Environment, Resources and Sustainable Tourism: Goa as a Case Study

Description

This book suggests sustainable economy from the viewpoint of tourism fostering low carbon footprint. Focussed on conserving heritage, culture and endemic biota of a crucial biodiversity hotspot of the world, the book discusses the impact of a large population, fast-paced development and excessive consumption of earth resources by tourism in a developing economy. The book (i) assesses the impact of overexploitation of earth resources on environmental components such as air, water, land and people, (ii) examines the sustainability of tourism on the physical, economic and socio-cultural environment including human lifestyles, (iii) presents  the potential of tourism in promoting sustainable development, poverty alleviation and conservation of nature and  (iv) formulates recommendations for tourism, fostering sustainable development in Goa, India. The book offers students, researchers, academics and professionals a comprehensive discourse integrating geological and societal perspectives on core issues. It generates critical thinking on the complex issue of sustainable tourism by providing in-depth perspective on peoples of different hues and their role in safeguarding the future of this unique region. Preface Acknowledgements Contents Abbreviations List of Figures 1 Introduction 1.1 Preamble 1.2 Background of the Mineral Resources 1.3 Physiography 1.3.1 Western Ghats Escarpment 1.4 Drainage 1.4.1 Tidal Creeks 1.4.2 Linearity of the West Coast 1.4.3 Beaches 1.4.4 Lakes, Tanks and Reservoirs 1.5 Climate and Vegetation References 2 Mineral Resources 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Western Dharwar Craton 2.3 Shimoga-Goa Schist Belt 2.4 Classification of the Greenstones 2.5 Revised Stratigraphic Framework 2.6 Palaeoenvironments 2.7 Mafic Intrusive Rocks 2.8 Iron Ores 2.8.1 Ore Deposits: Geological Framework 2.8.2 Structural Disposition 2.8.3 Reserves 2.8.4 Production and Exports 2.9 Manganese Ores 2.9.1 Manganese Ore Resources 2.9.2 Reserves 2.10 Laterites and Bauxites 2.10.1 Bauxite Resources 2.10.2 Reserves 2.11 Soil Resources of the State 2.11.1 Distribution and Characteristics 2.12 Sand and Gravel Resources 2.13 Fossil Marine Shell Resources 2.13.1 Resource Characteristics References 3 Mining Industry 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Environmental Geoscience 3.3 Concept of Systems 3.3.1 Types of Systems 3.4 Relationship Between Natural Resource and Environment 3.5 Global Efforts at Protection of the Environment 3.6 Modern Concepts and Ideas 3.6.1 Sustainable Development 3.6.2 Sustainability versus Growth 3.7 Environment vis-à-vis Mining: Indian Context 3.7.1 Measures at Protection of the Environment 3.7.2 Mineral Resources 3.7.3 Mineral Conservation 3.7.4 The National Mineral Policy 3.7.5 Mines and Minerals Regulation and Development Act 3.8 Mining of Mineral Resources 3.8.1 Mining Activity in Goa 3.8.2 Relationship of Type of Mining and Extent of Damage 3.8.3 Slope Stability 3.8.4 Factors Responsible for Slope Movement 3.8.5 Role of Water in Mass Movement 3.8.6 Slope Failure 3.8.7 Impact of Slope Failure 3.8.8 Type of Mass Movement 3.8.9 Management of Slope Stability 3.8.10 Preventive Measures 3.9 Opencast Mining 3.9.1 Limitations of Open Cast Mining References 4 Water Resources 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Climate and Weather Conditions 4.3 The Science of Water 4.3.1 Concepts in Hydrology 4.3.2 Properties of Aquifer 4.4 Surface Water Resources 4.4.1 Surface Water Resources of Goa 4.5 Groundwater Resources 4.5.1 State Groundwater Resources 4.5.2 District-wise Groundwater Distribution 4.5.3 Spatiotemporal Variation of Groundwater 4.5.4 Sustainability vs Resource Depletion 4.5.5 Mine Dewatering: Implications on the Watertable 4.6 Issues Related to the Salinity of Water 4.6.1 Saltwater Intrusion 4.6.2 Groundwater-Related Salinity Issues 4.6.3 Tidal Impact 4.6.4 Factors Governing Seawater Intrusion in the State 4.7 Confronting the Water Challenge: Global Scenario 4.7.1 Integrated Water Resource Management 4.8 Sustainable Watershed Development 4.8.1 Water Conservation in the State: Background 4.8.2 Post-liberation Scenario: Interlinking of Rivers 4.9 Groundwater Conservation Initiatives 4.9.1 Conjunctive Use of Water 4.9.2 Artificial Recharge 4.9.3 Rainwater Harvesting 4.9.4 Mitigation of Water Crisis References 5 Environmental Assessment 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Environmental Concerns 5.2.1 Control on the Components of the Environment 5.2.2 Societal Change Leading to Environmental Issues 5.2.3 Environmental Challenges 5.2.4 Threat to Aquatic Environments 5.3 Impact on Groundwater Quality 5.3.1 Quality of State Groundwater 5.3.2 Contamination of Groundwaters 5.3.3 Saltwater Intrusion: Need for Efficient Management 5.3.4 Availability versus Demand: Changing Sustainability 5.3.5 Quality of Surface Water 5.3.6 Degradation of Coastal Aquifers 5.3.7 Vulnerability Assessment 5.3.8 Mitigation Measures 5.4 Air Pollution 5.4.1 Threat to Human Health 5.5 Environmental Management 5.5.1 Cost–Benefit Analysis 5.5.2 Rehabilitation of Mined Areas 5.5.3 Restoration Initiatives 5.5.4 Sustainable Mining and Protection of the Environment 5.5.5 Underground Mining and Excavations 5.6 Construction and Industrial Mineral Resources 5.6.1 Sand Extraction: Environmental Challenges 5.6.2 Policy Framework 5.6.3 Guidelines 5.6.4 Management Plan 5.7 Fossil Marine Shell Extraction: Environmental Concerns 5.7.1 Geological Perspective 5.7.2 Habitat 5.7.3 Employment Opportunities 5.7.4 Statutory Framework 5.7.5 Environmental Strategies 5.7.6 Environment Management Plan 5.8 Concerns of Rising Sea Level 5.8.1 Vulnerability Assessment References 6 Waste Management 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Municipal Solid Waste: Disposal Concerns 6.2.1 Solid Waste Management Policy Framework 6.2.2 Solid Waste Management of the State 6.2.3 Pollution from Leachates 6.2.4 Products of Waste Incineration 6.2.5 Biodegradable Waste 6.2.6 Biomedical Waste 6.2.7 Sustainable Management of CDW 6.2.8 Pozzolans in Light Weight Concrete 6.2.9 Electronic Waste 6.2.10 Plastic Waste 6.2.11 Glass Waste 6.2.12 Tyre-Rubber Waste 6.3 Industrial Pollution: Concern of Effluents 6.3.1 Type of Effluents 6.4 Overstressed Land Resources 6.4.1 Growth Pattern 6.4.2 Density of Structures 6.4.3 Unaffordable Land Prices References 7 Sustainable Tourism 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Overview of Tourism Industry 7.2.1 Definition of Sustainable Tourism 7.2.2 Sustainable Development Index 7.2.3 State Tourism Policy 7.2.4 Principles and Objectives of the State Policy 7.3 Tourism: The Case of Goa 7.3.1 Demographic Pressures on Resources 7.3.2 Sustainable Tourism: Potential for State Initiatives 7.3.3 Coastal Resource System and Tourism Products 7.4 Impact of Tourism: Stressed Environment 7.4.1 Distress on Land Resources and Mangroves 7.5 Congested Road Traffic: Remedial Measures 7.5.1 Increased Emissions 7.5.2 Growth in Road Accidents 7.5.3 Challenges to Change 7.5.4 Improvement of Infrastructure 7.6 Construction Industry 7.6.1 Real Estate and the Workforce 7.6.2 Construction Materials and Substitutes 7.7 Socio-Cultural Conflicts 7.8 Socio-Economic Constraints 7.8.1 Constraints in Sharing Resource 7.8.2 Friction Between Communities 7.9 Education vis-à-vis Employment 7.10 Shifting Occupation Pattern 7.10.1 Fisheries Sector 7.10.2 Outmigration of Locals 7.10.3 Unviable Agriculture 7.11 Changing Lifestyle 7.11.1 Migration to Cities 7.12 Concerns of Fragile Economy 7.13 Increase in Illegal Land Conversions and Land Disputes 7.13.1 Policy Amendments 7.14 Challenges to Development Initiatives 7.14.1 Conflicts with the Industry 7.14.2 Waste Disposal 7.14.3 Public Infrastructure 7.14.4 Resource Allocation 7.15 Future Perspective and Recommendations References Index