Mass......Page 112 Approximate Center of Area......Page 113 Change of Centroid Location Due to Added/Subtracted Area......Page 114 Change of Mass Centroid Due to Addition or Subtraction of Mass in 3D......Page 120 Moment of Inertia for Mass......Page 123 Moment of Inertia for Area......Page 124 Examples of Moment of Inertia......Page 126 Product of Inertia......Page 130 Newton's Laws of Motion......Page 132 Angular Momentum and Torque......Page 133 Tables of geometries......Page 134 Qualitative questions......Page 138 Constant Density in Gravitational Field......Page 140 Pressure Measurement......Page 144 Varying Density in a Gravity Field......Page 148 The Pressure Effects Due To Temperature Variations......Page 155 Gravity Variations Effects on Pressure and Density......Page 160 Fluid in a Linearly Accelerated System......Page 162 Angular Acceleration Systems: Constant Density......Page 165 Fluid Statics in Geological System......Page 166 Fluid Forces on Straight Surfaces......Page 170 Forces on Curved Surfaces......Page 179 Buoyancy and Stability......Page 186 Stability......Page 196 Surface Tension......Page 223 I Integral Analysis......Page 230 Introduction......Page 232 Control Volume......Page 233 Continuity Equation......Page 234 Constant Density Fluids......Page 236 Reynolds Transport Theorem......Page 243 Examples For Mass Conservation......Page 245 The Details Picture – Velocity Area Relationship......Page 251 More Examples for Mass Conservation......Page 255 Introduction to Continuous......Page 262 External Forces......Page 263 Momentum Equation in Acceleration System......Page 264 Momentum Equation For Steady State and Uniform Flow......Page 265 Momentum Equation Application......Page 269 Momentum for Unsteady State and Uniform Flow......Page 272 Momentum Application to Unsteady State......Page 273 Conservation Moment Of Momentum......Page 283 More Examples on Momentum Conservation......Page 285 Qualitative Questions......Page 287 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 290 Limitation of Integral Approach......Page 302 Energy Equation in Steady State......Page 304 Energy Equation in Frictionless Flow and Steady State......Page 305 Energy in Linear Acceleration Coordinate......Page 306 Linear Accelerated System......Page 307 Energy Equation in Rotating Coordinate System......Page 308 Energy Losses in Incompressible Flow......Page 309 Examples of Integral Energy Conservation......Page 311 Qualitative Questions......Page 316 II Differential Analysis......Page 318 Introduction......Page 320 Mass Conservation......Page 321 Mass Conservation Examples......Page 324 Simplified Continuity Equation......Page 326 Generalization of Mathematical Approach for Derivations......Page 331 Examples of Several Quantities......Page 332 Momentum Conservation......Page 334 Derivations of the Momentum Equation......Page 338 Boundary Conditions Categories......Page 349 Examples for Differential Equation (Navier-Stokes)......Page 352 Interfacial Instability......Page 362 Introductory Remarks......Page 366 Brief History......Page 367 Theory Behind Dimensional Analysis......Page 368 Dimensional Parameters Application for Experimental Study......Page 372 The Pendulum Class Problem......Page 373 Buckingham—-Theorem......Page 374 Construction of the Dimensionless Parameters......Page 375 Basic Units Blocks......Page 377 Implementation of Construction of Dimensionless Parameters......Page 380 Similarity and Similitude......Page 389 Nusselt's Technique......Page 393 Summary of Dimensionless Numbers......Page 405 The Significance of these Dimensionless Numbers......Page 409 Relationship Between Dimensionless Numbers......Page 411 Examples for Dimensional Analysis......Page 412 Summary......Page 421 Appendix summary of Dimensionless Form of Navier–Stokes Equations......Page 422 Supplemental Problems......Page 423 Introduction......Page 428 Non–Circular Shape Effect......Page 429 Introduction......Page 432 Colebrook-White equation for Friction Factor,f......Page 441 Entry Problem......Page 442 Non–Circular Shape Effect......Page 447 Losses in Conduits Connections and Other Devices......Page 448 Minor Loss......Page 449 Flow Meters (Flow Measurements)......Page 454 Nozzle Flow Meter......Page 456 Flow Network......Page 457 Series Conduits Systems......Page 458 Parallel Pipe Line Systems......Page 460 Introduction......Page 464 Inviscid Momentum Equations......Page 465 Potential Flow Function......Page 471 Streamline and Stream function......Page 472 Compressible Flow Stream Function......Page 475 The Connection Between the Stream Function and the Potential Function......Page 477 Potential Flow Functions Inventory......Page 481 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder......Page 497 Complex Potential and Complex Velocity......Page 509 Blasius's Integral Laws......Page 513 Forces and Moment Acting on Circular Cylinder.......Page 515 Qualitative questions......Page 516 Additional Example......Page 517 Why Compressible Flow is Important?......Page 524 Introduction......Page 525 Speed of Sound in Ideal and Perfect Gases......Page 527 Speed of Sound in Almost Incompressible Liquid......Page 528 The Dimensional Effect of the Speed of Sound......Page 529 Stagnation State for Ideal Gas Model......Page 531 Isentropic Converging–Diverging Flow in Cross Section......Page 533 The Properties in the Adiabatic Nozzle......Page 534 Isentropic Flow Examples......Page 538 Mass Flow Rate (Number)......Page 541 Isentropic Tables......Page 549 The Impulse Function......Page 551 Normal Shock......Page 553 Solution of the Governing Equations......Page 555 Prandtl's Condition......Page 558 Operating Equations and Analysis......Page 560 The Moving Shocks......Page 562 Shock or Wave Drag Result from a Moving Shock......Page 564 Tables of Normal Shocks, k=1.4 Ideal Gas......Page 566 Isothermal Flow......Page 568 The Control Volume Analysis/Governing equations......Page 569 Dimensionless Representation......Page 570 The Entrance Limitation of Supersonic Branch......Page 574 Supersonic Branch......Page 575 Figures and Tables......Page 576 Isothermal Flow Examples......Page 578 Fanno Flow......Page 583 Introduction......Page 584 Non–Dimensionalization of the Equations......Page 585 The Mechanics and Why the Flow is Choked?......Page 588 The Working Equations......Page 589 Examples of Fanno Flow......Page 593 Working Conditions......Page 599 The Pressure Ratio, .P2 / P1, effects......Page 604 The Practical Questions and Examples of Subsonic branch......Page 613 Subsonic Fanno Flow for Given 4fLD and Pressure Ratio......Page 614 Subsonic Fanno Flow for a Given M1 and Pressure Ratio......Page 618 More Examples of Fanno Flow......Page 620 The Table for Fanno Flow......Page 621 Introduction......Page 623 Governing Equations......Page 624 Rayleigh Flow Tables and Figures......Page 627 Examples For Rayleigh Flow......Page 630 Preface to Oblique Shock......Page 638 Oblique Shock......Page 640 Solution of Mach Angle......Page 642 When No Oblique Shock Exist or the case of D>0......Page 645 Application of Oblique Shock......Page 661 Introduction......Page 673 Geometrical Explanation......Page 675 Alternative Approach to Governing Equations......Page 676 Comparison And Limitations between the Two Approaches......Page 679 d'Alembert's Paradox......Page 680 Flat Body with an Angle of Attack......Page 681 Examples For Prandtl–Meyer Function......Page 682 Combination of the Oblique Shock and Isentropic Expansion......Page 684 Introduction......Page 688 What to Expect From This Chapter......Page 689 Kind of Multi-Phase Flow......Page 690 Classification of Liquid-Liquid Flow Regimes......Page 691 Co–Current Flow......Page 692 Multi–Phase Flow Variables Definitions......Page 696 Multi–Phase Averaged Variables Definitions......Page 697 Homogeneous Models......Page 699 Pressure Loss Components......Page 700 Lockhart Martinelli Model......Page 703 Solid Particles with Heavier Density S>L......Page 704 Solid With Lighter Density S< and With Gravity......Page 706 Counter–Current Flow......Page 708 Horizontal Counter–Current Flow......Page 710 Flooding and Reversal Flow......Page 711 Multi–Phase Conclusion......Page 717 Vectors......Page 718 Vector Algebra......Page 719 Differential Operators of Vectors......Page 721 Differentiation of the Vector Operations......Page 723 First Order Differential Equations......Page 729 Variables Separation or Segregation......Page 730 Non–Linear Equations......Page 732 Second Order Differential Equations......Page 735 Non–Linear Second Order Equations......Page 737 Third Order Differential Equation......Page 740 Forth and Higher Order ODE......Page 742 Partial Differential Equations......Page 744 First-order equations......Page 745 Index......Page 746 Authors Index......Page 748