Energy Sustainability: Reverse and Forward Osmosis: Principles, Applications, Advances

Description

Energy Sustainability is a subject with many dimensions that spans both production and utilization and how they are linked to sustainable development. More importantly, energy systems are designed, analyzed, assessed and evaluated in accordance to sustainable tools for more sustainable future. This book comprehensively covers these aspects, harmonizing them in a way that offers distinct perspectives for energy, the environment and sustainable development. In addition, it also covers concepts, systems, applications, illustrative examples and case studies that are presented to provide unique coverage for readers. Front cover Copyright Contents Preface Chapter 1. Fundamental aspects of energy, environment, and sustainability 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Energy 1.2.1 Energy forms 1.2.2 Energy history 1.2.3 Thermodynamics 1.3 Environment 1.3.1 Environmental impact 1.3.2 Climate change and global warming 1.3.3 Energy and the environment 1.4 Sustainability 1.5 Closing remarks Chapter 2. Energy sources 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Fossil fuels 2.2.1 Coal 2.2.2 Oil, petroleum, and natural gas 2.3 Nuclear energy 2.4 Renewable energy 2.4.1 Wind 2.4.2 Solar 2.4.3 Geothermal 2.4.4 Tidal and wave 2.4.5 Biomass and biofuel 2.4.6 Hydro 2.4.7 Hydrogen 2.5 Closing remarks Chapter 3. Energy systems 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Power-generating systems 3.2.1 Fossil-fuel power plants 3.2.2 Nuclear power plants 3.2.3 Geothermal power plants 3.2.4 Solar power plants 3.2.5 Wind power plants 3.2.6 Biomass power plants 3.3 Heating systems 3.3.1 Solar heating systems 3.3.2 Geothermal heating systems 3.3.3 Biomass heating systems 3.3.4 Heat pumps 3.4 Refrigeration systems 3.5 Refineries 3.6 Closing remarks Chapter 4. Energy services 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Electricity 4.3 Heating and cooling 4.4 Closing remarks Chapter 5. Community energy systems 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Combined heat and power 5.3 Fuel cells 5.4 Photovoltaic thermal energy systems 5.5 Hybrid energy systems 5.6 Microgrids 5.7 District heating systems 5.8 District cooling systems 5.9 Thermal energy storage 5.10 Cogeneration systems 5.11 Trigeneration systems 5.12 Closing remarks Chapter 6. Sustainability modeling 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sustainability assessment categories 6.2.1 Energy aspect 6.2.2 Exergy aspect 6.2.3 Economic impact 6.2.4 Technology 6.2.5 Social aspect 6.2.6 Environmental impact 6.2.7 Education 6.2.8 Size factor 6.2.9 Summary 6.3 Indicators 6.4 Model development and framework 6.4.1 Methodology 6.4.1.1 Energy aspect 6.4.1.1.1 Energy efficiency 6.4.1.1.2 Production rate 6.4.1.2 Exergy aspect 6.4.1.2.1 Exergy efficiency 6.4.1.2.2 Exergy destruction ratio 6.4.1.3 Environmental impact 6.4.1.3.1 Global warming potential 6.4.1.3.2 Stratospheric ozone depletion potential 6.4.1.3.3 Acidification potential 6.4.1.3.4 Eutrophication potential 6.4.1.3.5 Air toxicity 6.4.1.3.6 Water ecotoxicity 6.4.1.3.7 Smog air 6.4.1.3.8 Water consumption 6.4.1.3.9 Abiotic depletion potential 6.4.1.4 Economic impact 6.4.1.4.1 Benefit-cost ratio 6.4.1.4.2 Payback time 6.4.1.4.3 Levelized cost of electricity/energy 6.4.1.4.4 Operation and maintenance cost 6.4.1.5 Technology 6.4.1.5.1 Commercializability 6.4.1.5.2 Technology readiness 6.4.1.5.3 Innovation 6.4.1.6 Social aspect 6.4.1.6.1 Job creation 6.4.1.6.2 Public awareness 6.4.1.6.3 Social acceptance 6.4.1.6.4 Social cost 6.4.1.6.5 Human welfare Human welfare is a soft indicator that is used in this mode 6.4.1.6.6 Human health 6.4.1.7 Education 6.4.1.7.1 Staff training 6.4.1.7.2 Educational level of staff 6.4.1.8 Size factor 6.4.1.8.1 Mass of energy system 6.4.1.8.2 Land use of energy system 6.4.1.8.3 Volume of energy system 6.4.2 Multicriteria decision analysis 6.4.2.1 Compensability 6.4.2.2 Data aggregation 6.4.2.3 Weighting of data 6.4.3 Assessment indexes 6.4.3.1 Energy index 6.4.3.2 Exergy index 6.4.3.3 Environmental friendliness index 6.4.3.4 Economic index 6.4.3.5 Technology index 6.4.3.6 Social index 6.4.3.7 Educational index 6.4.3.8 Sizing index 6.5 Closing remarks Chapter 7. Case studies 7.1 Case study 1: sustainability assessment of Ontario’s energy sector 7.1.1 Introduction 7.1.2 Sustainability assessment 7.1.3 Environmental impact assessment 7.1.3.1 Industrial sector 7.1.3.2 Transportation sector 7.1.3.3 Residential sector 7.1.3.4 Commercial sector 7.1.4 Economic performance assessment 7.1.4.1 Natural gas 7.1.4.2 Electricity 7.1.5 Social impact assessment 7.1.5.1 Job creation 7.1.5.2 Social acceptance and public awareness 7.1.5.3 Perceived cost of electricity 7.1.6 Closing remarks 7.2 Case study 2: sustainability assessment of an integrated net zero energy house 7.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2 System description 7.2.2.1 Geothermal system 7.2.2.2 Solar photovoltaic system 7.2.3 Sustainability assessment 7.2.4 Results and discussion 7.2.4.1 Sustainability assessment results 7.2.5 Closing remarks 7.3 Case study 3: sustainability assessment of an integrated solar PVT system 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 System analysis 7.3.3 Solar irradiance data 7.3.4 Solar modeling 7.3.5 Results and discussion 7.3.6 Closing remarks Chapter 8. Future directions and conclusions Bibliography Nomenclature Index