The Reformation

Description

The Reformation and Counter-Reformation represented the greatest upheaval in Western society since the collapse of the Roman Empire a millennium before. The consequences of those shattering events are still felt today—from the stark divisions between (and within) Catholic and Protestant countries to the Protestant ideology that governs America, the world’s only remaining superpower. In this masterful history, Diarmaid MacCulloch conveys the drama, complexity, and continuing relevance of these events. He offers vivid portraits of the most significant individuals—Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, Loyola, Henry VIII, and a number of popes—but also conveys why their ideas were so powerful and how the Reformation affected everyday lives. The result is a landmark book that will be the standard work on the Reformation for years to come. The narrative verve of The Reformation as well as its provocative analysis of American culture’s debt to the period will ensure the book’s wide appeal among history readers. Contents List of Illustrations and Maps Preface and Acknowledgements Introduction Part I: A Common Culture 1 The Old Church 1490-1517 SEEING SALVATION IN CHURCH ROMAN THE FIRST PILLAR: THE MASS AND PURGATORY LAYFOLK AT PRAYER THE SECOND PILLAR: PAPAL PRIMACY A PILLAR CRACKS: POLITICS* AND THE PAPACY CHURCH VERSUS COMMONWEALTH? 2 Hopes and Fears 1490-1517 SHIFTING BOUNDARIES THE IBERIAN EXCEPTION THE IBERIAN ACHIEVEMENT: THE WESTERN CHURCH EXPORTED NEW POSSIBILITIES: PAPER AND PRINTING HUMANISM: A NEW WORLD FROM BOOKS PUTTING RENEWAL INTO PRACTICE REFORM OR THE LAST DAYS? ERASMUS: HOPES FULFILLED, FEARS STILLED? 3 New Heaven: New Earth 1517-24 THE SHADOW OF AUGUSTINE LUTHER, A GOOD MONK: 1483-1517 AN ACCIDENTAL REVOLUTION: 1517-21 WHOSE REVOLUTION? I52I-2 EVANGELICAL CHALLENGES: ZWINGLI AND RADICALISM 152I-2 ZÜRICH AND WITTENBERG I522-4 THE YEARS OF CARNIVAL I52I-4 4 Wooing the Magistrate, 1524-40 EUROPE’S GREATEST REBELLION: I524-5 PRINCELY CHURCHES OR CHRISTIAN SEPARATION: I525-3O THE BIRTH OF PROTESTANTISMS: I529-33 STRASSBURG: NEW ROME OR NEW JERUSALEM? KINGS AND REFORMERS, I53O-4O A NEW KING DAVID? MÜNSTER AND ITS AFTERMATH 5 Reunion Deferred: Catholic and Protestant, 1530-60 A SOUTHERN REVIVAL IGNATIUS LOYOLA AND THE EARLY JESUITS HOPES FOR A DEAL: THE I541-2 CRISIS A COUNCIL AT TRENT: THE FIRST SESSION I545-9 CALVIN IN GENEVA: THE REFORMED ANSWER TO MÜNSTER CALVIN AND THE EUCHARIST: PROTESTANT DIVISIONS CONFIRMED REFORMED PROTESTANTISM: ALTERNATIVES TO CALVIN 1540-60 6 Reunion Scorned, 1547-70 CRISIS FOR THE HABSBURGS, I547-55 A CATHOLIC RECOVERY: ENGLAND I553-8 1558-9: TURNING-POINTS FOR DYNASTIES THE LAST SESSION OF THE COUNCIL OF TRENT, 1561-3 PROTESTANTS IN ARMS: FRANCE AND THE LOW COUNTRIES, I562-7O Part II: Europe Divided: 1570-1619 7 The New Europe Defined, 1569-72 NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN RELIGION TRIDENTINE SUCCESSES THE CATHOLIC DEFENCE OF CHRISTENDOM, 1565-71 MILITANT NORTHERN PROTESTANTS, I569-72 THE MASSACRE OF ST BARTHOLOMEW, I572 POLAND 1569-76: AN ALTERNATIVE FUTURE? PROTESTANTISM AND PROVIDENCE 8 The North: Protestant Heartlands DEFINING LUTHERANISM: TOWARDS THE FORMULA OF CONCORD THE ‘SECOND REFORMATION’ IN GERMANY BALTIC RELIGIOUS CONTESTS: POLAND-LITHUANIA AND SCANDINAVIA THE NORTHERN NETHERLANDS: PROTESTANT VICTORY THE NORTHERN NETHERLANDS: THE ARMINIAN CRISIS A REFORMED SUCCESS: SCOTLAND ELIZABETHAN ENGLAND: A REFORMED CHURCH? IRELAND: THE COMING OF THE COUNTER-REFORMATION 9 The South: Catholic Heartlands ITALY: THE COUNTER-REFORMATION’S HEART SPAIN AND PORTUGAL: KING PHILIP’S CHURCH THE COUNTER-REFORMATION AS WORLD MISSION 10 Central Europe: Religion Contested THE EMPIRE AND HABSBURG LANDS: A SHATTERED CHURCH HABSBURGS, WITTELSBACHS AND A CATHOLIC RECOVERY TRANSYLVANIA: A REFORMED ISRAEL FRANCE: COLLAPSE OF A KINGDOM, I572-98 FRANCE: A LATE COUNTER-REFORMATION 11 1618-48: Decision and Destruction 12 Coda: a British Legacy, 1600-1700 NEW ENGLISH BEGINNINGS: RICHARD HOOKER AND LANCELOT ANDREWES EARLY STUART ENGLAND: THE CHURCH’S GOLDEN AGE? WAR IN THREE KINGDOMS, 1638-60 A SPECTRUM OF PROTESTANTISMS, 166O-I7OO AMERICAN BEGINNINGS Part III: Patterns of Life 13 Changing Times TIME ENDING HEARING GOD’S VOICE FIGHTING ANTICHRIST: IDOLS FIGHTING ANTICHRIST: WITCHES 14 Death, Life and Discipline NEGOTIATIONS WITH DEATH AND MAGIC TELLING OUT THE WORD GODLY DISCIPLINE A SPIRIT OF PROTESTANTISM? 15 Love and Sex: Staying the Same A COMMON LEGACY THE FAMILY IN SOCIETY THE FEAR OF SODOMY 16 Love and Sex: Moving On THE ‘REFORMATION OF MANNERS’ CATHOLICISM, THE FAMILY AND CELIBACY PROTESTANTISM AND THE FAMILY CHOICES IN RELIGION 17 Outcomes WARS OF REFORMATION TOLERATING DIFFERENCE CROSS-CURRENTS: HUMANISM AND NATURAL PHILOSOPHY CROSS-CURRENTS: JUDAISM AND DOUBTS THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND BEYOND Appendix of Texts: Creeds, Lord's Prayer, Ten Commandments, and Hail Mary Notes 1 The Old Church 1490-1517 2 Hopes and Fears 1490-1517 3 New Heaven: New Earth, 1517-2.4 4 Wooing the Magistrate, 1524-40 5 Reunion Deferred: Catholic and Protestant, 1530-60 6 Reunion Scorned, 1547-70 7 The New Europe Defined, 1569-72 8 The North: Protestant Heartlands 9 The South: Catholic Heartlands 10 Central Europe: Religion Contested li 1618-48: Decision and Destruction 12 Coda: a British Legacy, 1600-1700 13 Changing Times 14 Death, Life and Discipline 15 Love and Sex: Staying the Same 16 Love and Sex: Moving On 17 Outcomes Further Reading Index