Historical Geology: Evolution of Earth and Life Through Time

Description

Cover......Page 1 Title......Page 2 Statement......Page 3 Copyright......Page 4 About the Authors......Page 5 Brief Contents......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Preface......Page 12 Ch 1: Outline......Page 17 Ch 1: Introduction......Page 18 Origin of the Universe and Solar System and Earth’s Place in the Cosmos......Page 20 Why Earth Is a Dynamic and Evolving Planet......Page 26 Organic Evolution and the History of Life......Page 28 Geologic Time and Uniformitarianism......Page 29 How Does the Study of Historical Geology Benefit Us?......Page 30 Ch 1: Important Terms......Page 32 Ch 1: Review Questions......Page 33 Ch 2: Outline......Page 34 Ch 2: Introduction......Page 35 Matter—What Is It?......Page 36 Minerals—The Building Blocks of Rocks......Page 37 Igneous Rocks......Page 39 Sedimentary Rocks......Page 43 Metamorphic Rocks......Page 45 Economic Geology......Page 50 Ch 2: Summary......Page 51 Ch 2: Review Questions......Page 52 Ch 3: Outline......Page 54 Early Ideas About Continental Drift......Page 55 What Is the Evidence for Continental Drift?......Page 57 Earth’s Magnetic Field......Page 60 Magnetic Reversals and Seafloor Spreading......Page 61 Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory......Page 62 The Three Types of Plate Boundaries......Page 64 How Are Plate Movement and Motion Determined?......Page 71 The Driving Mechanism of Plate Tectonics......Page 73 Plate Tectonics and the Distribution of Life......Page 75 Plate Tectonics and the Distribution of Natural Resources......Page 76 Ch 3: Summary......Page 78 Ch 3: Review Questions......Page 79 Ch 4: Outline......Page 81 How Is Geologic Time Measured?......Page 82 Early Concepts of Geologic Time and Earth’s Age......Page 83 James Hutton and the Recognition of Geologic Time......Page 86 Relative Dating Methods......Page 87 Numerical Dating Methods......Page 88 Geologic Time and Climate Change......Page 95 Ch 4: Summary......Page 97 Ch 4: Review Questions......Page 98 Ch 5: Outline......Page 100 Ch 5: Introduction......Page 101 Stratigraphy......Page 102 Fossils and Fossilization......Page 107 The Relative Geologic Time Scale......Page 111 Stratigraphic Terminology......Page 113 Correlation......Page 117 Numerical Dates and the Relative Geologic Time Scale......Page 119 Ch 5: Review Questions......Page 121 Ch 6: Outline......Page 123 Sedimentary Rock Properties......Page 124 Depositional Environments......Page 132 Interpreting Depositional Environments......Page 140 Paleogeography......Page 141 Ch 6: Summary......Page 143 Ch 6: Review Questions......Page 144 Ch 7: Outline......Page 146 Evolution: What Does It Mean?......Page 147 Mendel and the Birth of Genetics......Page 151 The Modern View of Evolution......Page 152 What Kinds of Evidence Support Evolutionary Theory?......Page 159 Fossils: What Do We Learn From Them?......Page 163 Ch 7: Summary......Page 165 Ch 7: Review Questions......Page 166 Ch 8: Outline......Page 167 Ch 8: Introduction......Page 168 What Happened During the Hadean?......Page 169 Archean Earth History......Page 171 The Atmosphere and Hydrosphere......Page 176 Life—Its Origin and Early History......Page 179 Archean Mineral Resources......Page 183 Ch 8: Important Terms......Page 184 Ch 8: Review Questions......Page 185 Ch 9: Outline......Page 187 Proterozoic History of Laurentia......Page 188 Proterozoic Supercontinents......Page 193 Ancient Glaciers and Their Deposits......Page 195 Proterozoic Life......Page 197 Proterozoic Mineral Resources......Page 202 Ch 9: Summary......Page 205 Ch 9: Review Questions......Page 206 Ch 10: Outline......Page 208 Continental Architecture: Cratons and Mobile Belts......Page 209 Paleozoic Paleogeography......Page 210 Early Paleozoic Evolution of North America......Page 213 The Sauk Sequence......Page 214 The Tippecanoe Sequence......Page 217 The Appalachian Mobile Belt and the Taconic Orogeny......Page 222 Early Paleozoic Mineral Resources......Page 224 Ch 10: Important Terms......Page 226 Ch 10: Review Questions......Page 227 Ch 11: Outline......Page 229 Late Paleozoic Paleogeography......Page 230 The Kaskaskia Sequence......Page 234 The Absaroka Sequence......Page 239 History of the Late Paleozoic Mobile Belts......Page 243 Late Paleozoic Mineral Resources......Page 249 Ch 11: Summary......Page 251 Ch 11: Review Questions......Page 253 Ch 12: Outline......Page 254 Ch 12: Introduction......Page 255 The Emergence of a Shelly Fauna......Page 256 The Present-Day Marine Ecosystem......Page 257 Paleozoic Invertebrate Marine Life......Page 258 Mass Extinctions......Page 268 Ch 12: Summary......Page 270 Ch 12: Review Questions......Page 271 Ch 13: Outline......Page 273 Vertebrate Evolution......Page 274 Fish......Page 275 Amphibians—Vertebrates Invade the Land......Page 281 Evolution of the Reptiles—The Land Is Conquered......Page 282 Plant Evolution......Page 285 Ch 13: Summary......Page 291 Ch 13: Review Questions......Page 292 Ch 14: Outline......Page 294 The Breakup of Pangaea......Page 295 Eastern Coastal Region......Page 298 Gulf Coastal Region......Page 300 Western Region......Page 301 What Role Did Accretion of Terranes Play in the Growth of Western North America?......Page 311 Mesozoic Mineral Resources......Page 312 Ch 14: Important Terms......Page 313 Ch 14: Review Questions......Page 314 Ch 15: Outline......Page 316 Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton......Page 317 Aquatic and Semiaquatic Vertebrates......Page 319 The Diversification of Reptiles......Page 320 The Origin and Evolution of Birds......Page 329 The Origin and Evolution of Mammals......Page 331 Mesozoic Climates and Paleobiogeography......Page 333 Mass Extinctions—A Crisis in Life History......Page 334 Ch 15: Review Questions......Page 336 Ch 16: Outline......Page 338 Ch 16: Introduction......Page 339 Cenozoic Plate Tectonics—An Overview......Page 340 Cenozoic Orogenic Belts......Page 341 North American Cordillera......Page 345 The Continental Interior......Page 352 North America’s Southern and Eastern Continental Margins......Page 354 Paleogene and Neogene Mineral Resources......Page 357 Ch 16: Summary......Page 358 Ch 16: Review Questions......Page 359 Ch 17: Outline......Page 360 Pleistocene and Holocene Tectonism and Volcanism......Page 361 Pleistocene Stratigraphy......Page 363 Onset of the Ice Age......Page 365 Glaciation and Its Effects......Page 367 What Caused Pleistocene Glaciation?......Page 374 Glaciers Today......Page 376 Ch 17: Summary......Page 377 Ch 17: Review Questions......Page 378 Ch 18: Outline......Page 379 Marine Invertebrates and Phytoplankton......Page 380 Cenozoic Vegetation and Climate......Page 382 The Age of Mammals Begins......Page 384 Paleogene and Neogene Mammals......Page 388 Pleistocene Faunas......Page 396 Intercontinental Migrations......Page 399 Ch 18: Review Questions......Page 400 Ch 19: Outline......Page 402 Prosimians......Page 403 Anthropoids......Page 404 Hominids and Hominins......Page 406 Ch 19: Summary......Page 416 Ch 19: Review Questions......Page 417 Epilogue......Page 418 Appendix A: English-Metric Conversion Chart......Page 425 Appendix B: Classification of Organisms......Page 426 Appendix C: Mineral Identification......Page 431 Appendix D: A Refresher on Structural Geology......Page 434 Glossary......Page 438 Answers to Multiple-Choice Review Questions......Page 445 Index......Page 446