Geospatial Modeling for Environmental Management: Case Studies from South Asia

Description

This is a comprehensive resource that integrates the application of innovative remote sensing techniques and geospatial tools in modeling Earth systems for environmental management beyond customary digitization and mapping practices. It identifies the most suitable approaches for a specific environmental problem, emphasizes the importance of physically based modeling, their uncertainty analysis, advantages, and disadvantages. The case studies on the Himalayas with a complex topography call for innovation in geospatial techniques to find solutions for various environmental problems. Features: Presents innovative geospatial methods in environmental modeling of Earth systems. Includes case studies from South Asia and discusses different processes and outcomes using spatially explicit models. Explains contemporary environmental problems through the analysis of various information layers. Provides good practices for developing countries to help manage environmental issues using low-cost geospatial approaches. Integrates geospatial modeling with policy and analysis its direct implication in decision making. Using a systems’ approach analysis, Geospatial Modeling for Environmental Management: Case Studies from South Asia shall serve environmental managers, students, researchers, and policymakers. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Editors Introduction Editorial Advisory Board List of Contributors PART A: Geospatial Modeling in Hydrological Studies Chapter 1 Flood Vulnerability and Risk Assessment with Parsimonious Hydrodynamic Modeling and GIS 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Study Area 1.3 Methodology 1.3.1 Flood Frequency Analysis 1.3.2 Hydrodynamic Modeling 1.3.3 Flood Vulnerability Analysis 1.3.4 Flood Risk Assessment 1.4 Results and Discussion 1.4.1 Land Use Under Risk 1.4.2 Villages Under Risk 1.5 Conclusion References Chapter 2 Estimation of Parameters in Ungauged Catchment Using Map-Correlation Method: A Case Study on Krishna-Godavari Basin 2.1 Introduction 2.2 MCM 2.3 Case Study on Krishna-Godavari River Basin in Southern India 2.4 The Effect of Distance on the Correlation of Daily Streamflow Data 2.5 Map Correlation Results for Krishna-Godavari Basins 2.6 Application Map Correlation Technique in Ungauged Catchments 2.7 Conclusions References Chapter 3 Soil and Water Assessment Tool for Simulating the Sediment and Water Yield of Alpine Catchments: A Brief Review 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Studies Using SWAT for Climate and Land-Use Changes Assessment 3.3 SWAT Use in Hydrology with Different Sources of Hydro-Metrological Input Data 3.3.1 Studies Using SWAT Runoff Assessment 3.3.2 Comparison of SWAT with Other Models with Future SWAT Improvements 3.3.3 SWAT Model Using Snow and Glacier Parameter Assessment 3.3.4 The Efficiency of SWAT Model on Soil Erosion and Sediment Flux in Streamflow 3.3.5 Studies Using SWAT for Soil Erosion 3.3.6 Studies Using SWAT for Sediment Dynamics 3.3.7 The Efficiency of SWAT in Simulating the Impact of Land Use Land Cover Change on Hydrological Processes 3.3.8 Studies Using SWAT for LULC Change in Affecting Sediment Dynamics 3.3.9 Studies Using SWAT for Assessing LULC and Climate on Watershed Hydrology 3.3.10 Studies Using SWAT for Forest Assessment 3.3.11 Studies Using SWAT for Nutrient Modelling 3.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments Competing Interest References Chapter 4 Temporal Assessment of Sedimentation in Siruvani Reservoir Using Remote Sensing and GIS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Study Area 4.3 Methodology 4.3.1 Morphometric Analysis 4.3.2 USLE 4.3.3 NDWI 4.4 Results and Discussion 4.5 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Review of Conceptual Models of Estimating the S patio-Temporal Variations of Water Depth Using Remote Sensing and GIS for the Management of Dams and Reservoirs 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Dams and Reservoirs 5.2 Concept of Space, Time, and Spatio-Temporal Analysis 5.2.1 Space 5.2.2 Time 5.2.3 Spatio-Temporal Analysis 5.3 The Technology and Approaches 5.3.1 Remote Sensing 5.3.2 Satellite-Derived Bathymetry (SDB) 5.3.3 LiDAR 5.4 Conceptual Model Overview 5.4.1 Model Development 5.4.2 Model Application 5.4.3 Satellite Imageries Based Models 5.4.4 LiDAR-Based Models 5.5 Conclusion References PART B: Geospatial Modeling in Landslide Studies Chapter 6 Geospatial Modeling in Landslide Hazard Assessment: A Case Study along Bandipora-Srinagar Highway, N-W Himalaya, J&K, India 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Materials and Methods 6.2.1 Study Area 6.2.2 Geology of Study Area 6.3 Results and Discussion 6.3.1 Slope 6.3.2 Aspect 6.3.3 Geological and Geotechnical Investigations along Bandipora-Srinagar Highway 6.3.4 Land Cover 6.3.5 Contour Map 6.3.6 Landslide Hazard Assessment and Inventory Map 6.3.7 Management Plan 6.4 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Causes, Consequences, and Mitigation of Landslides in the Himalayas: A Case Study of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Study Area 7.3 Materials and Methods 7.3.1 Data Preparation and Methodology Framework 7.4 Results and Discussion 7.4.1 Field Validation 7.4.2 Policy Imperatives and Mitigations 7.5 Conclusions References Chapter 8 Landslide Hazard and Exposure Mapping of Risk Elements in Lower Mandakini Valley, Uttarakhand, India 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Study Area 8.3 Data Source 8.3.1 Landslide Inventory 8.4 Methodology 8.4.1 Landslide Spatial Probability Mapping Using Logistic Regression Model 8.4.2 Landslide Temporal Probability 8.4.3 Landslide Hazard and Exposed Risk Elements Mapping 8.5 Result and Discussion 8.5.1 Landslide Spatial Probability 8.5.2 Landslide Hazard Analysis 8.5.3 Exposed Risk Elements 8.6 Conclusions Conflict of Interest Funding References PART C: Geospatial Modeling for Climate Change Studies Chapter 9 Crop Response to Changing Climate, Integrating Model Approaches: A Review 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Climate Change Projections 9.3 Observed Changes 9.4 Climate Change Scenarios 9.5 Climate Change and Agricultural 9.5.1 Wheat 9.5.2 Rice 9.5.3 Pulses 9.5.4 Groundnut 9.6 Crop Simulation Model (CSM) 9.7 Global Climate Models 9.8 Regional Climate Models 9.9 Climate Downscaling 9.10 Crop Simulation Models and Remote Sensing 9.11 Integrated Assessment Through Climate and Crop Models 9.12 Conclusion References Chapter 10 Snow and Glacier Resources in the Western Himalayas: A Review 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Snow and Glacier Resources 10.3 Melt Water from Snow and Glaciers 10.3.1 Changing Streamflow Pattern Under Climate Change 10.4 Recommendations 10.5 Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 11 Detecting Vegetation and Timberline Dynamics in Pinder Watershed Central Himalaya Using Geospatial Techniques 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Study Area 11.3 Materials and Methods 11.4 Results and Discussion 11.4.1 Status of Vegetation Line and Vegetation Cover Area 11.4.2 Status of Timberline and Timber Cover Area 11.5 Conclusions References Chapter 12 Climate Change Studies, Permanent Forest Observational Plots and Geospatial Modeling 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Network of “Preservation Permanent Plot” Established in Indian Forests Since Its Inception 12.2.1 Why Is There the Need of Long-Term Ecological Research 12.3 Establishment of Permanent Long Term Ecological Research Station 12.3.1 The Following Can be Answered Through LTERS 12.4 Methods to Establish Permanent Plots to Study Forest Dynamics (Taken from “The Manual of Instructions for Field Inventory, 2002, Forest Survey of India, Dehradun.”) 12.4.1 Equipment Required for Installation and Layout of POPs 12.5 Impacts of Climate Change on Forests of Jharkhand, Bihar and West Bengal 12.6 Climate Change Predictions: Geospatial Species Distribution Model 12.7 Conclusion References Chapter 13 Analyzing the Relationship of LST with MNDWI and NDBI in Urban Heat Islands of Hyderabad City, India 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Study Area and Data 13.3 Methodology 13.3.1 Image Preprocessing 13.3.2 Extraction of Different LU–LC Types Using MNDWI and NDBI 13.3.3 Retrieving LST from Landsat-8 TIR Band 13.3.4 Mapping UHI 13.3.5 Delineating the UHS 13.4 Results and Discussion 13.4.1 Spatial Distribution of MNDWI and NDBI 13.4.2 Spatial Distribution of LST 13.4.3 Spatial Distribution of UHIs and Non-UHIs 13.4.4 Identification of UHSs 13.4.5 Relationship of LST with MNDWI and NDBI for Whole City, UHIs, Non-UHIs, and UHSs 13.5 Conclusions Acknowledgements Disclosure Statement References PART D: Geospatial Modeling in Change Dynamics Studies Chapter 14 Assessment of the Visual Disaster of Land Degradation and Desertification Using TGSI, SAVI, and NDVI Techniques 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Study Area 14.2.1 Geology 14.2.2 Geomorphology 14.3 Materials and Methods 14.3.1 Processing of Images 14.3.1.1 SAVI 14.3.1.2 TGSI 14.3.1.3 Classification of Land Cover Using NDVI 14.4 Results and Discussion 14.4.1 SAVI and TGSI 14.4.2 Land Cover Change by NDVI 14.5 Conclusion References Chapter 15 Dynamics of Forest Cover Changes in Hindu Kush-Himalayan Mountains Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Indus Kohistan Palas Valley, Pakistan 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Overview of Forest Cover Changes 15.2 Study Area 15.3 Materials and Methods 15.3.1 Primary Data 15.3.2 Focused Group Discussions 15.3.3 Secondary Data 15.3.4 Accuracy Assessment 15.4 Results and Discussion 15.4.1 Trend of Forest Cover Change (1980–2017) 15.4.2 Spatial and Temporal Change in Forest Cover (1980–2017) 15.4.3 Forest Cover Change within 1 and 3 km of the Selected Settlements (1980–2017) 15.4.4 Forest Cover Change within 1 and 3 km of the Roads (1980–2017) 15.4.5 Local Committee System for Management 15.4 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 16 Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System for Evaluating the Changes in Earth System Dynamics: A Review 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Remote Sensing and GIS as Tools 16.2.1 Remote Sensing 16.2.2 GIS 16.3 Role of GIS and Remote Sensing in Assessing Different Changes in Earth’s System Dynamics 16.3.1 Application in the Field of Land Use and Land Cover 16.3.1.1 Natural Resource Management 16.3.1.2 Application in the Field of Agriculture 16.3.1.3 Application in the Field of Forestry 16.3.1.4 Application in the Field of Geology 16.3.1.5 Application in the Field of Hydrology 16.3.1.6 Application in the Field of Sea Ice 16.3.1.7 Application in the Field of Ocean Monitoring 16.3.1.8 Application in the Field of Coastal Management 16.3.1.9 Application in the Field of Environmental Monitoring 16.3.1.10 Application in the Field of Ecology and Biodiversity 16.4 Conclusion References PART E: Geospatial Modeling in Policy and Decision-Making Chapter 17 Sustainable Livelihood Security Index: A Case Study in Chirrakunta Rurban Cluster 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Study Area 17.3 Materials and Methods 17.3.1 Normalization of Indicators Using the Functional Relationship with SLSI 17.3.2 Selection of Variables for Computing SLSI 17.3.3 Ecological Security Indicators 17.3.4 Economic Efficiency Indicators 17.3.5 Social Equity Indicators 17.4 Results and Discussion 17.4.1 Ecological Security Index 17.4.2 Economic Equity Index 17.4.2.1 Social Equity Index (SEI) 17.4.3 Sustainable Livelihood Security Index (SLSI) 17.5 Conclusion References Chapter 18 Carrying Capacity of Water Supply in Shimla City: A Study of Sustainability and Policy Framework 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Geographical Personality of the Study Area 18.3 Materials and Methods 18.4 Results and Discussion 18.4.1 Water Source 18.4.1.1 Dhalli Catchment 18.4.1.2 Cherot and Jagroti 18.4.1.3 Chair Nallah 18.4.1.4 Source at Gumma at Nauti Khad 18.4.1.5 Ashwani Khad 18.4.1.6 Giri Khad 18.4.1.7 Existing Distribution System of Water Supply in Shimla City 18.4.2 Distribution of Water Connection in Shimla City 18.4.3 Water Storage Reservoirs in Shimla City 18.4.4 Carrying Capacity, Demand and Deficits of Water Supply 18.4.5 Population Projection, Water Demand and Deficits 18.4.6 Sustainable Water Supply 18.5 Conclusion References Index