Progress in colour studies : cognition, language and beyond

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Progress in Colour Studies Title page Copyright page Table of contents Preface Contributors Abbreviations Emeritus Professor Christian J. Kay 1940–2016 Section 1. Colour perception and cognition Introduction to Section 1 1. The colours and the spectrum Acknowledgements References 2. Ensemble perception of colour 1. Introduction 2. Studies of ensemble perception of colour 2.1 Ensemble membership 2.2 Ensemble averaging 2.3 The mechanism of colour averaging 2.4 Ensemble perception of colour in autism 3. Discussion 3.1 Summary of findings 3.2 Future research 3.3 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 3. The role of saturation in colour naming and colour appearance 1. Introduction 2. Measuring categories and unique hues 3. Universality of colour categories 4. Salience of “focal colours” 5. The uniqueness of intermediate hues 6. Conclusion Acknowledgements References 4. Spanish basic colour categories are 11 or 12 depending on the dialect 1. Introduction 2. Experiment 1. Elicitation task 2.1 Participants 2.2 Materials and procedure 2.3 Results 3. Experiment 2. ‘Extremes naming’ and ‘Boundary delimitation’ tasks 3.1 Method 3.1.1 Participants 3.1.2 Apparatus and stimuli 3.1.3 Procedure 3.2 ‘Extremes naming task’: Results 3.3 ‘Boundary delimitation task’: Results 4. Discussion References 5. Diatopic variation in the referential meaning of the “Italian blues” 1. Introduction 2. Method 2.1 Participants 2.2 Stimuli 2.3 Procedure 2.4 Data analysis 3. Results 3.1 The diversity of elaborated blue terms in the two Italian speaker samples 3.2 Referential volumes of ‘blu, azzurro’ and ‘celeste’ 3.3 The centroids of convex hulls and of focal colours for the three “Italian blues” 4. Discussion 4.1 Divergence of the referential meanings of ‘azzurro’ and ‘celeste’ in the two regiolects 4.2 The historical background of naming the BLUE area in Italian 4.3 An insight into the prominence of ‘celeste’ in the Algherese Catalan dialect 4.4 Diatopic variation of colour term usage and its referential meaning: Parallels in other languages 4.4.1 Partition of the BLUE category: ‘Azul’ and ‘celeste’ in Spanish dialects 4.4.2 Variation in the lexicalization of the BROWN category in regiolects and dialects 4.4.3 ‘Rosa’ versus ‘pink’: A marginal sub-category in contemporary Germanic languages and dialects 5. Conclusions Acknowledgements References 6. A Color Inference Framework 1. Introduction 2. The Color Inference Framework 2.1 Input: Perceptual and conceptual context 2.2 Color-concept association network 2.3 Operations and output 2.3.1 Pooling to produce evaluations of colors 2.3.2 Transmitting to produce evaluations of concepts 2.3.3 Assigning to produce interpretations about color-concept mappings 3. Summary and conclusion Acknowledgements References 7. Kandinsky’s colour-form correspondence theory 1. Introduction 1.1 Kandinsky’s theory of colour‐form correspondences 1.2 First empirical investigations at the Bauhaus 1.3 Problems with Kandinsky’s theory and investigations 1.4 Recent empirical investigations 1.5 The present study 2. Methods 2.1 Participants 2.2 Materials 2.3 Procedure 3. Results 3.1 Proportions of assignments and statistical analysis: Chi-square tests 3.2 Comparison between Germany and Vanuatu 3.3 Participants’ rationale 4. Discussion 4.1 Kandinsky’s colour-form correspondences are not confirmed 4.1.1 Red square? 4.1.2 Yellow triangle? 4.1.3 Blue circle? 4.1.4 Possible explanations for the observed differences to the investigations at the Bauhaus 4.2 Results support the existence of better-fitting and less-fitting colour-form combinations 4.2.1 Blue square 4.2.2 Circular yellow 4.2.3 Green triangle, triangular green 4.3 Importance of the “perspective” of the assignment 4.4 Cross-cultural similarities and differences 4.5 The prototype effect 4.6 Why is the square blue? 4.6.1 The correspondence of colour and form temperatures? 4.6.2 Choice of the favourite colour? 4.6.3 The association of blue and the square might also be based on the prototype effect 4.7 Other cross-dimensional and cross-modal correspondences 5. Conclusions Acknowledgements References 8. Cross-modal associations involving colour and touch 1. Introduction 2. Possible mechanisms accounting for cross-modal associations 3. Associations between colour and temperature 4. Recent studies of colour/haptic associations 4.1 Alexander and Shansky (1976) 4.2 Ludwig and Simner (2012) 4.3 Slobodenyuk, Jraissati, Kanso, Ghanem and Elhajj (2015) 4.4 Jraissati, Slobodenyuk, Kanso, Ghanem, and Elhajj (2016) 4.5 Wright, Jraissati, and Özçelik (2017) 5. Interim summary of main findings 6. Does hue matter to cross-modal associations of colour to touch? 7. Colour in cognition 8. Summary References Section 2. The language of colour Introduction to Section 2 9. Is it all guesswork? 1. Introduction 2. Three functions of colour terms 3. The limitations of historical colour-term research 4. Variations of descriptive function 5. Variations of classificatory function 6. Avoiding assumptions 7. The connotative function and human hair-colour References 10. ColCat 1. Introduction 2. The Robert E. MacLaury color categorization archive 2.1 MacLaury’s Mesoamerican Color Survey 2.2 MacLaury’s Multinational Color Survey 2.3 An overview of some specific ColCat Wiki Database features 2.4 ColCat research participants 2.5 Summary of the archive’s data collection tasks 3. ColCat and WCS surveyed regions compared 4. Three important research directions possible using the ColCat archive 4.1 Exploring how color lexicons vary across dialects of a given language 4.2 Investigating normative color naming patterns when only a small participant sample is available 4.3 Analyzing color lexicons that might reflect alternative cognitive emphases compared to hue-based color categorization systems 5. Using the ColCat Wiki and some file formats available for download 5.1 Digitized computer-addressable data for download 5.2 Other ColCat data available for download 6. Typical file organization formats of ColCat data in scanned .pdf image files 6.1 Naming task image files 6.2 Focus task image files 6.3 Color term mapping task image files 7. Conclusions Acknowledgements References Appendix A. ColCat surveys from MacLaury’s Mesoamerican and Multinational investigations 11. Unifying research on colour and emotion 1. Understanding colour choices in applied contexts: Linking to cognitive-affective functioning 2. Unifying research on colour and emotion psychology 2.1 Exposure to physical versus linguistic colour representations 2.2 Operationalization in the affective sciences 2.3 Cross-cultural and cross-linguistic differences 3. Description of the international colour-emotion association survey 4. Conclusion Acknowledgements References 12. Divergence and shared conceptual organization 1. Introduction 2. Method 2.1 Generalization to combined languages 3. Results 4. Interpretation References 13. Colour and ideology 1. Introduction 2. Meanings of ‘czerwony,’ its prototypical references and associations 3. ‘ChronoPress’: ‘Chronologiczny Korpus Polskich Tekstów Prasowych (1945–1954)’ 4. The use of ‘czerwony’ in ‘ChronoPress’ texts 4.1 Ideological versus non-ideological uses of ‘czerwony’: Statistics 4.2 Ideologized red 4.2.1 Ideologized ‘czerwony’ in names and titles 4.2.2 Collocations: Objects described by ideologized ‘czerwony’ 4.2.3 Figurative uses of ideologized czerwony 4.3 Non-ideological uses of ‘czerwony’ and related words 4.3.1 Classes of objects described by ‘czerwony’ 4.3.2 Fixed phrases 5. The use of ‘czerwony’ in the Polish press of 2010 5.1 Statistical data 5.2 Use of ‘czerwony’ in names and titles 5.3 Classes of objects described by ‘czerwony’ 5.4 Figurative uses of ‘czerwony’ 6. Conclusions References 14. BLACK and WHITE linguistic category entrenchment in English 1. Introduction 2. The Implicit Association Test 2.1 Cognitive entrenchment 2.2 The paradigm 2.3 The IAT structure 2.3.1 The basic COLOR targets 2.3.2 The test blocks 2.4 Parameters of evaluation 2.5 Criticism of the IAT paradigm 3. Methodology, results, and discussion 3.1 Methodology 3.1.1 The IAT stimuli 3.2 B&W IAT 1 results 3.3 B&W IAT 2 results 3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Conceptual metaphor 3.4.2 Guiding conceptualization patterns with GOOD IS WHITE – BAD IS BLACK 3.4.3 The metaphor complex 4. Conclusion Acknowledgements References 15. Colour terms in the BLUE area among Estonian-Russian and Russian-Estonian bilinguals 1. Introduction 2. Methodology and participants 3. Analysis 3.1 List task 3.2 Naming task 4. Discussion and conclusion Acknowledgements References 16. The journey of the “apple from China” 1. Designations and diffusion of citrus fruits 2. Semantic extension from orange-the-fruit to orange-the-colour 3. Lexemes expressing ORANGE in Old and Classical Chinese 4. Designations of the citrus fruits in Chinese 5. Some essential notes on Chinese as a monosyllabic language 6. The degree of basicness of the term for ORANGE in Modern Standard Mandarin (MSM) 7. Conclusion Acknowledgements Bibliography Section 3. The diversity of colour Introduction to Section 3 17. A theory of visual stress and its application to the use of coloured filters for reading 1. Natural images 2. Flicker 3. Luminance structure 4. Computation and metabolism 5. Colour contrast 6. Interim summary 7. Reading difficulty and visual stress 8. Precision, individual choice and the efficacy of tints 9. Controversy 10. A basis in neurology? References 18. Does deuteranomaly place children at a disadvantage in educational settings? 1. Introduction 2. Method 2.1 Information sources 2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria 2.3 Assessment of methodological quality and data abstraction 2.3.1 Publication bias 2.3.2 Selection bias 2.3.3 Confounding bias 2.3.4 Information bias 3. Results 3.1 Search results 3.2 Identified themes: Challenges and impact of CVDs 3.2.1 Challenges in education settings 3.2.2 Impact on mental health and wellbeing 3.2.3 Implications for choices of future occupation 3.2.4 Colour vision diagnostics and cognitive ability 4. Discussion 5. Conclusions References 19. Common basis for colour and light studies 1. Introduction 2. Colour and light education 3. Natural scientific approach to colour and light 4. Human living experience of colour and light 4.1 Ecological/phenomenological approach to colour and light 4.2 Aesthetic philosophy: colour and light as expressive symbols 5. Towards a common framework of knowledge References 20. Identifying colour use and knowledge in textile design practice 1. Introduction 2. The survey 3. The results 3.1 Colour knowledge 3.2 Palette typologies 4. Discussion 5. Implications and further work References 21. An empirical study on fabric image retrieval with multispectral images using colour and pattern features 1. Introduction 2. The multispectral Imaging Colour Measurement (ICM) system 3. Retrieval models 3.1 Colour-based retrieval models 3.1.1 Basic statistical model 3.1.2 MPEG-7 Dominant Colour Descriptor model 3.1.3 Pantone colour model 3.2 Pattern-based retrieval models 4. Experiments 5. Conclusion and future work 5.1 Region segmentation 5.2 Deep learning References 22. The effects of correlated colour temperature on wayfinding performance and emotional reactions 1. Introduction 2. The experiment 2.1 Participants 2.2 Modelling 2.3 Experiment sets 2.4 Procedure 3. Findings 3.1 Effect of CCT on wayfinding performance 3.2 Effect of lighting CCT on emotional reactions 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion References 23. Colour in the Pompeiian cityscape 1. Background and aim 2. General presentation of Pompeii’s urban space 3. Sources and method 3.1 Own investigations in situ 3.2 Excavation reports and publications 3.3 The cork model in Naples 3.4 Artistic and other reproductions of the living and the excavated town 3.5 Literature on architecture and building technique 3.6 Method 4. Material preconditions for colour in the urban space 4.1 Building materials and stones 4.2 Painting and pigments 5. Hypothesis: Formulation and testing 6. Results 6.1 Colour and status 6.2 Colour and function 6.3 Colour and wheeled traffic 7. Concluding comments: Typical features in the cityscape Acknowledgements References 24. Mapping the Antarctic 1. Introduction 2. Polar expedition photography 3. Colour and expedition photography 4. Wilson’s notes on colour 5. Expedition photography in public exhibition 6. Cinema lectures: Still and moving images Acknowledgements References Subject index