Therapeutic Approaches in Cancer Treatment

Description

This comprehensive book provides an overview of cancer therapeutics and covers different innovative treatment approaches for cancer. The initial chapter gives a detailed overview on cancer progression and disease diagnostics. The following chapters focus on different cancer treatment approaches, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, nutritional assessments, targeted therapy and Nano therapeutics. It also highlights the importance of cancer genomics, disease advancement, personalized medicine and psychological support for cancer patients. Emphasis is also given to the many challenges in the area of designing cancer treatment and designing clinical trials. The complete book also presents cancer management with different cancer treatment modalities, including pharmacogenomics and drug reactions. This is a unique and comprehensive piece of work that not only highlights the disease treatment modalities but also focuses on many challenges in the area of designing cancer treatment and even in designing clinical trials. The contributing authors are experts in this field of cancer treatment. By familiarizing readers with the latest developments in this complex field, the book offers a valuable resource for clinicians. Researchers and medical students will also benefit from this comprehensive text. Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Contents 1 Introduction and Overview of Cancer Therapeutics 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Tumor Biology and Cancer Development 1.3 Types of Cancer and Grades 1.4 Factors Involved and Cancer Causes 1.5 Cancer Therapeutic Modalities 1.6 Surgeries 1.7 Chemotherapy 1.8 Chemotherapeutic Agent 1.9 Angiogenesis Inhibitors 1.10 Radiotherapy 1.11 Radiation-Based Surgeries 1.12 Techniques Used in Radiation Therapy 1.13 Hormonal Therapy 1.14 Immunotherapy 1.15 Nanostructure-Based Therapeutics 1.16 Miscellaneous Treatment Modalities 1.17 Conclusion References 2 Transforming Diagnosis and Therapeutics Using Cancer Genomics 2.1 Background 2.1.1 Classical Genomics 2.1.2 Rise in Genomics and Cancer 2.2 Genome-Based Cancer Diagnostic 2.3 Limitations of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 2.4 Transforming Cancer Diagnosis from Classical to Advance 2.4.1 Tumor’s Location 2.4.2 Histomorphology 2.4.3 Immunohistochemistry 2.4.4 Flow Cytometry 2.4.5 Cancer Biomarkers Discovery 2.4.6 DNA Methylation Group Based Cancer Diagnosis 2.4.7 Sequencing 2.4.8 Panel Testing 2.4.9 Microarray 2.4.10 Third Generation Sequencing 2.5 Genomics Based Characterization of Cancer 2.5.1 Evaluating Genome for Mutations: Genetic Cancer Culprits 2.5.2 Interruption of the Normal Functioning of Tumor Suppressor Genes 2.5.3 Gene Mutations and DNA Repair Systems 2.5.4 Cancer Genome Analysis 2.5.5 Primary Analysis of Data 2.5.6 Secondary Analysis of Data 2.5.7 Squamous Cell Lung Cancers and Its Genomic Characterization 2.5.8 Genomic Analyses of Ovarian Carcinoma 2.6 Transforming Cancer Therapeutics from Classical to Advance 2.6.1 Evolution of Cancer Therapeutics: Traditional to Advance Level 2.6.2 Chemotherapy and Its Limitations 2.6.3 Alkylating Agents 2.6.4 Antimetabolites 2.6.5 Cytotoxic Antibiotics 2.6.6 Revolution of Targeted Therapy 2.6.7 A New Strategy of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment 2.7 Genomic Study Transforms Cancer Therapeutics to an Advanced Level 2.7.1 Multi-omics and Cancer 2.7.2 Genomics 2.7.3 Transcriptomics 2.7.4 Metabolomics 2.8 Case Studies of Multi-omics 2.9 Conclusion References 3 Chemotherapy 3.1 Chapter 1 3.1.1 Goals and Principles of Chemotherapy 3.1.2 Chemotherapy Administration 3.2 Chapter 2: Chemotherapeutic Drugs 3.2.1 Mode of Action 3.2.2 Classification of Common Chemotherapeutics 3.2.3 Common Uses of Chemotherapeutics 3.3 Chapter 3 3.3.1 Side-Effects of Chemotherapy References 4 Radiation Therapies in Cancer 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Basis of Radiation Therapy 4.3 Pathophysiology of Cancer 4.4 Radiation Therapy and the Immune System 4.5 Chemotherapy and Irradiation Interaction 4.6 Clinical Radiation Oncology 4.7 Radiation Oncology Education 4.8 Legal Considerations in Radiation Therapy 4.9 Smart Radiotherapy 4.10 Conclusion References 5 Traditional Treatment Approaches and Role of Immunotherapy in Lung Malignancy and Mesothelioma 5.1 Types of Lung Cancer and Where Mesothelioma Fits In 5.2 Diagnosis and Staging 5.2.1 TNM Staging 5.2.2 Staging of Pleural Mesothelioma 5.3 Traditional Treatment Approaches 5.4 Role of Immunotherapy 5.4.1 Mesothelioma and Anti-cancer Therapies 5.5 Challenges and Future Prospective References 6 Hormonal Therapies in Cancers 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sex Steroids for Cancer Treatment 6.3 Tamoxifen for Treatment of Breast Cancer 6.4 Hormonal Scheme for the Therapy of Breast Cancer 6.5 LH-RH Agonists Breast Cancer Therapy 6.6 Breast Cancer Defense with Antiestrogens 6.7 Hormonal Replacement Therapy of Menopausal Symptoms 6.8 Hormonal Therapy in Post Menopause and Risk of Colorectal Cancer 6.9 Menopause Hormone Therapy (MHT) 6.10 Ovarian Cancer and Hormonal Therapy 6.11 Conclusion References 7 Oncolytic Virotherapy 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Mechanisms of Oncolytic Viruses 7.2.1 Tumor Lysis 7.2.2 Antitumor Immunity 7.3 Oncolytic Viruses 7.3.1 Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) 7.3.2 Adenovirus 7.3.3 Reovirus 7.3.4 Vaccinia Virus 7.3.5 Other Viruses 7.4 Oncolytic Viruses and the Blood–Brain Barrier 7.5 Conclusion References 8 Osteosarcoma and Its Advancement 8.1 Epidemiology 8.2 Etiology and Pathogenesis 8.3 Biologic and Genetic Behavior of Osteosarcoma 8.4 Diagnosis and Staging 8.5 Recommended Diagnostic Work-Up for Osteosarcoma Patients 8.6 Plain Radiography 8.7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 8.8 Histopathology 8.9 Pathology and Staging 8.10 WHO Classification 8.11 Multidisciplinary Treatment Approach 8.12 Treatment 8.12.1 Chemotherapy 8.13 Surgery 8.14 Radiotherapy 8.15 Polychemotherapy 8.16 Immunomodulation 8.17 Treatment of Metastatic Disease and Relapse 8.18 Follow-Up and Effects of Treatment 8.19 Conclusion References 9 Pharmacogenetics of Anticancer Drugs: Clinical Response and Toxicity 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Genetic Polymorphism 9.2.1 SNPs and Polymorphism 9.2.2 Somatic Versus Germline Mutations in Oncology 9.2.3 Pharmacogenetic Biomarkers and Their Significance 9.2.4 Anticancer Drugs and Pharmacogenetics of Enzymes 9.3 Applying Pharmacogenetic Knowledge in Clinical Oncology 9.4 Tools and Techniques for Pharmacogenetics Studies 9.5 Pharmacogenetics and Drug Development 9.5.1 Pharmacogenetics in Anticancer Drug Development 9.6 Genetic Factors Influencing Efficacy and Toxicity of Individual Chemotherapeutic Agents 9.6.1 Tamoxifen and Polymorphic CYP2D6 9.6.2 Irinotecan and Polymorphic UDT1A1 9.6.3 6-Mercaptopurine and TPMT 9.6.4 5-Flurouracil and TYMS, MTHFR, DPD 9.6.5 Methotrexate and SLCO1B1, TYMS 9.6.6 Platinum Compounds and ERCC1,2, ATP7B 9.6.7 Vemurafenib and BRAF V600E 9.6.8 Crizotinib and ALK 9.6.9 Cetuximab, Panitumumab and KRAS, BRAF 9.6.10 Trastuzumab and HER2/neu 9.6.11 Imatinib and BCR-ABL, C-Kit 9.6.12 Erlotinib and EGFR 9.7 Conclusion References 10 Targeted Therapy and Personalized Medicine 10.1 Introduction to Cancer Therapy 10.1.1 Overview 10.1.2 Chemotherapy 10.1.3 Proteomics and Genomics 10.1.4 Plant-Based Therapy 10.1.5 Nanotechnology 10.1.6 Gene Therapy 10.1.7 Radiomics 10.2 Strategies of Targeted Therapies 10.2.1 Traditional Treatment 10.2.2 Targeted Therapies 10.2.3 Targeted Therapy Versus Traditional Therapy 10.2.4 Personalized Therapy for Cancer 10.2.5 Current Targeted Therapies Approved by the FDA 10.3 Targeted Therapies and Personalized Medicine in Cancer 10.3.1 Lung Cancer 10.3.2 Breast Cancer 10.3.3 Colorectal Cancer 10.3.4 Hepatocellular Carcinoma 10.3.5 Leukaemia 10.4 Advancements in Targeted Therapies and Personalized Medicine 10.5 Challenges for Oncology Targeted Approaches and Personalized Therapy 10.6 Conclusion and Future Perceptive References 11 Smart Nanocarrier-Based Cancer Therapeutics 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Cancer, Challenges in Diagnosis and Therapeutics 11.1.2 Rational for Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapeutics 11.2 Active and Passive Targetings of Solid Tumors With a Focus on Potential Nanotechnology Applications 11.2.1 Passive Targeting 11.2.2 Active Targeting 11.3 Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy—Novel Concepts 11.3.1 Organic Nanoparticles 11.3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 11.4 Smartness of NPs as Drug Delivery Carrier for Cancer Therapeutics 11.5 Tumor Microenvironment-Targeted Nanotherapy 11.6 Nanotoxicology and Possible Solutions 11.7 Bench to Bedside: Translational Prospective 11.8 Preclinical Characterization of Engineered Nanoparticles Proposed for Cancer Therapeutics 11.9 Nanotechnology: Regulatory Perspective for Drug Development in Cancer Therapeutics 11.10 Conclusion References 12 Cancer Chemoresistance; Recent Challenges and Future Considerations 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Types of Chemoresistance 12.2.1 Intrinsic Chemoresistance 12.2.2 Acquired Chemoresistance 12.3 Potential Mechanisms of Cancer Chemoresistance 12.3.1 Enhanced Drug Efflux 12.3.2 Drug Inactivation 12.3.3 Modification in Drug Target 12.3.4 Cell Death Inhibition 12.3.5 Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition 12.3.6 DNA Damage Repair 12.4 Role of Biological Factors in Cancer Chemoresistance 12.4.1 Epigenetics, MicroRNAs and Stem Cells 12.4.2 Cell Signaling Pathways, Endoplasmic Reticulum and Exosomes 12.4.3 Tumor Heterogeneity and Microenvironment 12.5 Cancer Multidrug Resistance 12.6 Prognostic Markers and Diagnosis of Cancer Chemoresistance 12.6.1 Cancer Biomarkers 12.6.2 Fresh Tumor Culture Test 12.6.3 Positron Emission Tomography 12.7 Strategies for Overcoming Cancer Chemoresistance 12.8 Conclusion and Recommendations References 13 Psychological Support for Cancer Patients 13.1 Overview 13.2 Psychological Reactions and Mental Health: Interventions for Cancer Patients and Survivors 13.3 Caregiver Burden and Fatigue: Interventions for Caregivers 13.4 Stress and Burnout: Interventions for Oncologists and Staff 13.5 Conclusion References 14 Nutritional Assessment in Cancer Patients 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Nutritional Implications in Cancer 14.2 The Need for Nutritional Assessment 14.3 Nutritional Assessment 14.3.1 Anthropometric Measurements 14.3.2 Clinical Evaluation 14.3.3 Laboratory Assessment 14.3.4 Dietary Evaluation 14.4 Conclusion References