Obstetric imaging

Description

Front cover ExCon page Obstetric Imaging Copyright page Dedication Contributors Foreword Preface Table of Contents Video Contents Part 1 Atlas of Selected Normal Images Chapter 1 Atlas of Selected Normal Images Part 2 Thorax Chapter 2 Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation of the Lung Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Invasive Fetal Therapy Medical Therapy Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 3 Extralobar Bronchopulmonary Sequestration Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 4 Hydrothorax Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Readings References Chapter 5 Scimitar Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation and Prognosis Diagnosis Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 6 Thymus Introduction Normal Anatomy General Anatomic Descriptions Ultrasound Detailed Description of Specific Areas Normal Variants Differential Considerations Pertinent Imaging Considerations ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 7 Other Thoracic Tumors and Masses Introduction Bronchogenic Cyst Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Lymphangioma Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 3 Abdomen Section One Kidney Chapter 8 Abnormal Kidney Location Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 9 Abnormal Kidney Size Introduction Normal Anatomy General Anatomic Descriptions Detailed Description of Specific Areas Normal Variants Differential Considerations Pertinent Imaging Considerations ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 10 Bilateral Renal Agenesis Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 11 Unilateral Renal Agenesis Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 12 Renal Pelvis Dilatation Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 13 Duplicated Collecting System Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 14 Posterior Urethral Valves Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Vesicoamniotic Shunt Placement Fetal Cystoscopy Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 15 Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 16 Autosomal Recessive (Infantile) Polycystic Kidney Disease Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Three Other Chapter 18 Ambiguous Genitalia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 19 Cloacal Abnormalities Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 20 Gastroschisis Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 21 Omphalocele Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 22 Echogenic Bowel Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Bleeding Aneuploidy Cystic Fibrosis Growth Restriction Digestive Tract Malformations Prenatal Infection Unknown Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 23 Intrahepatic Calcifications Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Two Adrenals Chapter 17 Fetal Adrenal Abnormalities Introduction Neuroblastoma Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Adrenal Hemorrhage Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Adrenal Neuroblastoma and Hemorrhage Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Postnatal Adrenal Neuroblastoma Adrenal Hemorrhage Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 4 Gastrointestinal Chapter 24 Abdominal Cysts Introduction Ovarian Cysts Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Enteric Duplication Cysts Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Mesenteric Cysts/Mesenteric Cystic Lymphangioma Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Urachal Cysts Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Hydrocolpos and Hydrometrocolpos Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Umbilical Vein Varix Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 25 Biliary Anomalies Introduction Biliary Atresia Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Choledochal Cysts Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Gallstones Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options: Biliary Atresia Prenatal Postnatal Synopsis of Treatment Options: Choledochal Cyst Prenatal Postnatal Synopsis of Treatment Options: Gallstones Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 26 Intestinal Obstruction Introduction Esophageal Obstruction Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Gastric Obstruction Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Duodenal Obstruction Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Jejunal Obstruction Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Imperforate Anus Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Hirschsprung Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Volvulus Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Synopsis of Treatment Options Echogenic Bowel Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Meconium Ileus Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 27 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 28 Hepatic Anomalies Introduction Hepatic Tumors, Calcifications, and Cysts Hemangioma Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Mesenchymal Hamartoma Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Hepatoblastoma Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Hepatic Calcifications Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Hepatic Cysts Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Hemangioma Mesenchymal Hamartoma Hepatoblastoma Hepatic Calcifications Hepatic Cysts Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound hemangioma mesenchymal hamartoma hepatoblastoma hepatic calcifications hepatic cysts Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hepatomegaly Hepatomegaly and Fetal Infections Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Hepatomegaly in Metabolic or Genetic Diseases Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Hepatomegaly in Hematologic Diseases Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Fetal Infections Metabolic or Genetic Diseases Hematologic Diseases Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound fetal infections metabolic or genetic diseases hematologic diseases Magnetic Resonance Imaging fetal infections metabolic or genetic diseases ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 29 Intraabdominal Masses Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 30 Megacystis-Microcolon–Intestinal Hypoperistalsis Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modalities Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 31 Sacrococcygeal Teratoma and Fetus in Fetu Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Ultrasound-Morphologic Classification predominantly cystic tumor (type a) cystic-solid tumors (type b) solid tumor with fetal hydrops (type c) Surgical Classification Fetus in Fetu Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound gray-scale ultrasound three-dimensional ultrasound doppler flow velocimetry Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Fetus in Fetu Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Amnioreduction Cyst Aspiration Fetal Surgery Delivery Postnatal Sacrococcygeal Teratoma Fetus in Fetu ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 32 Fetal Spleen Introduction Congenital Splenic Cysts Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Cardiosplenic Syndromes Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Splenogonadal Fusion Limb Defect Syndrome Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Fetal Splenomegaly and Hypoplastic Spleen Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 5 Central Nervous System Chapter 33 Acrania, Exencephaly, Anencephaly, and Encephalocele Introduction Acrania and Exencephaly Definition Etiology Anencephaly Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modalities Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Encephalocele Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 34 Cerebral Infections Introduction Cytomegalovirus Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Toxoplasmosis Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 35 Choroid Plexus Anomalies: Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 36 Corpus Callosum and Septum Pellucidum Anomalies Introduction Corpus Callosum Anomalies Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Absent Septum Pellucidum and Septooptic Dysplasia Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 37 Cortical Development and Disorders Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Specific Malformations of Cortical Development Microcephaly Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging Macrocephaly, Megalencephaly, Macrocrania, and Hemimegalencephaly Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging other applicable modality Neuron Migration Abnormalities (Lissencephaly, Agyria, Heterotopia, and Pachygyria) Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging other applicable modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Disorders of Cortical Organization: Polymicrogyria and Schizencephaly Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options for Abnormalities of Cortical Development Prenatal Postnatal Acknowledgments ▶ Suggested READING References Chapter 38 Cerebellar Anomalies Introduction Disease Definition Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 39 Holoprosencephaly Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Embryo Fetus International Studies Etiology and Pathophysiology Embryology Environmental Influences Abnormal Karyotype Syndromes and Associations Associated Anomalies Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Brain Face Other Possible Associated Cerebral and Facial Anomalies Agnathia Detection and Outcome Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound first-trimester Approach Findings second and third trimesters Approach Findings Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 40 Intracranial Hemorrhage, Cysts, Tumors, and Destructive Lesions Introduction Intracranial Hemorrhage Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Porencephaly Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Hydranencephaly Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Schizencephaly Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Intracranial Cysts Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Intracranial Tumors Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal References Chapter 41 Neural Tube Defects: Introduction Craniorachischisis Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Spina Bifida Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Hemivertebra Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options References Chapter 42 Vascular Cerebral Anomalies Introduction Aneurysm of Vein of Galen Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal Dural Sinus Malformation Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal Pial Arteriovenous Fistulas Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 43 Ventriculomegaly Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 6 First-Trimester Complications Chapter 44 Abnormal Intrauterine Sac Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound normal embryonic development and ultrasound findings gestational sac yolk sac crown-rump length cardiac activity ultrasound findings of early pregnancy failure subchorionic hematoma Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 45 Nuchal Translucency Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 7 Limbs and Bones: An Overview ▶ Suggested Reading Section One Osteochondrodysplasias—Lethal Chapter 46 Achondrogenesis Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 47 Atelosteogenesis Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 48 Asphyxiating Thoracic Dysplasia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 49 Short Rib–Polydactyly Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 50 Thanatophoric Dysplasia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 51 Osteogenesis Imperfecta Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 52 Hypophosphatasia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 53 Campomelic Dysplasia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Two Osteochondrodysplasias—Nonlethal Chapter 54 Achondroplasia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 55 Spondyloepiphyseal Dysplasia Congenita Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 56 Chondrodysplasia Punctata Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 57 Diastrophic Dysplasia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis Of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 58 Ellis-Van Creveld Syndrome (Chondroectodermal Dysplasia) Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Three Findings—Spinal Defects Chapter 59 Caudal Regression Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 60 Klippel-Feil Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal References Section Four Findings—Anomalous Digits Chapter 61 Abnormal Hands: Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 62 Abnormal Hands: Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Five Findings—Other Chapter 63 Abnormal Hands: Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 64 Craniosynostosis Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 65 Arthrogryposis Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound first trimester second trimester third trimester Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 66 Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus) Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal References Part 8 Head and Neck Section One Facial Anomalies Chapter 67 Cleft Lip/Palate Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 68 Orbital Defects: Introduction Hypertelorism Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Hypotelorism Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 69 Choanal Atresia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 70 Micrognathia and Retrognathia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality three-dimensional ultrasound Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 71 Facial Dysmorphism Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Abnormalities in Frontal Bone Nose Abnormalities Mouth Anomalies Chin Anomalies Hemifacial Microsomia Otocephaly Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Two Neck Anomalies Chapter 72 Cystic Hygroma Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound cystic hygroma versus nuchal translucency Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Surgical Nonsurgical References Chapter 73 Neck Teratoma Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 74 Fetal Thyroid Masses and Fetal Goiter Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Attributable to Compression Caused by the Mass Related to Thyroid Dysfunction Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound indirect signs of thyroid goiter mass Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Three Other Chapter 75 Congenital High Airway Obstruction Syndrome and Bronchial Atresia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 9 Heart and Great Vessels Section One Normal Heart Chapter 76 Ultrasound of Normal Fetal Heart Introduction Normal Anatomy General Anatomic Descriptions Detailed Description of Specific Areas Normal Variants Upper Abdomen View Four-Chamber View Five-Chamber or Left Ventricular Outflow Tract View Short-Axis or Right Ventricular Outflow Tract View Three-Vessel and Trachea View Longitudinal Views of the Fetal Heart Early Fetal Echocardiography Differential Considerations Ventricular Septal Defect Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Tetralogy of Fallot and Transposition of Great Arteries Atrioventricular Septal Defect Coarctation of Aorta Other Types of Congenital Heart Disease Pertinent Imaging Considerations ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Two Septal Defects Chapter 77 Ventricular Septal Defect Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality four-dimensional echocardiography Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 78 Atrioventricular Septal Defect Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality four-dimensional echocardiography Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Three Right Heart Defects Chapter 79 Tricuspid Atresia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality four-dimensional echocardiography Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 80 Ebstein Anomaly and Tricuspid Dysplasia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound ebstein anomaly tricuspid dysplasia Other Applicable Modality four-dimensional echocardiography Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Ebstein Anomaly Tricuspid Dysplasia ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 81 Pulmonary Stenosis and Atresia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound pulmonary stenosis pulmonary atresia Other Applicable Modality four-dimensional echocardiography Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Four Left Heart Defects Chapter 82 Aortic Stenosis and Aortic Atresia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 83 Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Mitral Atresia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 84 Aortic Coarctation Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 85 Interruption of the Aortic Arch Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality four-dimensional echocardiography Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 86 Aortic Arch Anomalies Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality four-dimensional echocardiography Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Five Conotruncal Anomalies Chapter 87 Tetralogy of Fallot Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 88 Transposition of Great Arteries Introduction Complete Transposition of Great Arteries Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality four-dimensional echocardiography Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Corrected Transposition of Great Arteries Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality four-dimensional echocardiography Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 89 Double-Outlet Right Ventricle Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 90 Common Arterial Trunk Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality Four-Dimensional Echocardiography Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Six Other Anomalies Chapter 91 Double-Inlet Single Ventricle Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 92 Atrial Isomerism Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 93 Anomalies of Pulmonary Venous Return Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 94 Anomalies of Systemic Venous Return Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Interruption Agenesis of the Ductus Venosus Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality Synopsis of Treatment Options Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 95 Cardiomyopathy Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 96 Cardiac Tumors Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Seven Arrhythmias Chapter 97 Arrhythmias Introduction Atrial Ectopic Beats Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Supraventricular Tachycardia Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Supraventricular Tachycardia without Hydrops Supraventricular Tachycardia and Hydrops Postnatal Complete Atrioventricular Block Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 10 Placenta and Cord Chapter 98 Placental Abruption Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 99 Placenta Accreta Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 100 Amniotic Band Sequence Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 101 Chorioangioma Introduction Disease Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 102 Choriocarcinoma Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 103 Placenta Circumvallata Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 104 Cord Cysts Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 105 Cord Varix Introduction Disease Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 106 Gestational Trophoblastic Disease Introduction Disease Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 107 Limb–Body Wall Complex Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 108 Placenta Previa Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 109 Vasa Praevia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 11 Fetal Growth Chapter 110 Fetal Macrosomia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Fetus and Neonate Mother Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 111 Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 112 Intrauterine Growth Restriction Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Doppler umbilical artery middle cerebral artery venous doppler Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Studies Synopsis of Treatment Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 12 Procedures Chapter 113 Amniocentesis Introduction Procedure Description, Technique, and Equipment Indications Contraindications Outcomes and Complications ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 114 Cordocentesis and Fetal Transfusion Introduction Procedure Description, Technique, and Equipment Setting Counseling Technique Indications Fetal Anemia Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia Contraindications Risks Contraindications Outcomes and Complications Outcomes Complications References Chapter 115 Chorionic Villus Sampling Introduction Procedure Description, Technique, and Equipment Transcervical Chorionic Villus Sampling Transabdominal Chorionic Villus Sampling Indications Contraindications Outcomes and Complications Fetal Loss Limb-Reduction Defects and Oromandibular Hypogenesis ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 116 Radiofrequency Ablation Introduction Procedure Description, Technique, and Equipment Indications Contraindications Outcomes and Complications Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence Other Complicated Monochorionic or Diamniotic Pregnancies ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 117 Selective Laser Photocoagulation Introduction Procedure Description, Technique, and Equipment Indications Contraindications Outcomes and Complications ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 118 Fetal Shunts Introduction Vesicoamniotic Shunt Description, Technique, and Equipment Indications Contraindications Outcomes and Complications Thoracoamniotic Shunts Description, Technique, and Equipment Indications Contraindications Outcomes and Complications ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 119 Multifetal Pregnancy Reduction Introduction Procedure Description, Technique, and Equipment Setting Counseling Prenatal Diagnosis Technique Experience Indications Contraindications Outcomes and Complications Fetal Outcome Maternal Outcome References Part 13 Miscellany Section One Amniotic Fluid Abnormalities Chapter 120 Polyhydramnios Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal Key Points ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 121 Oligohydramnios Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Two Fetal Fluid Abnormalities Chapter 122 Lymphedema and Lymphatic Malformations Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 123 Nonimmune Hydrops Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 124 Immune Fetal Hydrops Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Three Preterm Labor Chapter 125 Cervical Length and Spontaneous Preterm Birth Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Length of Cervix Gestational Age of Testing Fetal Number Risk Factors for Preterm Birth Etiology and Pathophysiology Uterine Contractility and a Short Cervix Uterine Overdistention and Short Cervix Cervical Insufficiency Summary Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound transvaginal technique transabdominal technique timing tyvu progression, funneling, and dynamic cervix difficult-to-visualize internal cervical os amniotic fluid debris or sludge Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Progesterone Supplementation for a Short Cervix Cerclage for a Short Cervix Cerclage versus Progesterone Multiple Gestation ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 14 Syndromes Chapter 126 CHARGE Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 127 Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 128 Cystic Fibrosis Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Respiratory Tract Gastrointestinal Tract Endocrine System Reproductive Tract Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 129 Fraser Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 130 Fryns Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 131 Goldenhar Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 132 Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Cutaneous Hemangioma Vascular Abnormalities Hemihypertrophy Occasional Findings Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 133 Larsen Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Skeletal Deformities Facial Anomalies Respiratory and Airway Abnormalities Cardiac Defects Neurologic Abnormalities Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 134 Meckel-Gruber Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 135 Miller-Dieker Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 136 Multiple Pterygium Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 137 Nager Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 138 Neu-Laxova Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 139 Noonan Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 140 Oral-Facial-Digital Syndromes Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 141 Pena-Shokeir Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 142 Pentalogy of Cantrell Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 143 Pfeiffer Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 144 Pierre Robin Sequence Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 145 Poland Sequence Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 146 Prune-Belly Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Abdominal Wall Urogenital System Pulmonary System Cardiovascular System Gastrointestinal System Musculoskeletal System Prognosis Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 147 Roberts Syndrome Introduction Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 148 Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Craniosynostosis Facies Limb Anomalies Development Other Findings Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 149 Septooptic Dysplasia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 150 Shprintzen Syndrome (Velocardiofacial Syndrome) Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 151 Sirenomelia Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 152 Smith-Lemli-Opitz Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 153 Treacher Collins Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 154 Tuberous Sclerosis Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 155 Vater Association Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound vertebral anal atresia tracheoesophageal fistula renal anomalies radial anomalies Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 156 Walker-Warburg Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 157 Triploidy Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 158 Trisomy 13 Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 15 Chromosomes Section One Aneuploidies Chapter 159 Trisomy 18 Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound amniocentesis first-trimester markers Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 160 Trisomy 21 Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound nuchal translucency and cystic hygroma nuchal fold absent or hypoplastic nasal bone ventriculomegaly echogenic intracardiac focus echogenic bowel pyelectasis short long bones Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 161 Turner Syndrome (Monosomy X) Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Section Two Deletion Syndromes Chapter 162 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DiGeorge, Shprintzen, Velocardiofacial Syndrome) Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 163 4p− Deletion Syndrome (Wolf-Hirschhorn Syndrome) Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 164 5p− Syndrome (Cri du Chat Syndrome) Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 16 Multiple Gestation Chapter 165 Chorionicity of Multiple Gestations Introduction Normal Anatomy General Anatomic Descriptions Detailed Description of Specific Areas Normal Variants Differential Considerations Pertinent Imaging Considerations ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 166 Monochorionic Monoamniotic Twin Gestations Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 167 Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Gestations Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 168 Dichorionic Diamniotic Twin Gestations Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 169 Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Other Applicable Modality Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 170 Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion Sequence Introduction Disease Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Indication for Treatment Therapy Options Outcomes in the Literature Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 171 Procedures in Multiples Introduction Procedure Description, Technique, and Equipment Chorionic Villus Sampling in Multiple Gestations Amniocentesis in Multiple Gestations Multiple Needle Technique Single Needle Insertion Technique Indications Contraindications Outcomes and Complications Chorionic Villus Sampling Amniocentesis Monochorionic Twins ▶ Suggested Reading References Part 17 Infections Chapter 172 Cytomegalovirus Introduction Disease Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 173 Parvovirus B19 Infection during Pregnancy Introduction Disease Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound gray-scale ultrasound middle cerebral artery doppler ultrasound Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 174 Rubella Introduction Disease Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 175 Toxoplasmosis Introduction Disease Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 176 Herpes Simplex Virus Introduction Disease Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 177 Varicella Introduction Disease Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Differential Diagnosis from Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Chapter 178 Congenital Syphilis Introduction Disease Definition Prevalence and Epidemiology Etiology and Pathophysiology Manifestations of Disease Clinical Presentation Prenatal Neonatal Imaging Technique and Findings Ultrasound Differential Diagnosis From Imaging Findings Synopsis of Treatment Options Prenatal Postnatal ▶ Suggested Reading References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z