Advances in Metal Oxides and Their Composites for Emerging Applications

Description

Advances in Metal Oxides and their Composites for Emerging Applications reviews key properties of metal-oxide based composites, including their structural, physicochemical, optical, electrical components and resulting performance in a wide range of diverse applications. Synthetic protocols used to create metal oxides with desirable morphologies, properties and performance for applications in solar energy harvesting, energy storage and environmental remediation are emphasized. Emerging technologies that address important global challenges such as energy shortage, the hazardous effects of non-renewable energy sources, unaffordable energy technologies, and the contaminants present in air and water are also covered. This book is an ideal resource for materials scientists and engineers working in academia and R&D. In addition, it's appropriate for those who either need an introduction to potential research directions or for experienced researchers and practitioners looking for a key reference on the latest advances. Advances in Metal Oxides and Their Composites for Emerging Applications Copyright Contents List of contributors Series editor biography About the editor Foreword Preface to the series Preface Acknowledgment 1 Metal oxide engineering 1.1 Human development and metal oxides nexus 1.2 Metal oxide engineering: strategies and significances 1.2.1 Bulk versus nanoscale 1.2.2 Undoped versus doped 1.2.3 Phase diversity 1.2.4 Composite formation 1.2.5 Morphology engineering 1.2.6 Porosity generations 1.2.7 Surface modifications 1.2.8 Thin-film formations 1.3 Application of engineered metal oxides 1.3.1 Energy technologies 1.3.1.1 Solar cells 1.3.1.2 Water splitting 1.3.1.3 Energy storage system 1.3.2 Biomedical application 1.3.2.1 Biosensing studies 1.3.2.2 Cancer treatments 1.3.2.3 Antimicrobial study 1.3.3 Catalytic applications 1.3.3.1 Wastewater treatment 1.3.3.2 Catalytic organic transformations 1.4 Concluding remarks 1.5 Futuristic outlooks References 2 Metal oxide-based composites: synthesis and characterization 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Metal oxides 2.2 Synthetic approaches 2.2.1 Top-down approaches 2.2.1.1 Mechanical milling 2.2.1.2 Electrospinning 2.2.1.3 Lithography 2.2.1.4 Sputtering 2.2.1.5 Laser ablation 2.2.2 Bottom-up approaches 2.2.2.1 Sol-gel technique 2.2.2.2 Solvothermal technique 2.2.2.3 Microwave synthesis 2.2.2.4 Combustion synthesis 2.2.2.5 Electrodeposition 2.3 Characterization of metal oxide-based composite nanostructures 2.3.1 X-ray Diffraction 2.3.2 Scanning electron microscopy 2.3.3 Transmission electron microscopy 2.3.4 UV–Vis spectroscopy 2.3.5 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy 2.3.6 Temperature-programmed reduction 2.3.7 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 2.3.8 Electrochemical characterization 2.4 Summary and outlook References 3 Metal oxides as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting: synergy of oxygen vacancy 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Role of metal oxides in photoelectrochemical hydrogen/oxygen evolution 3.3 Oxygen vacancy engineering in metal oxides for photoelectrochemical water splitting 3.3.1 TiO2 3.3.2 WO3 3.3.2.1 ZnO 3.3.2.2 In2O3 3.3.2.3 SrTiO3 3.4 Scope of improvement in the field 3.4.1 Quality and cost-effective materials 3.4.1.1 Stability of metal oxides 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Transition metal oxide–conducting polymer nanocomposites and metal-organic framework-based composites for supercapacitor ... 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Energy storage device evolution 4.2.1 Supercapacitor evolution 4.3 Market scenario 4.3.1 Market size 4.3.2 Companies with supercapacitor production 4.3.3 Global supercapacitor market end-users 4.4 Types of supercapacitors 4.4.1 Electric double layer capacitor 4.4.2 Pseudocapacitor 4.4.2.1 Conducting polymers-based supercapacitors 4.4.2.2 Metal oxides-based supercapacitors 4.4.3 Hybrid supercapacitors 4.4.3.1 Asymmetric supercapacitor 4.4.3.2 Rechargeable battery type supercapacitor 4.4.3.3 Composite hybrid supercapacitors 4.5 Electrical properties studies of energy storage devices 4.5.1 Operating voltage 4.5.2 Self-discharge 4.5.3 Polarity 4.5.4 Internal resistance 4.5.5 Dependency of device capacitance and resistance on operating voltage and temperature 4.5.6 Current load and cycle stability 4.5.6.1 Swelling induced degradation 4.5.6.2 Overoxidation induced degradation 4.5.7 Energy density 4.5.8 Power density 4.5.9 Capacitance 4.6 Metal oxide-conducting polymer composites for supercapacitor 4.6.1 Composite of polyaniline with the representative metal oxides 4.6.2 Composite of polypyyrole with the representative metal oxides 4.6.3 Composite of poly 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene and polythiophene with the representative metal oxides 4.7 Metal oxide-metal-organic frameworks and metal-organic frameworks derived material for supercapacitor 4.8 Conclusions and future outlooks References 5 Metal oxide-based nanocomposites for supercapacitive applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Charge storage mechanism 5.2.1 Non-faradic mechanism 5.2.2 Redox mechanism 5.2.2.1 Redox reactions at the surface 5.2.2.2 Intercalation type reactions inside the pores of electrode material 5.2.3 Battery type charge storage 5.3 Carbon-based materials as an electrode 5.4 Metal oxides/metal oxide composites as an electrode in supercapacitors 5.4.1 Ruthenium oxide 5.4.2 Manganese dioxide 5.4.3 Nickel oxide 5.4.4 Cobalt tetraoxide 5.4.5 Other metal oxide/metal oxide composites 5.4.6 Performance of negative electrode 5.5 Mixed transition metal oxides 5.5.1 Nickel cobaltate (NiCo2O4) 5.5.2 Ferrites 5.6 Flexible supercapacitors 5.7 Futuristic scope 5.8 Conclusions References 6 Nanostructured WO3−x based advanced supercapacitors for sustainable energy applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Crystallographic characteristics of WO3 6.2.1 Role of ion intercalation in WO3 and electrochemical charge storage 6.3 Designing nanostructured WO3 for supercapacitor application 6.4 Recent developments in WO3 composites for supercapacitor application 6.5 Conclusions 6.6 Future prospects References 7 Metal oxide nanomaterials for organic photovoltaic applications 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Organic photovoltaic: principle, designing and mechanism 7.2.1 Mechanism 7.2.1.1 Absorption of light and exciton generation 7.2.1.2 Exciton diffusion 7.2.1.3 Exciton dissociation 7.2.1.4 Types of organic photovoltaics 7.2.2 Commonly used organic sensitizers in organic photovoltaics 7.3 Metal oxide nanomaterials 7.4 Properties of nanomaterials 7.5 Representative metal oxides used in organic photovoltaics 7.6 Metal oxides based organic photovoltaic studies 7.6.1 Photovoltaic devices applications of nanomaterials 7.6.1.1 Organic photovoltaics 7.6.2 Titanium dioxide 7.6.3 Zinc oxide 7.6.4 Molybdenum oxide 7.6.5 Tin oxide 7.6.6 Tungsten oxide 7.6.7 Vanadium pentaoxide 7.7 Concluding summary and future prospective References 8 Nanocrystalline metal oxide-based hybrids for third-generation solar cell technologies 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Modifications of metal oxides 8.2.1 Doped MxOy 8.2.2 Metal-supported MxOy 8.2.3 Metal oxide–metal oxide hybrids (MxOy–AmOn) 8.2.4 Other additives or Supportive materials 8.2.4.1 Graphene–metal oxide hybrids 8.2.4.2 Carbon nanotube−metal oxide nanocomposites 8.2.4.3 Polymer−metal oxide hybrids 8.2.4.4 Chalcogenides−metal oxide hybrids 8.3 Emerging strategies of third-generation solar cell technologies 8.3.1 Dye-sensitized solar cells 8.3.2 Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells 8.3.3 Organic solar cells 8.3.4 Tandem solar cells 8.3.5 Perovskite solar cells 8.4 Present state of art in emerging photovoltaic devices 8.5 Conclusion and future outlooks References 9 Role of metal oxides as photoelectrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The operational principle of dye-sensitized photo-electrochemical cells 9.3 Photo-physics of dye-sensitized photo-electrochemical cells 9.3.1 Energy levels of components 9.3.2 Charge separation 9.3.3 Recombination rate 9.3.4 Charge transfer rate 9.4 Metal oxide photoanode in dye-sensitized photo-electrochemical cells 9.4.1 Influence of morphology in performance 9.4.1.1 Nanorods/wires/tubes metal oxide 9.4.1.2 Carbon-based metal oxide nanostructure 9.4.1.3 Hierarchical hollow spheres and beads 9.4.1.4 Nanospindles 9.4.2 Influence of interfacial engineering 9.4.2.1 Influence of the compact blocking layer 9.4.2.2 Influence of light-scattering layer 9.5 Metal oxide cathode in dye-sensitized photo-electrochemical cells 9.5.1 Role of metal oxide cathode in dye-sensitized photo-electrochemical cells 9.5.2 Variable to evaluating the catalytic activity of metal oxide cathode 9.5.2.1 Active sites 9.5.2.2 Conductivity 9.5.3 Recent progress on metal oxide-based cathode 9.5.3.1 Metal oxide/carbon composites 9.6 Conclusion and perspectives References 10 Nanostructured inorganic metal oxide/metal–organic framework-based electrodes for energy technologies 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Metal oxides for solar energy studies 10.3 Metal–organic frameworks for solar energy studies 10.3.1 Metal–organic frameworks as sensitizers 10.3.2 Guest@ metal–organic frameworks system 10.4 Metal oxides/metal–organic frameworks nanocomposite: pros and cons 10.5 Metal oxide/metal–organic frameworks: present state of the art 10.6 Electrode designing and its features studies for energy technologies 10.7 Metal oxides/metal–organic frameworks nanocomposites for solar energy harvesting 10.7.1 TiO2/ZIF-8 10.7.2 TiO2/Cu-BTC 10.7.3 TiO2/Co-DAPV 10.7.4 ZnO/ZIF-8 10.7.5 TiO2/MIL-125 10.7.6 ZnO/PPF-11 10.8 Metal oxide/metal–organic frameworks nanocomposites for water splitting 10.8.1 α-Fe2O3/imidazole-based metal–organic frameworks 10.8.2 BiVO4/MIL-101(Fe) 10.8.3 TiO2/MIL-125 10.8.4 ZnO/ZIF-8 10.9 Conclusion and future perspectives References 11 Metal oxide nanocomposite-based electrochemical biosensing studies 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Present scenario of biosensor market 11.3 Nonenzymatic electrochemical biosensors 11.4 Functional nanocomposites in electrochemical biosensor 11.4.1 Metallic nanoparticle-based composites 11.4.2 Metal oxide nanomaterial’s-based composites 11.5 Conclusions 11.6 Challenges and future perspectives References 12 Functionalized magnetic iron oxide-based composites as adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Water pollution by heavy metals and its removal 12.2.1 Methods for the removal of heavy metal ions 12.2.2 Adsorption process for the removal of heavy metal ions 12.3 Magnetic nanoparticles as nanoadsorbents 12.3.1 Functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles for heavy metal ions removal 12.3.1.1 Surface functionalization by organic materials 12.3.1.2 Surface functionalization by inorganic materials 12.4 Batch adsorption experiment 12.4.1 Factors affecting the adsorption of heavy metal ions 12.4.1.1 Effect of solution pH 12.4.1.2 Effect of contact time 12.4.1.3 Effect of adsorbent dose 12.4.1.4 Effect of initial metal ion concentration 12.4.2 Adsorption kinetics 12.4.3 Adsorption isotherms 12.5 Removal of heavy metal ions by magnetic nanoparticles 12.5.1 Removal of a single type of heavy metal ions 12.5.2 Simultaneous removal of multiple heavy metal ions 12.6 Conclusions and future perspectives References 13 Mixed metal oxide nanocomposites for environmental remediation 13.1 Introduction: environmental remediation principles and applications 13.2 Types of environmental remediation 13.2.1 Soil remediation 13.2.2 Groundwater and surface water remediation 13.2.3 Sediment remediation 13.3 Semiconducting metal oxides 13.4 Environmental remediation: need of the hour 13.5 Different composites in metal oxide 13.6 Mixed metal oxide NCS and environmental remediation: present state of the art 13.6.1 TiO2-based nanocomposites 13.6.2 Fe2O3-based nanocomposites 13.6.3 ZnO-based nanocomposites 13.6.4 Al2O3-based nanocomposites 13.6.5 WO3-based nanocomposites 13.6.6 SnO2-based nanocomposites 13.6.7 Graphene oxide-based nanocomposites 13.6.8 Rare earth oxides-based nanocomposites 13.7 Advanced oxidation processes or degradation processes 13.8 Synthesis of metal oxide nanocomposites 13.9 Tailoring properties of metal oxide nanocomposites 13.9.1 Doping 13.9.2 Modeling phase structure 13.9.3 Stoichiometry controlling 13.9.4 Microstructure forming 13.9.5 Heterostructure forming 13.9.6 Controlling crystal growth 13.9.7 Impact of heat treatments 13.10 Protocols of mixed metal oxides used in environmental remediation 13.10.1 Adsorbent studies 13.10.2 Catalytic studies 13.10.3 Membrane studies 13.10.4 Biological studies 13.11 Monitoring of pollutants during environmental remediation 13.11.1 Monitoring of air pollutants 13.11.2 Monitoring of soil pollutants 13.11.3 Monitoring of water pollutants 13.12 Concluding remarks and future perspectives References 14 Metal oxide nanocomposites in water and wastewater treatment 14.1 Water: the key to life on the earth 14.2 Present scenario of water pollution 14.3 Water treatment 14.4 Waste water treatment 14.5 Challenges 14.6 Nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment 14.6.1 Nanosorbents 14.6.2 Nanocatalysts 14.6.3 Nanostructured membrane 14.6.4 Nanobiocides 14.7 Use of metal-oxide nanocomposites in water and wastewater treatment 14.8 Features of metal oxide nanocomposite in water/wastewater treatment 14.9 Future prospects 14.10 Conclusions References 15 Self-cleaning photoactive metal oxide-based concrete surfaces for environmental remediation 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Photocatalytic mechanism of self-cleaning concretes 15.3 Preparation of photoactive concrete surface 15.3.1 Method (i) 15.3.2 Method (ii) 15.3.3 Method (iii) 15.4 Properties of photoactive self-cleaning concretes 15.5 Photocatalytic activity testing methods 15.5.1 Self-cleaning test 15.5.2 Depollution testing 15.6 Advantages and disadvantages of self-cleaning concretes 15.7 Self-cleaning photoactive concrete in real-world applications 15.8 Market status of photoactive materials 15.9 Summary and conclusions 15.10 Future prospects References Further reading 16 Metal oxide nanocomposites: design and use in antimicrobial coatings 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Microbes and microbial infectious diseases 16.3 Antimicrobial coatings: market scenario 16.4 Metal oxide nanocomposites as potential antimicrobial agents 16.4.1 Composites of metal oxide with inorganic moieties 16.4.1.1 Metal/metal oxide composites 16.4.1.2 Metal oxide/metal oxide (mixed metal oxide) composites 16.4.1.3 Metal oxide/carbon nanostructures composites 16.4.2 Composites of metal oxide with organic moieties 16.4.2.1 Metal oxide/metal-organic framework composites 16.4.2.2 Metal oxide/polymer composites 16.4.2.3 Metal oxide/organic molecule composites 16.5 Plausible mechanisms for nanocomposites-based microbes inactivation 16.6 Synthesis strategies for designing metal oxide nanocomposite 16.7 Metal oxide nanocomposites based on antimicrobial coatings in different fields 16.7.1 Hospital sector 16.7.2 Textile sector 16.7.3 Food sector 16.7.4 Polymer sector 16.7.5 Paint sector 16.7.6 Leather sector 16.8 Conclusions 16.9 Future outlooks Acknowledgment References 17 Metal oxide composites in organic transformations 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Design and characterization of nanocomposites 17.3 Applications of metal oxide composites for organic transformations 17.3.1 Synthesis of bis (pyrazol-5-ol) and dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole analogs 17.3.2 Synthesis of pyrimido benzazoles 17.3.3 Synthesis of pyridine-3-carboxamides 17.3.4 Synthesis of benzimidazolo[2,3-b]quinazolinone derivatives 17.3.5 Synthesis of dihydroquinazolinones 17.3.6 Synthesis of 4H-pyrimido[2,1-b]benzothiazoles and benzoxanthenones 17.3.7 Synthesis of chromene derivatives 17.3.7.1 Synthesis of aminochromenes 17.3.7.2 Synthesis of 2-amino-benzochromenes 17.3.7.3 Synthesis of pyrano[3,2- c]quinolones and pyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives 17.3.7.4 Synthesis of novel 4H-chromene-3-carbonitriles 17.3.8 Synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles 17.3.9 Synthesis of pyran derivatives 17.3.10 Synthesis of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one Derivative 17.3.11 Synthesis of α-chloro aryl ketones 17.3.12 C–H arylation reactions through aniline activation 17.3.13 Synthesis of unsymmetrical ureas 17.3.14 Synthesis of Betti bases and bisamides 17.3.15 Synthesis of 3-aryl-2-[(aryl)(arylamino)]methyl-4H-furo[3,2-c]chromen-4-one derivatives 17.3.16 Synthesis of benzo[4,5]thiazolo[3,2-a]chromeno [4,3-d]pyrimidin-6-one derivatives 17.3.17 Synthesis of substituted pyrazolones 17.3.18 Synthesis of 7-aryl-benzo[h]tetrazolo[5,1-b]quinazoline-5,6-dione 17.3.19 Reduction of nitrobenzene and p-nitrophenol 17.4 Concluding remarks References 18 Metal oxide-based composites as photocatalysts 18.1 Introduction 18.1.1 Principles of metal oxide-based composites as photocatalysts 18.1.2 Mechanism of photocatalytic reactions 18.2 Unitary metal oxides versus composite-based metal oxide photocatalysts 18.3 Applications of metal oxide-based photocatalysts 18.3.1 Photoelectrocatalysis for energy conversion 18.3.2 Hydrogen production 18.3.3 Water treatment and environment 18.3.4 CO2 reduction (hydrocarbon generation) 18.3.5 Antibacterial, anticancer, and biomedical applications 18.3.6 Layered double hydroxides/metal-organic frameworks 18.3.7 Polymeric nanophotocatalysts 18.3.8 Food safety 18.4 Future perspectives of metal oxide-based composites as photocatalysts References 19 Metal oxide-based composites for magnetic hyperthermia applications 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Present cancer treatment: pros and cons 19.3 Hyperthermia 19.3.1 Classification of hyperthermia 19.3.1.1 Local hyperthermia 19.3.1.2 Regional hyperthermia 19.3.1.3 Whole-body hyperthermia 19.3.2 Magnetic hyperthermia 19.4 Representative nanomaterials for magnetic hyperthermia 19.5 Magnetic metal oxide nanomaterials-based composites for magnetic hyperthermia application 19.6 Iron oxide nanoparticles and surface functionalization 19.7 Methods for measuring the magnetism of the magnetic materials 19.7.1 Superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry 19.7.2 Zero-field cooling and field cooling measurements 19.7.3 Vibrating-sample magnetometer 19.7.4 Heating capacity: induction heating system 19.8 Conclusions 19.9 Challenges and future perspectives References Index