Advances of Footprint Family for Sustainable Energy and Industrial Systems

Description

This book presents various methodologies for determining the ecological footprint, carbon footprint, water footprint, nitrogen footprint, and life cycle environment impacts and illustrates these methodologies through various applications. In particular, it systematically and comprehensively introduces the concepts and tools of the ‘footprint family’ and discusses their applications in energy and industrial systems.   The book begins by providing an overview of the effects of the economic growth dynamics on ecological footprint and then presents the definitions, concepts, calculation methods, and applications of the various footprints. The unique characteristic of this book is that it demonstrates the applications of various footprints in different systems including economic system, ecological system, beef production system, cropping system, building, food chain, sugarcane bioproducts, and the Belt and Road Initiative.   Providing both background theory and practical advice, the book is of interest to energy and environmental researchers, graduate students, and engineers.  Preface Contents How Does Ecological Footprint React to Economic Growth Dynamics? Evidence from Emerging Economies 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review 3 Model Data and Methodology 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References Life Cycle Assessment and Carbon Footprint Analysis of Recycled Aggregates in the Construction of Earth-Retaining Walls During Reconstruction 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Goal and Scope Definition 2.2 Types of Wall 2.3 Functional Unit 2.4 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 2.5 Data Collection for LCI, Analysis and Interpretation 3 ERW Design and Bill of Materials 4 LCA Interpretation 4.1 Concrete Composition 4.2 Comparison of ERWs 4.3 Lean Concrete 5 Conclusions and Recommendations References The Input–Output Method for Calculating the Carbon Footprint of Tourism: An Application to the Spanish Tourism Industry 1 Introduction 2 Standard Methods for Tourism Carbon Accounting 3 Methods and Materials 3.1 The Environmentally Extended Multiregional Input–Output Model 3.2 Materials: MRIO Database and Tourism Satellite Accounts 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusions References Environmental Impact of Beef Production Systems 1 General Overview 2 Impact Assessment Methodologies 3 Beef Production Systems 3.1 Classification 3.2 Characteristics 4 Goal and Scope, Functional Unit, and Allocation 5 System Boundaries 6 Life Cycle Inventory 7 Sensitivity Analysis 8 Selection of LCA Studies and Impact Assessment Analyses 9 Conclusion and Outlook References Carbon Footprint Management for a Sustainable Oil Palm Crop 1 Introduction 1.1 Oil Palm and Environment 1.2 Carbon Footprint in the Colombian Oil Palm Sector 1.3 Carbon Footprint Calculators 2 Methods 3 Results 4 Discussion 4.1 Carbon Footprints for What? 5 The Colombian Case 6 Conclusion References Understanding of Regional Trade and Virtual Water Flows: The Case Study of Arid Inland River Basin in Northwestern China 1 Introduction 2 Geographic and Hydro-Climatic 3 Socioeconomic Characteristics and Water Resources Endowments 4 Water IO and IO-SDA Analysis 5 Virtual Water Flows and Trade in Arid Inland River Basins of Northwestern China 5.1 Direct and Indirect Water Use Intensity 5.2 Domestic Import and Export Trade 5.3 Sectoral Depencies 5.4 Driving Forces of Changes in Virtual Water Among Sectors 5.5 Changes Over Time 6 Concluding Remarks References Water Footprint of the Life Cycle of Buildings: Case Study in Andalusia, Spain 1 Introduction 2 Objective and Methodology 2.1 Materials 2.2 Methods 3 Case Study 3.1 Definition of Urbanization and Construction Stages 3.2 Definition of the Stages of Use and Renovations 3.3 Definition of the Demolition Stage 4 Results 4.1 Indirect Consumption 4.2 Results Associated with Direct Consumption 4.3 Comparison of Economic Versus Environmental Impact 5 Conclusions References Nitrogen Footprint of a Food Chain 1 Introduction 2 Indicators for Nitrogen 2.1 N-Print by Leach et al. 2.2 Full Chain Nutrient Use Efficiency by Sutton et al. 2.3 Whole Food Chain Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Erisman et al. 2.4 Nutrient Footprint by Grönman et al. 2.5 Life Cycle Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Uwizeye et al. 2.6 N Food-Print by Chatzimpiros and Bales 2.7 LCA and Environmental Impact Assessment 3 Summary and Conclusions References Footprint Analysis of Sugarcane Bioproducts 1 Introduction 2 Literature Reviews 2.1 Ecological Footprint of Agriculture 2.2 Impact of the Sugarcane Harvesting System with Burning on the Carbon Footprint (CF) 2.3 Sugarcane Crop in Mexico 2.4 Application of Precision Agriculture to Reduce Carbon (CF) and Water (WF) Footprint of Sugarcane Crop 3 Materials and Methods 3.1 Characterization of the Residue 3.2 Quality of Cane Stalks 3.3 Production of Compost 3.4 Production of Edible Mushrooms 3.5 Precision Agriculture to Minimizing CF and WF in Sugarcane Crop 3.6 Identification of the Area Cultivated with Sugarcane and Water Footprint (WF) by NDVI 4 Results and Discussion 4.1 Trash Management in Sugarcane Regions 4.2 Precision Agriculture in Sugarcane Regions 5 Conclusions References Overview of Footprint Family for Environmental Management in the Belt and Road Initiative 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Data 2.1 Environmental Footprints Accounting 2.2 Multi-Regional Input–Output Analysis 2.3 Data 3 Results 3.1 Spatial Distribution of Environmental Footprints in BRI 3.2 Spatial Distribution of Trade-Embodied Flows in BRI 4 Discussion and Policy Implications 5 Conclusions Supplementary Information References