Elementary Engineering Hydrology

Description

Cover Elementary Engineering Hydrology Copyright Brief Contents Contents Preface About the Author Introduction Definition Importance of Hydrology Sub-branches of Hydrology Supporting sciences Overlapping areas of Hydrology Influence of Hydrology Practical Use of Hydrology Embodying Sciences Quantity of Water Available on the Earth Global Water Budget History of Hydrology Phases of Development of Hydrology Hydrology in Ancient India Properties of Water Hydrological Cycle Quantitative Analysis of the Hydrological Cycle Processes In Hydrological Cycle Water-Holding Elements of the Hydrological Cycle Liquid-Transport Phases of the Hydrological Cycle Vapour-Transport Phases of the Hydrological Cycle Hydrological Process Deterministic Process Stochastic Process The Hydrological Equationthe Modern Techniques Remote Sensing Artificial Neural Network Geographical Information System Genetic Algorithm Fuzzy Logic Hydrometeorology Definition Atmosphere and its Constituents Existence of the Atmosphere Density and Pressure of the Atmosphere Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere Vapour Pressure Relative Humidity Saturation Deficit Dew-Point Temperature Wet-Bulb Temperature Measurement of Humidity Hygrograph Wind Wind Velocity Direction of Wind Level of Anemometer Effect of Wind Temperature Factors Affecting Temperature Measurement of Temperature Average Daily Temperature Normal Average Temperature Lapse Rate Air Mass Air Front Cyclone Causes of Cyclone Extratropical Cyclone Anticyclone Evaporation and Transpiration Definition Process of Evaporation Dalton’s Law of Evaporation Necessity of Estimation of Evaporation Estimation of Evaporation Water Budget Method Energy Budget Method Mass Transfer Method Methods of Actual Observations Pan Observations pan Observations on a Pan Pan Coefficient Factors Affecting Pan Coefficient Land Pan Floating Pan Sunken Pan Formulae to Estimate the Evaporation From a Reservoir Factors Affecting Evaporation Temperature Solar Radiation Wind Barometric Pressure and Altitude Quality of Water Depth of Water Other Factors Control of Evaporation From a Reservoir Surface Area Reduction Mechanical Covers Wind Shields Surface Films Chemicals Normally Used Application of Chemicals Floating Covers Transpiration Factors Affecting Transpiration Measurement of Transpiration Transpiration Reduction Evapotranspiration Potential Evapotranspiration Measurement of Evapotranspiration Soil Evaporation Precipitation Definition Different Forms of Precipitation Terminal Velocity of a Raindrop Process of Precipitation Mechanism to Cool the Air Mechanism to Produce Condensation Mechanism of Droplet Growth Mechanism to Produce Accumulation of Moisture Factors Affecting Precipitation Height of Station Presence of Mountains and Their Relative Position Nearness of the Oceans and Seas Forestation and Urbanization Prevalent Wind Direction Sunspots Precipitation Cycle Types of Precipitation Cyclonic Precipitation Convective Precipitation Orographic Precipitation Artificial Precipitation Measurement of Precipitation History of Precipitation Measurement Considerations for Selecting Site for a Rain Gauge Hyetograph Mass Curve of Precipitation Types of Rain Gauges non-recording rain gauge Automatic rain gauges Radar Measurement of Rainfall Difficulties in the Measurement of Precipitation Rainy days Classification of Intensity of Rainfall Average Precipitation Index of Wetness Supplementing Rainfall Data Arithmetic Average Method Normal Ratio Method Weighted Average Method Consistency Verification of Rain Gauge Double Mass Curve Method Average Depth of Precipitation Arithmetic Mean Method Thiessen Polygon Method Isohyetal Method Rain Gauge Density Minimum Density of Rain Gauge Stations Moving Average Curve Probable Maximum Precipitation Relation Between the Extremes and the Average Precipitation Station Year Method Recurrence Interval of a Storm Intensity Duration Analysis Intensity–Frequency–Duration Analysis Isopluvial Map Depth–Area–Duration Analysis Transposition of a Storm Precipitation Over India South-West Monsoon Post-Monsoon Winter Rains Pre-Monsoon Infiltration Definition Infiltration and Percolation Abstractions Dominant Abstraction Excess Rainfall Process of Infiltration Factors Affecting Infiltration Rainfall Characteristics Ground Surface Condition Soil Characteristics Soil Moisture Human Activities Climatic Conditions Entrapped Air Other Minor Factors measurement of Infiltration Flooding-Type Infiltrometers Single-tube flooding infiltrometer Double-tube flooding infiltrometer Drawbacks in tube infiltrometers Expression of Infiltration Equation Infiltration Indices index W Index Wmin Index fav Hydrograph Definition Units Area of Hydrograph Isolated Storm Complex Storm Hydrograph of an Isolated Storm Analysis of a Hydrograph Due to an Isolated Storm Separation of Base Flow Procedure to Separate Base Flow Simple Judgement Equation of the Recession Curve Master Depletion Curve Semi-Log Analysis Recession Discharge Analysis Extension of Base Flow Graph Review of the Methods Base Flow Separation of a Complex Storm Excess Rainfall Unit Hydrograph Definition of Unit Hydrograph Definitions Involved in Unit Hydrograph Theory Specifications of Unit Hydrograph Assumptions Made in the Unit Hydrograph Theory Use of Unit Hydrograph to Derive Flood Hydrograph S Hydrograph Limitations of Unit Hydrograph Theory Changing of Time of Unit Precipitation Increase in the Time of Unit Precipitation Method 1 Method 2 Method 3 Method 4 Reduction in the Time of Unit Precipitation Method 1 Method 2 Derivation of Unit Hydrograph Ven Te Chow’s Forward Substitution Method Ven Te Chow’s Backward Substitution Method Collin’s Method Averaging of Unit Hydrograph Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Snyder Method Central Water Commission Method for Indian Catchments Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph Distribution Graph Triangular Unit Hydrograph Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph Derivation of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph Runoff Definition Units of Runoff Ridge Line Groundwater Divide Line Catchment Area Stream Order Drainage Density Stream Density Length of Stream Form Factor of Catchment Area Circularity Ratio Elongation Ratio of the Catchment Area Shape Factor Relief of Catchment Area Compactness Coefficient Slope of a Catchment Area Relation of Catchment Area With Its Length Watershed Leakage Classification of Catchment Areas Catchment Flow Characteristics Overland Flow Bank Storage Valley Storage Antecedent Precipitation Index Process of Runoff Classification of Streams Influent Stream Effluent Stream Intermittent Stream Ephemeral Stream Perennial Stream Stream Patterns Factors Affecting Runoff Precipitation Size and Shape of the Catchment Area Geographical Conditions Meteorological Conditions Drainage Net Other Factors Sources or Components of Runoff Direct Precipitation on the Stream Channel Surface Runoff Interflow Groundwater Flow Regeneration Estimation of Runoff Standard Tables Binnie’s table Rainfall–Runoff correlation Strange’s Coefficient Barlow’s method Empirical Formulae Sir Inglis formula Khosla’s formula Rational formula Deducting Abstractions from Precipitation Rainfall–Runoff Correlation Dependable Flow Flow Duration Curve Runoff Coefficient Runoff Cycle Flood Definition Features of Flood Causes of Flood Water Year Factors Affecting Flood Precipitation Size And Shape of Basin Movement of Storm Antecedent Precipitation Index Other Factors Classification of Floods Estimation of Floods Estimation And Increase Of Observed Floods Envelope Curve Empirical Formulae dickens formula sir inglis formula Ali Nawaz Jung Bahadur Formula Rational formula Unit hydrograph procedure Formula Statistical Methods Probability Plotting Probability Of Extreme Conditions Gumbell’s Distribution Log-Pearson Type Iii Distribution RISK Discharge Measurement Definition Importance Of Discharge Measurement Units Of Discharge Objectives Of Discharge Measurement The Basic Principle Water Potential Units Of Water Potential The Stream The Stage Of A River Measurement Of A Stage Wading The Stream Fixing Gauges Suspension Weight Method Water-Stage Recorder Automatic Water Level Recorder Measurement Of Discharge Selection Of A Site Cross-Sectional Area Of A Stream Evaluation Of A Cross-Sectional Area Echo Sounder Area–Slope Method Merits And Demerits Of The Area–Slope Method Area–Velocity Method Area Of Flow Velocity Of Flow Evaluation Of Velocity Of Flow Float Method Types Of Floats Characteristics Of The Surface Float Rod Float Merits And Demerits Of The Float Method Current Meter Method Cup-Type Current Meter Propeller-Type Current Meter Observations By A Current Meter Lowering The Current Meter Air-Line And Wet-Line Corrections Discharge Computations Pitot Tube Salt Titration Method Properties Of A Salt Or Chemical Discharge Measurement By Hydraulic Structures Notches Throttled Flumes Standing Wave Flume Parshall flume Weirs Broad-Crested Weir Ogee-Shaped Weir Hydraulic Model Method Ultrasonic Method Electromagnetic Induction Method Moving-Boat Technique Stage Discharge Relation Extrapolation Of Rating Curve Stream Gauging Network Flood Routing Definition Types Of Flood Routing Hydraulic Flood Routing Hydrologic Flood Routing Flood-Routing Machines Flood Routing Through Channels Muskingum Method Selection Of Δt Determination Of K And X Flood Routing Through Reservoir Puls Method Practical Cases Groundwater Definition Sources Of Groundwater Peculiarities Of Groundwater Formation Of Groundwater Unsaturated Zone Soil–water zone Intermediate zone Capillary zone Saturated Zone Occurrence Of Groundwater Aquifer Aquiclude Aquitard Aquifuge Leaky Aquifer Perched Groundwater Parameters Of An Aquifer Porosity Permeability Darcy’s Law Storage Coefficient Specific Yield And Specific Retention Transmissibility Steady One-Dimensional Groundwater Flow Unconfined Aquifer Confined Aquifer Well Hydraulics Open Well Tube Well Groundwater Movement Steady Radial Flow In An Unconfined Aquifer Steady Radial Flow In A Confined Aquifer Groundwater Exploration Electric-Resistivity Method Seismic-Refraction Method Remote-Sensing Method Radio-Isotope Method Test-Drilling Method Water Divining Yield From A Basin Yield From A Well Safe Yield From A Well Pumping Test Recuperation Test Well Interference Sea Water Intrusion Recharging Of Groundwater Appendices Appendix_I International System Of Units [Si] Appendix_II Conversion Table for SI Units Appendix_III Roman Numerals Appehdix_IV Greek Alphabet Appendix_V Metric Prefixes Appendix_VI Key To Survey Maps Appendix_VII Multifaceted Water Appendix_VIII Appendix_IX Water Resources Of India Appendix_X India’s National Water Policy Appendix_XI The Bureau Of Indian Standards Appendix_XII Water in Indian languages Appendix_XIII Jal Subhashitani Appendix XIV Wisdom of water Bibliography Index