Handbook of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Lives

Description

https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783030326258 This is a comprehensive handbook which for the first time provides a general yet detailed discussion of contemporary Islam and various aspects of Muslim lives. It offers a much needed tool for an introduction to the world of contemporary Muslim life and debate, and a link of continuity between the Muslim world and Muslims living and born in the West. The reader gains access to articles by leading scholars who observe phenomena in a post-9/11 context and from a global viewpoint. The topics have been carefully selected to provide the reader with both the necessary general view that a good handbook must offer while presenting details and information, as well as ethnographic examples, to inspire further research and interest. Indeed, each chapter will offer topical reading suggestions from which one can expand the material discussed in the chapter. The approach of the handbook is mainly social-anthropological, but attention is given to other disciplines like history, geography, political studies, as well as gender studies and cultural studies. Preface Contents About the Editors Section Editors Contributors Part I: Islam: Overview 1 Islam and Its History Muhammad and the Origins of Islam Succession Spread and Conversion Consolidation The Rise of ``Denominations´´ Caliphal Changes Islam´s Encounter with Modernity Conclusions References 2 Muslims, Sacred Texts, and Laws in the Modern World Introduction Shari´a and Its Main Sources Ijtihad and Fiqh Islamic Schools of Law (Madhhabs) Diversity of Muslim Interpretations and Muslims´ Interaction with Islam Democracy and Islam State´s Role and Shari´a Islam in the Western Context, Muslims, and Modernism Citizenship in Non-Muslim Countries and Loyalty to Islam Concluding Remarks References Further Reading 3 Shi`a Islam in Practice Introduction The History of Shi`a Authority Ghadir Khumm The Battle of Karbala The Occultation and the Crisis of Authority Shi`a Authority in the Early Modern and Modern Era Shi`a Doctrines Ritual Practices Pious Habits Quotidian Rituals Annual Commemorations Pilgrimage Conclusion References 4 Sufism Between Past and Modernity Introduction What Is Sufism? Sufi Paths and Initiation: uruq From Asceticism to Mysticism to arīqa to Popular Devotion Sufism and Politics: From Jihad to Informal Political Authority Sufism in Islamist Reform Contemporary Transformations: Global Networks and Gender Sufism Beyond Islam? Conclusion References 5 Islamophobia Introduction Historical Background of Anti-Islam Narrative Orientalism: An Overview Critical Engagement Islamophobia in the Modern Age of Technology Common Themes of Islamophobic Discourse Islam Is Violent Woman and Sexual Perversity Islam Is Irrational and Anti-Modern Beneficiaries of Anti-Islam Discourse Impact on Civil Society Organizations The Move Forward Conclusion References 6 Ismailis: A Pluralist Search for Universal Truth Introduction A Review of History and Beliefs Significance Vilification A Pluralist Quest for Truth Conclusion References Suggested Readings Part II: Contemporary Muslim Communities in Europe and Its Extensions 7 Muslim Minorities and Minority Fiqh Introduction Formation of Minority Fiqh Taha Jabir al-Alwani Yusuf al-Qaradawi Immigration Consideration Permission to Immigrate Segregation or Integration? Elements of Minority Fiqh Ijtihād Creative Ijtihād Selective Ijtihād Maqaid al-Shari´ah Malaah Taysīr `Urf Several Rulings Based on Minority Fiqh Muslims in the Military Marriage to Non-Muslims Interest-Bearing Loans Resistance to Minority Fiqh Conclusion References 8 Experiences of Muslims in Western Europe Introduction Muslims in Western Europe: A Triangular Perspective History of Muslim Migration and Settlement in Western Europe Organizing Islam in Western Europe ``Embassy Islam´´ Versus ``Political Islam´´ State-Led Initiatives Islamic Education Political and Civic Activism Trajectories of Muslim Identities and Religiosities Conclusion References 9 Experience of Muslims in Eastern Europe Historical Overview Arrival of Islam and Early Settlement of Muslims in Eastern Europe Legacy of Mongol Conquests Legacy of Ottoman Conquests Russian Conquests of Muslim-Majority Lands and Its Legacy The Communist Period The Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Its Legacy The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Its Legacy Southeastern and Central Europe Eastern European Muslim Populations Today Demography Historical Forms of Religiosity Governance of Islam Novel Forms of Islamic Religiosity Interreligious Relations Conclusion References 10 Experience of Muslims in North America Introduction Black Muslim Experience History and Slavery Pan-Africanism and the Ahmadiyyas: The Bridges Between ``Old Islam´´ and ``New American Islam´´ Noble Drew Ali and the Moorish Science Temple of America Nation of Islam Under W.D. Fard and Elijah Muhammad Malcolm X Louis Farrakhan and Warith Deen Mohammed Sufism in America Immigrant Experience in America Orientalism, Racism, and Islamophobia 9/11 and War on Terror Media Representation New Directions Pluralism and Muslim Cool By Gender Veiling Sexuality Conclusion References 11 Experience of Muslims in Latin America Introduction Numerical Estimates of Muslim Presence: Institutions and Main Characteristics Arab Muslim Diaspora in a Tri-national Space Embracing Islam in Latin America The Spread of Sufism in Latin America Conclusion References 12 Experience of Muslims in Australia and New Zealand Introduction Context Expanding and Changing Muslim Populations in Australia Expanding and Changing Muslim Populations in New Zealand Contemporary Perspectives Contemporary Politics, Divisiveness, and Mainstream News Media Coverage of Muslims Conclusion References 13 Islamic Education in the West and Its Challenges Introduction Parental Choice and Diversity of Educational Provision in the West Islamic Schools in the West Advantages and Disadvantages of Islamic Schools Supplementary Islamic Education Higher Education Three Challenges Facing Islamic Education in the West References Recommended Reading Part III: Contemporary Muslim Communities in the Middle East and North Africa 14 Experience of Muslim Communities in the Middle East and North Africa: Introduction Introduction Contemporary Islam in Middle East and North Africa Arab Uprisings Muslim Lived History in WANA: Debating Islam and Democracy Many Ways of Existence: MENA Youth Countering the Hegemonic Identity of Presence Fear of Active Youth and Politico-Religious Dogma of State Urfi Marriage and Accommodation of Religion Political Street and Street Politics Shilla of Tunisia Qahwas and Hawaqati Traditions in Syria Halqas in Morocco Conclusion: Lived History - A New Epistemological Turn (An Alternate Theory to Study the Region) References 15 Islam in the Maghreb: Between Sufis and Salafis Introduction Morocco Islam and the State Sufism Al Adl wal Ihsan Islamism The Justice and Development Party (PJD) Salafism Jihadists Algeria Islam and the State Sufism Islamism The Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) The Movement of Society for Peace The Islamic Renaissance Movement Salafism Jihadists Arab Uprisings Tunisia Islam and State Sufism Islamism Ennahda Salafism Ansar al-Sharia Jabhat al-Islah Jihadists Post-Arab Uprisings Conclusion References 16 Syria: From Popular Uprising to Civil War Introduction Defining the Civil War Syria Before the Civil War: Early Phase of Peaceful Resistance Syria After the Civil War: The Catastrophe Opposition to Assad Regime: Regional and External Actors Support with Assad Regime: The Role of Russia and Iran Consequences of the Syrian Civil War Casualties During War Refugees Question Economic Cost Humanitarian Crisis Conclusion References 17 Debates on Political Islam: Analyzing the Writings of Egyptian Scholars, Hasan al Banna and Sayed Qutb Introduction Hasan Al Banna and Muslim Brotherhood (MB) Making of Muslim Brotherhood On Western Imperialism On Islamic State and Muslim Politics On Jihad and Caliphate Sayed Qutb and Theory of Jahiliyyah and Hakimiyyah Sayed Qutb Before Joining the Muslim Brotherhood Theory of Jahiliyyah Theory of Hakimiyyah Conclusion References 18 Islam in Kurdistan: Religious Communities and Their Practices in Contemporary Northern Iraq Introduction Constructing the Boundaries of Religion: Minorities and Heterodox Muslims in Pre-modern Kurdistan Building Institutions: Or Tracing Fault Lines of Conflict The Social Makeup of Sectarianism and Ethnic Conflict Since 2011 Structural Conditions and the Polarization of Identities from 2011 to 2017 During the Rise of ISIS in 2014: A Brief ``Interlude of Unity´´ Militias and the Militarization of Identities The 2017 Kurdish Referendum on Independence Popular Sunni Practices Conclusion References 19 Yazidi Minority in Iraq Introduction Yazidis in the Existing Literature: Critical Viewpoints Yazidis and Their Association with Yazid ibn Mu`āwiya Yazidis and Their Association with Christianity Yazidis and Their Association with Zoroastrianism Yazidis and Their Association with Satanism Yazidis and Their Association with Islam Comparison of the Abrahamic Elements of Islam with Yazidism Yazidis and Their Association with Sufism Daesh and Modern Political Conditions: Threat to Yazidis What Is Daesh? The Threat of Daesh to Yazidis Conclusion References 20 Higher Education in Iran The Background of Traditional and Religious-Governmental Higher Education in Iran Islamic Era Aristocracy and Islamic Financing Factors Affecting the Establishment of New Schools and Dar ul-Funun Emergence of the Modern Higher Education in Iran Military Mission and Foreign Consultant The Imperial Education Establishment of Religious Minorities and European Associations´ Schools Passing Education and Training Laws Higher Education: Management of Graduate Schools Imitational Curriculum The Establishment of University of Tehran and the New Management of the Higher Education System Western Models for the Establishment of Universities Post-Islamic Revolution Higher Education Developments Dissolution Period The Transformation Period Expansion Period (From 1989 to 2015) Balanced Era Contemporary Issues and Challenges Policymaking Management Internationalization The Deep Gap in Supply and Demand Industry University Relation Alumni Unemployment Issue Conclusion References Part IV: Contemporary Muslim Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa 21 Experience of Muslims in East Africa Introduction to the Region Religious Practice Sufism and Sufi Orders Maulidi in East Africa Spirit Possession Marriage Rituals and Strategies Marriage Rituals Marriage Strategies in Minority Communities Reform Movements Kenya, Tanzania, and Zanzibar Ethiopia and Somalia Islamic Law and Politics Constitutions and the Status of Islamic Courts Islamic Law and Political Controversy Conclusion References 22 Experience of Muslims in Francophone West Africa Introduction The Introduction of Islam South of the Sahara and Its First Developments (Eighth to Tenth Centuries) The Establishment of the Earliest West African Muslim Societies (Eleventh to Seventeenth Centuries) The Spread of Islam into the Forestlands and the Era of the Great West African Jihāds (Eighteenth to Nineteenth Centuries) West African Muslims from French Colonial Rule (1895-1958) to Present-Day Muslim Societies in West Africa Conclusions References 23 Experience of Muslims in the Republic of South Africa: Historical Perspective Introduction The ``Founding Fathers´´: Laying the Foundations (c. Seventeenth to Eighteenth Centuries) Malay and Turkish Muslims Indian, Zanzibari, and Other Muslims From Imperialism to Apartheid (Circa 1900-1948) Ally´s HIS and Abdurahman´s APO Texts, Languages, and Disputes Publications and Organizations ``Secular´´ Muslims: Anti-imperialists and Anti-racists The Apartheid Era (Circa 1948-1994) Muslim Youth Groups and Study Circles MYMSA, Qibla, COI, and Professional Bodies The Post-apartheid Period (1994-2020) Muslim Politicians: Cabinet Ministers, Members of Parliament, and Councilors Muslims´ Economic Mobility Muslim Media Muslim Personal Law Muslim Education Muslim Culture Closing Remarks References 24 Experience of Muslims in Southern Africa Introduction Southern Africa´s Freedom of Religion Clause and the Muslim Communities Southern Africa: Case Studies Angola´s Muslims: A Struggling Minority? Politics and Religion: An Adversarial Relationship State and its Muslims: An Ambivalent Relationship Botswana´s Muslims: A Comfortable Community? BMA´s Efforts and Challenges Muslim Institutions as Identity Markers Muslim Welfare Organizations and Business Personalities: Performing Onerous Tasks Zambia´s Muslims: A Successful Community? Muslims as a Minority: Its Makeup and Numerical Presence Muslim Institutional Representation: From Sacred Spaces to NGOs Muslim Political Participation: Internal and External Dimensions Toward a Conclusion References Articles, Books, Chapters Other: Reports and Websites Part V: Contemporary Muslim Communities in Asia 25 The Lure of Islamism in Central Asia Islam and Conformity Nationalization of Islam Unexpected Challenge Terror in the Mind The New ISIS Threat Conclusion References 26 Historical and Sociopolitical Overview of Islam in China The Ethnic Constitution and Geographical Distribution of Chinese Muslims The History of Islam in China The History of Xinjiang and the Uyghurs The Hui People; Han-Hui Relations; Han-Uyghur Relations; and Hui-Uyghur Relations: A Historical Outline The New Urban Muslim Community: The Yiwu Phenomenon Three Hot Issues Concerning Islam in China May a Chinese Communist Party Member Believe in Religion? Is the Term Halal Being Indiscriminately and Overly Used? The Chinese Anti-Muslim Constituency Conclusion References 27 Raw (Sheng) and Cooked (Shu) Muslim Minorities: Islam, China, and the Loung Duree Introduction The Origins and History of Islam in China Variants of Chinese Islam Hui and Uighur: Cooked Accommodation and Raw Resistance Xinjiang, the Uighur, and the Belt and Road Initiative Conclusions References 28 Muslims in Malaysia Introduction The Roles of Muslim-Majority Communities in a Global Context Understanding Muslims in the Malaysian Context Criteria of Sustainable and Resilient Communities Revisiting Salient Features of Faith, Culture (Ethnicity and Race), Political Power, and the Economic Status of Muslims in Mal... The Malay-Muslim Polity Muslim Identity in Malaysia Challenges for Muslim-Majority Communities Integration and Identity, Impact of Media and Politics on Public Perceptions, Security, Treatment of Marginalized Communities,... Conclusion References 29 Muslims in Thailand and Burma Introduction Islam in Thailand The History of Islam in Thailand: Ethnic Diversity Muslims in South Thailand Muslims in Central and North Thailand Islamic Movements in Thailand Islam in Burma Origins and Ethnicity Burma´s Muslim People Religious Orientations The History of Islam in Burma Islam and the Colonial State Ethno-Religious Conflict Burmese Independence, Ethnic Insurgency, and the Rohingya Crisis Conclusions References 30 Variation of Muslim Practice in Indonesia Introduction Variants of Indonesian Islam Traditionalism Nahdlatul Ulama NU, Nationalism, and Politics Reformists Muhammadiyah Muhammadiyah, Nationalism, and Politics Persatuan Islam (PERSIS) Shari´ah, the State, and Indonesian Cultures Islam and the State The National Islamic Higher Education System Neo-Modernism/Neo-Traditionalism/Post-Traditionalism The Tarbiyah Movement Indonesian Islamisms Nonviolent Islamist Movements Violent Islamist Movements Countering Islamism Gender Conclusions References 31 Islamic Revival in South Asia Introduction Globalization and the Reification of Islam in South Asia Cultural Interactions, Reciprocities, and Muslim Responses Muslim Reformist Movements: From Appropriation to Collision Muslim Communities and the Quest for a New Islamicity: The Case of Deoband Mawdudī´s Evolutionary Approach to Societal Transformation From Reform to Revolution: Jamā`at e Islami and Political Transformation in Pakistan Conclusion References 32 Shi`a Isma`ilis, Aga Khan III, and the Broader Discourse for Islamic Reform Introduction Aga Khan III´s ``This-Worldly´´ Approach and the Muslim Modernist Project Socio-Religious Visionary and Educational Champion Religious Interpretation and Monorealism Conclusion References Part VI: Muslims and Contemporary Life 33 Muslims, Islam, and Globalization Introduction Muslim Views on Citizenry Muslim Views on Authority Muslim Views on Territoriality Muslim Views on Sovereignty Conclusion References 34 Human Rights and Muslims Introduction Shīʿī Scholars and Human Rights Muntairī´s School and the Jurisprudence of Human Rights Dynamic ijtihad and the Case of Ṣāniʿī A Sufi Perspective Conclusion References 35 Islamic Finance in the Global North: Secular Incubators, Elementary Accommodation, and Strategic Negligence Introduction What Is Islamic Finance? The Geography of Islamic Finance Literature Review: The Diffusion of Islamic Banking and Finance Our Thesis The United Kingdom: Moving from Elementary Accommodation to a Secular Incubator The United Kingdom Was a Key Player in Creating Contemporary Islamic Finance A Regulatory Reversal Leads to the Islamic Bank of Britain The United Kingdom Adapts Its Regulatory Framework and Actively Promotes Islamic Finance Luxembourg: Elementary Accommodation for Wholesale Islamic Finance Comparing the United Kingdom and Luxembourg The United States: Strategic Negligence of Islamic Finance Muslim Demography in the United States The United States Was a Minor Figure in Creating Contemporary Islamic Finance Sharia-Compliant Mutual Funds Sharia-Compliant Private Equity Islamic Mortgage Alternatives and two Government Initiatives US Government Promotion Has Stalled Conclusion References 36 Halal Food Halal Food Religious Dietary Compliance in Islam: Halal Food Halal Meat Prior to Slaughter During the Slaughter After the Slaughter The Spiritual Dimension of Halal Food Halal and Abrahamic Faiths Halal Certification Difference of Opinions The Range of Treatment in Poultry The Multi-Billion-Dollar Halal Food Market Halal Market Potential Multicultural Societies and Halal Halal Food in an Islamophobic Context Halal Food and Social Cohesion Conclusion References 37 Contemporary Muslim Comedy Comedy in Islamic Texts and Early Muslim History Comedy in Muslim Medieval Literatures Tricksters in Muslim Literatures: Prototypes for Contemporary Muslim Comedy Contemporary Muslim Comedy: Film, Television, Cartoons, and Performance Contemporary Comedic Performance: Muslim Stand-Up Comedy Muslims and the Unfunny: Satirical Representations of Muhammad Themes in Contemporary Muslim Comedy Conclusion References 38 Music in Muslim Contexts Introduction Part 1: Music in the Key of History The Jurists The Elite Understanding of Music The Philosophers The Sufis Sama`, or Truly ``Hearing´´ Music Part 2: From the Mongols to Modernity Minorities, Mobility, and Musicianship Conclusion References 39 Muslim Popular Music Muslims and Music in the Long Twentieth Century Islamicizing, and Politicizing, Music Music is Fundamental(ist) Sufi Music Goes on the Record Dangdut and Islam Pop-Nasheed Islam as Signifier Outside the Muslim World From Art to Pop Music Outside the Religious Framework From ``Art´´ to ``Pop´´ Music: Historical Roots and Development of Twentieth-Century Popular Music Arthouse Tarab to Indonesian Pop: Iterations of Non-Religious Popular Music in the Muslim Majority World Consuming Music National Icons, ``Ethno-Jazz,´´ and Corporatized Divas The Return of the ``Ecstatic´´ Towards a New Century: An Explosion of Musical Creativity and Diversity New Fiqh for New Music References 40 ``Cyber Ummah´´: The Internet and Muslim Communities Defining the ``Cyber Ummah´´ or the ``Virtual Ummah´´ The Religious Implications of the ``Cyber Ummah´´ on Muslim Communities The Social Implications of the ``Cyber Ummah´´ on Muslim Communities The Cultural Implications of the ``Cyber Ummah´´ on Muslim Communities Re-envisioning the ``Cyber Ummah?´´ Opportunities, Challenges, and Future Prospects Conclusion References 41 Muslims Learning Islam on the Internet Introduction Internet and Islamic Learning Islamic Learning on the Internet: Majority and Minority Contexts Islamic Learning as Religious Engagement Islamic Learning as Identity Expression Maintaining Islamic Networks Through Islamic Learning Conclusion References Part VII: Muslims, Kinship, and Gender 42 Muslim Feminism: Contemporary Debates Introduction Muslim Feminism: A Theological and Social Movement Women in Contemporary Muslim Family Law: Equal Partners or Dependent Wives Marriage Polygyny Child Marriage Divorce Divorce Process Maintenance and Division of Matrimonial Assets Custody and Guardianship of Children Domestic Violence Conclusion References Reports and Websites 43 Masculinity and Muslims: Contemporary Debates Introduction Masculinity and Power Muslim Masculinities in Muslim-Majority Contexts The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region Iran and Turkey South Asia Southeast Asia Persecuted Muslim Minority Masculinities in Asia Muslim Minority Masculinities in the West The United Kingdom Australia Europe The United States Discussion References 44 Contemporary Same-Sex Muslim Sexualities: Identities and Issues Historical Analyses of Homosexualities in Muslim Cultures and the Social Constructionist Approach to Sexuality Contemporary Conditions for Muslim Same-Sex Identities: Western ``Homosexualization,´´ Muslim Homophobia, and Islamophobia Contemporary Lived Experience: LGBT Muslims in Muslim Majority Cultures Contemporary Lived Experience: Queer Muslims in the West Key Issues for Future Research Conclusion References Recommended Reading 45 Muslim Women: Contemporary Debates Introduction Theological Discussions Debating the Muslim Body The Place of Gender in Political Theology Conclusion References 46 Islamic Dress as Identity Politics Among Converts in the West Introduction A Few Notes on Fieldwork Islamic Dress as a Global Ethic How Pious Muslim Converts Appropriate the Islamic Dress Code Global Community and Identity Struggle Under the Islamic Canopy Alternative Attire as a Moral Project Fashioning Piety, Shaping Western Bodies The Virtue of Veiling for Social and Political Distinction The Identity Creativity and Its Limits: The Politics of the Veil Conclusion References 47 Muslim Families in the West Introduction Colonized Mind The Unbearable Darkness of Being the ``Other´´ The Question of Gender and Islam Gender Studies in Muslim Societies Adolescent Identity Muslims´ Youth Identity in the Age of Islamophobia Muslim As Culturally Diverse Families Parenting Issues The Influential Role of Family The Role of the Community Religion as Source of Guidance Life Experience, Resilience, and Maturity Challenges in Intrafamily Relations Resettlement Adjustments Issues Language Barrier Socioeconomic Difficulties Parenting Styles Conclusion References Suggested Reading 48 Muslim Youth and Contemporary Challenges Youth Prolonged Stalled Transitions Women´s Education for What? New Forms of Courtship and Marriage ``Post-Islamist´´ Iranian Youth Precarity, Ambivalence, and Hope References 49 Muslims and Assisted Reproduction Introduction Overview of the Field Gender Identity and Notions of Family ARTs as Globalized Medicine The Role of Clinicians Political Economy Conclusion References 50 Internet and Muslim Women Introduction Muslim Women as the Consumers of the Islamic Public Sphere Online Muslim Women as the Main Players of the Islamic Public Sphere Online Fashioning Myself: Fashioning My Identity Conclusion References 51 Muslim Marriage and Contemporary Challenges Introduction Marriage in the Islamic Sources (Qur´an and Sunna) The Qur´an The Sunna Marriage in the Islamic Tradition General Conception of Marriage Impediments to Marriage Guardianship of Women (Wilaya) Rights and Duties of the Spouses Modern Transformations and Contemporary Challenges Women, the Family, and Colonial Modernity Nation States and Family Laws Minimum Marriageable Age Polygyny Marriage Registration Recent Developments Conclusions References Part VIII: Muslims, Politics, and Extremism 52 Democracy and Muslims Introduction The Absence of a Democratic Tradition in Islam Islam and Democracy Muslim Calls for Democracy Secularism in Islam Conclusion References Recommended Reading 53 ISIS: Its History, Ideology, and Psychology History The Birth of ISIS US Invasion of Iraq ISI Makes a Comeback Ideology Issues of Creed (Aqidah) Issues of Methodology (Manhaj) Recruitment and Governance Recruitment of Foreign Fighters Governance Psychology Individual Differences in the Propensity to Join ISIS: Profiles Versus Processes Epilogue References 54 Muslims and Extremism Introduction Migration, Settlement, and Adaptation Intergenerational Change, Identity Politics, and Global Islamism Islamophobia and Wider Social Change Extremisms as Manifestations of Islamophobia Conclusion References 55 Muslims and Terrorism Introduction Islamism, Jihad, and Justice Islamism Jihad Justice Factors Contributing to Muslim Terrorism Western Occupation, Influence, and Bias The Global Spread of the Salafi Movement How Muslim Terrorists Justify Their Actions Sword Verses in the Qur´an Asymmetrical Warfare Conclusion References 56 Muslims, Secularism, and the State Introduction Terminology A Brief Historical Context Secularism and Modernity as Enemies Protestant Model of Reform Islamism Versus Secularism Islam and Democratic Reform Conclusion References 57 Madrasas and Extremism Introduction Madrasa-Extremism Discourse: Overview of Literature Madrasas as Socio-Religious Spaces: A Historical Narrative Overview of South Asian Madrasas: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan ``What´´ and ``How´´ of Madrasa Teaching: The Curriculum and Pedagogy Madrassa and the Discourse on Terrorism: From Afghan Jihad to Present Day Conclusion References Part IX: Transnational Muslim Movements 58 Transnational Progressive Islam: Theory, Networks, and Lived Experience Introduction Theory of Progressive Islam: A Broad Overview Transnational Progressive Islam at the Level of Networks and Lived Realities MPV´s Ten Principles Collective Identity Equality Separation of Religious and State Authorities Freedom of Speech Universal Human Rights Gender Equality LGBTQI Inclusion Critical Analysis and Interpretation Compassion Diversity Increasing Transnational Character of Progressive Islam Conclusion References 59 The Ahmadiyya Jama´at: A Question of Muslim Identity Introduction Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Founder of the Ahmadi Movement Establishment of the Jama´at and Internal Division The Development of the Ahmadiyya Jama´at: 1914-2017 Ahmadi Doctrine and Beliefs Organization and Discipline The Continuing Persecution of Ahmadis Conclusion References Suggested Readings 60 The Muslim Brotherhood A Contested Islamist Actor Introduction The Rise of the Brotherhood The Foundations of the Brothers´ Ideology ``Surely Allah Will Not Change the Circumstances of a People Until They Change What Is in Themselves´´ (Qur´an, 13:11) The ``Women Issue´´ Nationalism and Economy Fragmentation and Differences Within the Brotherhood Sayyid Qutb: Jahiliyyah, Jihad, and Martyrdom Conclusion: Current Debates References 61 Tabligh Jama´at as an Emulatable Model of Faith Renewal Introduction A Brief History The Participants Ideology of the Movement The Six Rules The Tablighi Archetype for Islamic Faith Renewal Khuruj Talim Jola Bayan Analysis and Conclusion References 62 Hizb ut-Tahrir Introduction Revisiting the Origins of Hizb ut-Tahrir From the Middle East to the Rest of the World Hizb ut-Tahrir´s Ideology Toward a Blessed Change: ``Enjoin Good (Maruf) and Forbid Wrong (Munkar)´´ The Incompatibility of the West and Islam The Western Plan to Destroy Muslims Hizb ut-Tahrir´s Method The Prophet´s Example Can Hizb ut-Tahrir´s Nonviolent Method Be Dangerous? Conclusion References Index