Tropical and Extratropical Air-Sea Interactions: Modes of Climate Variations

Description

Tropical and Extratropical Air-Sea Interactions: Modes of Climate Variations provides a thorough introduction to global atmospheric and oceanic processes, as well as tropical, subtropical and mid-latitude ocean-atmosphere interactions. Written by leading experts in the field, each chapter is dedicated to a specific topic of air-sea interactions (such as ENSO, IOD, Atlantic Nino, ENSO Modoki, and newly discovered coastal Niños/Niñas) and their teleconnections. As the first book to cover all topics of tropical and extra-tropical air-sea interactions and new modes of climate variations, this book is an excellent resource for researchers and students of ocean, atmospheric and climate sciences.Presents case studies on the ocean-atmosphere phenomena, including El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole and different Nino/Nina phenomenaProvides a clear description of air-sea relationships across the world's ocean with an analysis of air-sea relations in different time scales and a focus on climate changeIncludes prospects for air-sea interaction research, thus benefiting young researchers and students Front Cover Tropical and Extratropical Air–Sea Interactions Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Foreword Preface 1 Introduction to atmosphere and ocean variability and air–sea interactions 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Atmospheric heat budget 1.3 Atmosphere and ocean circulations 1.4 Ocean circulation, upwelling, and climate variations 1.5 Summary References 2 Impact of atmosphere–ocean interactions on propagation and initiation of boreal winter and summer intraseasonal oscillations 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Observed characteristics of tropical intraseasonal oscillation and intraseasonal sea surface temperature anomaly 2.2.1 Observed intraseasonal oscillation–sea surface temperature anomaly relationship 2.2.2 Cause of the intraseasonal sea surface temperature anomaly 2.3 Impact of air–sea interaction on tropical intraseasonal oscillation 2.3.1 Role of air–sea interaction in affecting overall intraseasonal oscillation variance 2.3.2 Impact of air–sea interaction on intraseasonal oscillation propagation 2.3.2.1 Impact on eastward propagation in boreal winter 2.3.2.2 Impact on northward propagation in boreal summer 2.3.3 Role of ocean feedback in Madden–Julian oscillation initiation 2.3.4 Theoretical air-sea interaction frameworks on intraseasonal timescale selection 2.4 Summary and concluding remark Acknowledgments References 3 Air–sea interaction in tropical Pacific: The dynamics of El Niño/Southern Oscillation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 El Niño/Southern Oscillation theory 3.2.1 Sporadic mode 3.2.2 Oscillatory mode 3.2.3 Asymmetry 3.3 Diversity and flavors 3.4 Teleconnection 3.5 Predictability 3.6 Decadal and future climate 3.7 Summary Acknowledgments References 4 The El Niño Modoki 4.1 What El Niño Modoki is? 4.2 Debate 4.3 Distinctions and nonlinearities 4.4 Teleconnections 4.5 Climate change 4.6 Summary Acknowledgment References 5 Air–sea interactions in tropical Indian Ocean: The Indian Ocean Dipole 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Indian Ocean Dipole as a phenomenon: the unique event of 2019 5.3 Indian Ocean Dipole and Indian summer monsoon rainfall 5.4 Indian Ocean Dipole interactions with ENSO and ENSO Modoki 5.5 Other teleconnections 5.6 Indian Ocean Dipole predictions 5.7 Indian Ocean Dipole in future climate 5.8 Summary Acknowledgment References 6 The Indo-western Pacific Ocean capacitor effect 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Mechanism and predictability 6.2.1 The wind-evaporation-sea surface temperature feedback in the tropical western North Pacific 6.2.2 The Indian Ocean capacitor 6.2.2.1 Persistent Indian Ocean warming 6.2.2.2 The Kelvin wave–induced surface Ekman divergence 6.2.3 The Indo-western Pacific Ocean capacitor mode 6.2.4 Seasonal predictions 6.3 Climate impacts 6.3.1 The Pacific-Japan pattern 6.3.2 Extremes in Southeast and East Asia 6.3.2.1 Heat waves 6.3.2.2 Heavy rains 6.3.2.3 Tropical cyclones 6.3.3 South Asia 6.4 Long-term modulations 6.4.1 Historical changes 6.4.2 Future changes 6.5 Summary Acknowledgment References 7 The Atlantic zonal mode: Dynamics, thermodynamics, and teleconnections 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Data description and definition 7.3 Climatological annual cycle of the equatorial Atlantic 7.4 Dynamical and thermodynamical elements of equatorial Atlantic variability 7.4.1 Introduction 7.4.2 Composite evolution of the Atlantic zonal mode 7.4.3 Phase locking 7.4.4 Negative Atlantic zonal mode events—symmetry 7.4.5 Atlantic Niño II 7.4.6 Noncanonical Atlantic zonal mode events 7.4.7 Thermodynamic Atlantic zonal mode 7.4.8 Initiation of Atlantic zonal mode events 7.5 Linkage to tropical Atlantic variability 7.5.1 Link to the meridional mode 7.5.2 Link to the Benguela Niño 7.6 Relations of equatorial Atlantic variability to terrestrial precipitation and remote basins 7.6.1 Impact on tropical precipitation 7.6.2 Impact of the Atlantic zonal mode on El Niño-Southern Oscillation 7.6.3 Impact of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the Atlantic zonal mode 7.7 Representation of equatorial Atlantic variability in global climate models 7.7.1 Mean state biases 7.7.2 Errors in the simulated variability 7.8 Prediction of equatorial Atlantic variability 7.9 Low-frequency modulation of equatorial Atlantic variability and the impact of climate change 7.10 Summary and open questions 7.10.1 Summary 7.10.2 Open questions 7.10.2.1 What maintains the equatorial surface easterlies in boreal spring? 7.10.2.2 What is the role of atmospheric vertical momentum transport in interannual variability? 7.10.2.3 What is the cause of the asymmetric relation between equatorial surface zonal winds and Atlantic intertropical con... 7.10.2.4 What causes the inconsistent influence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the Atlantic zonal mode? 7.10.2.5 To what extent does equatorial Atlantic variability contribute to the development of El Niño-Southern Oscillation ... 7.10.2.6 What are the theoretical limits of Atlantic zonal mode predictability? 7.10.2.7 What is the role of global climate model mean state biases in the tropical Atlantic on basin interaction and globa... 7.10.3 Ways forward Acknowledgment References 8 The Ningaloo Niño/Niña: Mechanisms, relation with other climate modes and impacts 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Mechanisms 8.2.1 Remote oceanic forcing 8.2.2 Remote atmospheric forcing 8.2.3 Local ocean-atmosphere coupled feedback 8.2.4 Thermodynamics 8.3 Relations with other climate modes 8.4 Impacts 8.5 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 9 Interannual-to-decadal variability and predictability in South Atlantic and Southern Indian Oceans 9.1 South Atlantic and Indian Ocean subtropical dipoles 9.2 Predictability of the subtropical dipoles 9.3 Decadal variability over the South Atlantic and Southern Indian Oceans 9.4 Predictability of the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean decadal variability 9.5 Summary References 10 The other coastal Niño/Niña—the Benguela, California, and Dakar Niños/Niñas 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The upwelling regions and their variability 10.2.1 Benguela system 10.2.2 Baja California system 10.2.3 Dakar system 10.3 Representation of coastal Niños in climate models 10.4 Future of the upwelling regions 10.5 Summary and outlook Acknowledgment References 11 Impacts of strong warm ocean currents on development of extratropical cyclones through the warm and cold conveyor belts:... 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Role of warm currents in the maintenance of baroclinicity 11.3 Role of moisture and heat supply from warm currents in cyclone development 11.4 The Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension, and their variability 11.5 Summary and conclusion 11.5.1 Summary 11.5.2 Open questions 11.5.3 Conclusion Acknowledgment References Useful resources Index Back Cover