Biological Psychology

Description

Blending classic scholarship with exciting new developments in the discipline, Biological Psychology offers a fresh perspective on the brain's interaction with its environment. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES * A compelling storytelling approach makes the content accessible and exciting to students * Behavioral neuroscience mysteries in "Brain Scene Investigation" features engage students at the beginning of each chapter * "Laboratory Explorations" features integrate research techniques as a part of each chapter so that students can see how different methods apply to various types of research questions * "Context Matters" features present detailed accounts of research studies in order to demonstrate the varying effects that contextual variables have on specific dependent variables * Clinical applications provide real-life examples of the neurobiological processes and behaviors discussed in each chapter Cover Biological Psychology Brief Contents Contents Preface Acknowledgments PART I: THE BRAIN IN CONTEXT Chapter 1: Introduction to Biological Psychology Brain Scene Investigation: Establishing Relevant Biopsychological Context Darwin’s Observations and the Importance of Variations in Environmental Contexts Explorations of Environmental Context in the Laboratory and Beyond The Context Conundrum The Importance of Context in Biopsychological Research Environmental Context External Conditions Internal Conditions Experiential Context Past Events Future and Anticipated Events Pioneers in Brain Research The Genetics Story: From Gemmules to Genomes The Components of Heredity From Genes to Behavior The Tools of Biological Psychology: Classic and Contemporary Methods Human Research Methods Case Studies Experimental Studies Electroencephalography Neuroimaging Animal Research Methods Lesion Methods and Brain-Stimulation Techniques Genetic Engineering Behavioral Tests Field Research Evaluation of Research Outcomes Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions PART II: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS Chapter 2: The Nervous System: Structure and Function Brain Scene Investigation: David Blaine’s Breath-Defying Act The Building Blocks of the Nervous System Neurons Glial Cells Divisions of Labor in the Nervous System Evolutionary Considerations The Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System Further Divisions of the PNS Context Matters: Friends, Marathons, and New Neurons The Brain’s Geography The Hindbrain (Myelencephalon and Metencephalon) The Midbrain (Mesencephalon) The Forebrain (Diencephalon and Telencephalon) Diencephalon Telencephalon: Subcortical Systems (Basal Ganglia and Limbic System) Telencephalon: The Cerebral Cortex Taking Sides: Brain Lateralization CNS Security Systems Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Ventricular System Internal and External Surveillance Systems The Stress Response The Immune System Laboratory Exploration: The Brain in Technicolor Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions Chapter 3: Cells and Circuits Brain Scene Investigation: Intuition, Hunches, and Self-Awareness: Potential Role of von Economo Neurons? Neurons: Structure and Function The Neuron’s Microstructure Context Matters: Social Distress and Neuronal Connections The Neuron’s Resting Membrane Potential The Action Potential Synaptic Transmission Neurons and Glial Cells: Collaborations Lessons from Epilepsy: Neural Transmission in Review Potential Mechanisms of Changes in Neural Excitability Potential Mechanisms of Synchronization Research with Animal Models Treatment of Epilepsy Mirror Neurons, Specialized Neural Circuits, and Investigations into Autism Spectrum Disorder Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions Chapter 4: Neurochemistry, Neuropsychopharmacology, and Drug Addiction Brain Scene Investigation: Methamphetamine “Tweaks” the Brain Neurotransmitters: A Brief Introduction Monoamine Neurotransmitters Amino Acid Neurotransmitters Peptide Neurotransmitters Other Neurotransmitters Overview of Neuropsychopharmacology Major Goals of Neuropsychopharmacological Research Development of New Drugs for Specific Symptoms: A Thought Experiment Psychoactive Drugs: Precursors to Drug Addiction CNS Stimulants Caffeine Nicotine Cocaine Amphetamine and MDMA CNS Depressants: Alcohol Analgesics: Opium Hallucinogens: LSD A Drug with Diverse CNS Effects: Cannabis Drug Addiction Stages of the Addiction Cycle Binge/Intoxication Stage Withdrawal/Negative Affect Stage Preoccupation/Anticipation (Craving) Stage Context Matters: Treating Cocaine Addiction with Environmental Enrichment Addiction Therapies Laboratory Exploration: A Nicotine Vaccine? Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions Chapter 5: Evolving Brains: Neural Development, Neuroplasticity, and Recovery of Function Brain Scene Investigation: Traumatic Brain Injury and an Unlikely Neurochemical Intervention Building Brains Recurring Evolutionary Themes The Importance of Play Behavior in Developing Brains Is the Human Brain Unique? Epigenetics: How Lifestyles Influence Inheritance Neural Development A Brain Is Born: Neuroplasticity in Action Fundamentals of Neurogenesis The Human Adolescent Brain The Aging Brain Context Matters: Aging: Is It in Our Blood? Recovering from Brain Injury Damage Control in Injured Brains A Case to Consider: Repetitive Head Injuries in Athletes Laboratory Exploration: Behavioral Profiling and Genetic Engineering: In Search of Animal Models for Autism Spectrum Disorder Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions PART III: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM: ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS Chapter 6: Sensation, Perception, and Adaptation Brain Scene Investigation: Seeing Without Vision Fundamentals of Sensation and Perception Fechner’s Dream Tuning in to Environmental Cues The Big Sensory Picture: Taste and Multisensory Integration Smell, Taste, and Flavor: An Example of Multisensory Processing The Functions and Neural Basis of Multisensory Integration Vision Light’s Journey to the Cortex Stimulus and Receptor The Central Nervous System Visual Pathway Visual Details Processing Contextual Cues Color Vision The Neural Basis of Color Vision Adaptive Functions of Color Vision Uber-vision: Hawks Hearing Stimulus and Receptor The Central Nervous System Auditory Pathway Uber-audition: Echolocation in Bats Touch Helen Keller’s Unique Sensory Portal Touch Receptors and the Somatosensory Pathway Uber-touch: Raccoons Context Matters: The Healing Touch and Recovery from Brain Injury Smell Stimulus and Receptor Olfactory Neural Destinations and Emotional Connections Pheromones Uber-olfaction: Rats Final Thoughts on Sensory Integration and Adaptation Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions Chapter 7: Movement Brain Scene Investigation: The Frozen Addicts Movement Basics The Brain and Spinal Cord The Motor Cortex Corticospinal Tracts The Spinal Cord Muscles Muscle Types Sensory Feedback in Muscles Complex Movement Cortical Areas The Basal Ganglia The Cerebellum Context Matters: How the Brain Gets Tickled Adaptive Moves All the Right Moves Athletic Performance Exercise Movement Disorders Parkinson’s Disease Spinal Cord Injury Language as an Extension of Movement Evolution of Language Language and Sounds of Nature Language Localized in the Brain Laboratory Exploration: Using Reaching Tasks to Assess Models of Brain Injury and Recovery Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions Chapter 8: Maintenance and Motivation Brain Scene Investigation: Runaway Motivation The Brain’s Reward Circuitry Elements of the Reward Circuits Environmental Tuning of the Reward Circuits Hunger Regulation The Evolution of Efficient Eating Strategies and Brain Enlargement The Neurobiology of Hunger Regulation Neurochemicals and Appetite Control Why Can’t We Eat Just One? Environmental Influences on Eating Clinical Implications of Eating Strategies: Eating Disorders, Diet, and Hunger Regulation Context Matters: Neurodevelopment and Weight Regulation: Influence of Mother’s Diet during Pregnancy Thirst Regulation Osmoregulatory Thirst Hypovolemic Thirst Motivating the Brain to Work Neurobiology of Sustained Work Plasticity of Effort-Related Responses Grooming: The Silent but Essential Motivator Components of the Rodent Grooming Response Neural Circuits and Clinical Applications Barbering: Extreme Grooming for Extreme Circumstances Laboratory Exploration: Microdialysis and Motivation Research Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions Chapter 9: Sleep, Wakefulness, and Conscious Awareness Brain Scene Investigation: The Sleep-Murder Legal Defense The Rhythms of Sleep and Wakefulness Circadian Rhythms Stages of Sleep Extreme Sleep: Hibernation The Neurobiology of Sleep Early Neuroanatomical Explorations Integrated Neuroanatomical and Neurochemical Circuits Slow Wave Sleep REM Sleep Why Sleep and Dream? Evolutionary Theories of Sleep Function Homeostatic Theory of Sleep Regulation Adaptive Theory of Sleep Historical and Cultural Perspectives on Human Sleep Patterns Learning, Memory, and Survival Functions Slow Wave Sleep REM Sleep Context Matters: Stuck on a Problem? Sleep on It! Potential Immune Functions Sleep Patterns: Typical and Atypical Variations Establishing the Sleep Norm Sleep Disorders Insomnia Narcolepsy Sleep Apnea Altered States of Consciousness: Beyond Sleep Neural Networks and Conscious Awareness Disorders of Consciousness Death and the End of Consciousness Laboratory Exploration: Optogenetics: Shining a Light on the Brain’s Sleep–Wake Circuits Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions PART IV: NEUROBIOLOGY IN ACTION Chapter 10: Emotional Expression and Regulation Brain Scene Investigation: The Neurobiology of Voodoo Death Biopsychological Perspectives of Emotional Expression Evolutionary and Universal Emotional Expressions Classic Neurobiological Theories of Emotion The Brain’s Role in Emotional Expression The Neurobiology of Aggression and Fear Aggression Neuroanatomy of Aggression Neurochemistry of Aggression Submission and Defeat Fear Conditioned Fear Building Courage in the Face of Fear The Value of Fear Emotional Regulation The Stress Response, Revisited The Neurobiology of Resilience Effective Coping Strategies Cognitive Reappraisal Emotions and Decision Making Emotions and Health Context Matters: Emotional Temperament and Longevity in Rats Laboratory Exploration: “Laughing” Rats and Positive Emotion Research Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions Chapter 11: Affiliative and Reproductive Strategies Brain Scene Investigation: The Experimental Wedding Hormones and Behavior The Endocrine System Historical Background of Behavioral Endocrinology Primary Endocrine Glands and Hormones Chemical Classes of Hormones Functional Relationships Between the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland Organizational and Activational Effects of Hormones During Development The Neurobiology of Relationships Romantic Elixirs Oxytocin: The Social Trust Molecule? The Pet Factor Sexual Behavior and Characteristics Rodent Model: Male and Female Sexual Behavior Sex Differences and the Brain Sexual Orientation and Transsexualism The Neurobiology of Parental Behavior The Maternal Brain The Paternal Brain Alloparenting Context Matters: An Old Bird Learns a New Trick Laboratory Exploration: Manipulating Hormone Levels in Laboratory Animals with Implantable Delivery Pumps Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions Chapter 12: Learning, Memory, and Decision Making Brain Scene Investigation: Clive Wearing’s Fleeting Memory Neurobiological Foundations of Learning and Memory Processes Behavioral Approaches Cellular Mechanisms Cellular Modifications in the Aplysia Cellular Modifications in the Hippocampus Structural Neuroplasticity Integrating Clinical and Laboratory Research The Case of H.M. Animal Studies Human Brain Imaging Studies Identifying Brain-Based Memory Systems Rapid Encoding of Flexible Associations Slow Encoding of Rigid Associations Rapid Encoding of Single or Categorized Items Modifying Memories Rewriting Memories Memory and Emotions Stress and Forgetting Stress and Memory Enhancement Context Matters: Can Perceived Safety Diminish the Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder? The Case of Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory Focusing on Attention: Gateway to Learning and Memory Decision Making Neuroanatomy of Neuroeconomics Unexpected Outcomes and Flexible Response Strategies Laboratory Exploration: Using Fos Immunoreactivity to Determine Brain Activation During Learning Tasks Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions Chapter 13: Mental Illness Brain Scene Investigation: Cautionary Tales in Psychiatry: The Questionable Creation of Sheri Storm’s Multiple Personalities The Challenge of Classifying and Treating Mental Illness The Meandering Search for the Roots of Mental Illness Early Biological Therapies for Mental Illness Contemporary Mental Health Classifications Schizophrenia Causes Neurochemical Candidates Neuroanatomical Candidates Genetic and Environmental Factors Treatment Strategies Depression Causes Neurochemical Candidates Neuroanatomical Candidates The Network Hypothesis Treatment Strategies Electroconvulsive Therapy Pharmacotherapy Cognitive and Behavioral Therapies Emerging Therapeutic Approaches Bipolar Disorder Anxiety Disorders and Other Related Disorders Diagnoses of Anxiety Disorders and Other Related Disorders Common Causes Treatment Strategies Context Matters: Virtual Reality Therapy for Spider Phobias Evolutionary Roots Laboratory Exploration: Schizophrenia and Prepulse Inhibition Conclusion Key Terms Review Questions Critical-Thinking Questions Epilogue: Expanding the Contextual Boundaries of Biopsychology Extreme Environmental Context Modification: Rats Undergoing Prenatal Development in Space Changing the Context of the Brain’s Infrastructure: Building Brain–Machine Interfaces Stepping Outside the Context of the Laboratory: Creativity and the Brain Appendix: Major Research Methods in This Text Glossary References Credits Name Index Subject Index