Graphene: Fabrication, Properties and Applications

Description

This book highlights the versatility of graphene focusing on the background of graphene, its overall structure, superior properties, fabrication routes, characterization techniques, graphene composites/derivatives, and potential applications. A remarkable surge in interest for graphene and its applications has resulted in a substantial increase in the number of publications in terms of reviews and scientific articles, books and patents. Therefore, this book essentially addresses a wide range of graphene research and provides a great resource for beginners, students in sciences or engineering, researchers, professionals, and materials scientists. ​ Preface Contents Introduction 1 Introduction 1.1 Brief Narration of the Book References Introduction of Graphene: The “Mother” of All Carbon Allotropes 1 Introduction 2 Properties 3 Graphene Oxide (GO) 4 Applications of Graphene and its Derivatives 4.1 Batteries 4.2 Transistors 4.3 Computer Chips 4.4 Energy Generation and Energy Conversion 4.5 Supercapacitors 4.6 DNA Sequencing 4.7 Membrane Separation 4.8 Coatings 4.9 Lenses 4.10 Touch Screens 5 Conclusions References Extra Ordinary Properties of Graphene 1 Mechanical Properties 2 Chemical Properties 2.1 Chemical Structure and Bonding 2.2 Geometry and Stability 2.3 Chemistry of Graphene Materials 3 Thermal Properties 3.1 Phonon Dispersion of Graphene 4 Physico-Chemical Properties 4.1 Permeability 5 Biological Properties 6 Physical Properties 7 Magnetic Properties References Fabrication Routes of Graphene 1 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) 2 Mechanical Exfoliation 3 Chemical Exfoliation 4 Electrochemical Exfoliation 5 Arc Discharge 6 Epitaxial Growth 7 Pyrolysis References Graphene Oxide 1 Introduction 2 Structure and Properties 2.1 Thermal and Electronic Properties 2.2 Optical Properties 2.3 Mechanical Properties 3 Fabrication of GO 3.1 Brodie Method 3.2 Staudenmaier Method 3.3 Hummer’s Method 3.4 Modified Hummer’s Method 3.5 Tour Method 4 Characterization of GO 4.1 Morphology 4.2 Structure of GO Sheet 4.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) Analysis 4.4 Optical Absorption Analysis 4.5 Thermal Stability of GO Sheet 4.6 Elemental Analysis of GO Sheet 4.7 The XPS Analysis of GO Sheet 5 Applications of GO References The Characterization Analysis of Graphene 1 Spectroscopic and Microscopic Approaches 1.1 Raman Spectroscopy 1.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 1.3 Optical Microscopy 1.4 Scanning Probe and Tunneling Microscopy 1.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) 1.6 Atomic Force Microscopy 2 Conclusion References Potential Applications of Graphene 1 Introduction 2 Graphene Based Material for Energy Storage Devices 3 Graphene Based Material for Batteries 3.1 Li-Ion Batteries 3.2 Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 3.3 Na-Ion Batteries 3.4 Li-Air Batteries 4 Graphene Based Material for Supercapacitors 4.1 Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs) 4.2 Redox Based Electrochemical Capacitors 5 Graphene-Based Material for Flexible Optoelectronics 6 Graphene-Based Material for Touch-Based Flexible Screens and OLED Displays 6.1 Touch-Based Flexible Screens 6.2 Flexible Organic Light Emitting Diodes 7 Graphene-Based Materials for Biomedical Applications 7.1 Biofunctionalization with Proteins 7.2 Graphene-Based Material for DNA 7.3 Graphene-Based Material for Biosensing and Bioimaging 7.4 Graphene-Based Materials for Cancer Treatment 7.5 Graphene-Based Material for Antibacterial Effects 7.6 Graphene-Based Material for Drug Delivery 7.7 Graphene and Graphene Oxide in Tissue Engineering 7.8 Graphene-Based Material in Biomedical Implantation 7.9 Graphene-Based Material for Photothermal Therapy (PTT) 8 Graphene Based Materials for Water Purification 8.1 Heavy Metals Removal 8.2 Radioactive Metal Ions Removal 8.3 Organic Pollutants Removal 8.4 Other Agricultural Pollutants 9 Conclusion References Graphene Nanotechnology for Renewable Energy Systems 1 Introduction 2 Solar Technology 2.1 Graphene Solar Cell—Principle 2.2 Effects of Graphene Layers in Solar Cells 2.3 Effects of Doped Graphene in Solar Cells 2.4 Graphene-Silicon Solar Cells 2.5 Graphene-Based Polymer Solar Cells 2.6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 2.7 Graphene Quantum Dot (GQD) Solar Cells 2.8 Graphene-Based Perovskites Solar Cells (PSCs) 2.9 Graphene- Multi-junction Solar Cells 3 Energy Storage Devices 3.1 Graphene-Based Batteries 3.2 Graphene-Based Capacitors and Supercapacitors 3.3 Hybridization of Battery-Electrochemical Capacitors 4 Battery-Powered Vehicles 5 Fuel-Cell Technology 6 Other Applications 7 Limitations and Future Perspectives 8 Conclusions References Opinions on Graphene as a Super-Versatile Material for the Near Future References