Proto-Fula-Sereer Lexicon, morphophonology, and noun classes

Description

Contents Acknowledgments Abbreviations 1 Introduction 2 The consonant mutation system 2.1 Data 2.1.1 Fulalan]Fula! 2.1.2 Sereerlan]Sereer! 2.2 Is the evolution of the PFS consonant mutations phonetic or morphological? 2.3 The PFS mutation system and its evolution 2.3.1 The evolution of the PFSlan]PFS! mutation system in Fulalan]Fula! 2.3.2 The evolution of the PFSlan]PFS! mutation system in Sereerlan]Sereer! 2.3.3 Initial consonants in PFSlan]PFS! verbs and their reflexes 2.3.4 Fula 2.3.5 Sereer 2.4 Potential reflexes of the PFS initial consonants in Fula and Sereer 3 Initial voiceless consonants 3.1 Proto *P: *p/p/f > Sereer mb/p/f ~Fula p/p/f 3.1.1 Sereerlan]Sereer! f I ~ Fulalan]Fula! f I 3.1.2 Sereerlan]Sereer! p II ~ Fulalan]Fula! p II,III 3.1.3 Sereerlan]Sereer! mb III ~ p II,III 3.1.4 Sereerlan]Sereer! f I ~ Fulalan]Fula! p II,III 3.1.5 Sereerlan]Sereer! p II ~ Fulalan]Fula! f I 3.1.6 Sereerlan]Sereer! mb III ~ Fulalan]Fula! f I 3.2 Proto *T: *t/t/r > Sereer nd/t/r (l, nd/t/d) ~Fula t/t/t 3.2.1 Sereerlan]Sereer! r I ~ Fulalan]Fula! t 3.2.2 Sereerlan]Sereer! t II ~ Fulalan]Fula! t 3.2.3 Sereerlan]Sereer! nd III ~ Fulalan]Fula! t 3.3 Proto *C: *c/c/s > Sereer nj/c/s ~ Fula c/c/s 3.3.1 Sereerlan]Sereer! s I ~ Fulalan]Fula! s I 3.3.2 Sereerlan]Sereer! c II ~ Fulalan]Fula! c II,III 3.3.3 Sereerlan]Sereer! s I ~ Fulalan]Fula! c II,III 3.3.4 Sereer c II ~ Fula s I 3.4 Proto *K: *k/k/h > Sereer ng/k/h ~ Fula k/k/h 3.4.1 Sereerlan]Sereer! h I ~ Fulalan]Fula! h I 3.4.2 Sereerlan]Sereer! k II ~ Fulalan]Fula! k II,III 3.4.3 Sereerlan]Sereer! h I ~ Fulalan]Fula! k II,III 3.4.4 Sereerlan]Sereer! k II ~ Fulalan]Fula! h I 3.4.5 Sereerlan]Sereer! ng III ~ Fulalan]Fula! h I 3.5 Proto*Q: *q/q/x > Sereer nɢ/q/x ~ Fula k/k/h 3.5.1 Sereerlan]Sereer! x I ~ Fulalan]Fula! h I 3.5.2 Sereerlan]Sereer! x I ~ Fulalan]Fula! k II,III 3.5.3 Sereerlan]Sereer! nɢ III ~ Fulalan]Fula! k II,III 3.5.4 Sereerlan]Sereer! nɢ III ~ Fulalan]Fula! h I 4 Initial labialized consonants 4.1 Proto*KW: *kw/kw/h ~ Ɂ > Sereer mb/p/f ~ Fula k/k/h 4.1.1 Sereerlan]Sereer! f I ~ Fulalan]Fula! h I: 4.1.2 Sereerlan]Sereer! f I ~ Fulalan]Fula! k II: 4.2 Proto *GW: *ngw/gw/ɣw > Sereer mb/b/w ~ Fula ng/g/w 4.2.1 Sereerlan]Sereer! w I ~ Fulalan]Fula! w,y,Ɂ I (/ g II): 4.2.2 Sereerlan]Sereer! b II ~ Fulalan]Fula! g II: 4.2.3 Sereerlan]Sereer! b II ~ Fulalan]Fula! w,y,Ɂ I (/ g II): 4.3 Proto *BW: *mbw/bw/w > Sereer mb/b/w ~ Fula mb/b/w,y 4.3.1 Sereerlan]Sereer! w I ~ Fulalan]Fula! w,y,Ɂ I: 4.3.2 Sereerlan]Sereer! w I ~ Fulalan]Fula! b II: 4.4 Proto *GW? Proto *BW? 5 Initial voiced consonants 5.1 The retention of the voiced series in Sereer and Fula 5.1.1 PFSlan]PFS! *B: *mb/b/w > Sereerlan]Sereer! mb/p/b ~ Fulalan]Fula! mb/b/w 5.1.2 Sereerlan]Sereer! b I ~ Fulalan]Fula! w I: 5.1.3 Sereerlan]Sereer! b I ~ Fulalan]Fula! b II: 5.1.4 Sereerlan]Sereer! p II ~ Fulalan]Fula! b II: 5.1.5 Sereerlan]Sereer! mb III ~ Fulalan]Fula! mb III: 5.1.6 Sereerlan]Sereer! b I ~ Fulalan]Fula! mb III: 5.1.7 Sereerlan]Sereer! mb III ~ Fulalan]Fula! w~y I: 5.1.8 Sereerlan]Sereer! mb III ~ Fulalan]Fula! b II: 5.1.9 PFSlan]PFS! *D: *nd/d/l > Sereerlan]Sereer! nd/t/d ~ Fulalan]Fula! nd/d/r 5.1.10 Sereerlan]Sereer! d I ~ Fulalan]Fula! r I: 5.1.11 Sereerlan]Sereer! d I ~ Fulalan]Fula! d II: 5.1.12 Sereerlan]Sereer! t II ~ Fulalan]Fula! d II: 5.1.13 Sereerlan]Sereer! nd III ~ Fulalan]Fula! nd III: 5.1.14 Sereerlan]Sereer! nd III ~ Fulalan]Fula! r I: 5.1.15 Sereerlan]Sereer! nd III ~ Fulalan]Fula! d II: 5.1.16 PFSlan]PFS! *J: *nj/j/j > Sereerlan]Sereer! nj/c/j ~ Fulalan]Fula! nj/j/y 5.1.17 Sereerlan]Sereer! j I ~ Fulalan]Fula! y I: 5.1.18 Sereerlan]Sereer! j I ~ Fulalan]Fula! j II: 5.1.19 Sereerlan]Sereer! c II ~ Fulalan]Fula! j II: 5.1.20 Sereerlan]Sereer! nj III ~ Fulalan]Fula! nj III: 5.1.21 PFSlan]PFS! *G: *ng/g/g > Sereerlan]Sereer! ng/k/g ~ Fulalan]Fula! ng/g/w,ʏ,Ɂ 5.1.22 Sereerlan]Sereer! g I ~ Fula w,y,Ɂ I: 5.1.23 Sereerlan]Sereer! g I ~ Fula g II: 5.1.24 Sereerlan]Sereer! k II ~ Fula g II: 5.1.25 Sereerlan]Sereer! ng III ~ Fula ng III: 5.1.26 Sereerlan]Sereer! k II ~ Fula ng III: 5.1.27 Sereerlan]Sereer! ng III ~ Fula w,y,Ɂ I: 5.1.28 Sereerlan]Sereer! ng III ~ Fula g II: 5.2 Sereer loss of voicing 5.2.1 PFSlan]PFS! *B: *mb/b/w > Sereerlan]Sereer! mb/p/f ~ Fulalan]Fula! mb/b/w 5.2.2 Sereerlan]Sereer! f I ~ Fulalan]Fula! w y,Ɂ I: 5.2.3 Sereerlan]Sereer! f I ~ Fulalan]Fula! b II: 5.2.4 Sereerlan]Sereer! f I ~ Fulalan]Fula! mb III: 5.2.5 Sereerlan]Sereer! p/f II / I ~ Fulalan]Fula! b II: 5.2.6 PFSlan]PFS! *J: *nj/j/j > Sereerlan]Sereer! nj/c/s ~ Fulalan]Fula! nj/j/y 5.2.7 Proto *G: *ng/g/g > Sereerlan]Sereer! ng/k/h ~ Fulalan]Fula! ng/g/w,y,Ɂ 5.2.8 Sereerlan]Sereer! h I ~ Fulalan]Fula! w,y,Ɂ I: 5.2.9 Sereerlan]Sereer! h I ~ Fulalan]Fula! g II: 5.2.10 Sereerlan]Sereer! x I ~ Fulalan]Fula! w,y,Ɂ I: 5.2.11 Sereerlan]Sereer! x I ~ Fulalan]Fula! g II: 5.2.12 Sereerlan]Sereer! x I ~ Fulalan]Fula! ng III: 5.2.13 The question of postvelar voiced stop reconstruction 5.2.14 PFSlan]PFS! *D: *nd/d/d > Sereerlan]Sereer! nd/t/r ~ Fulalan]Fula! nd/d/r. 5.3 The correspondence of the voiceless and voiced dental series and their interpretation 5.3.1 Proto *T: *t/t/r > Sereerlan]Sereer! nd/t/d ~ Fulalan]Fula! t 5.3.2 Sereerlan]Sereer! d I ~ Fulalan]Fula! t: 5.3.3 Proto *D/T: *t/t/r? *nd/d/d? > Sereerlan]Sereer! nd/t/r ~ Fulalan]Fula! nd/d/r 5.3.4 Sereerlan]Sereer! r I ~ Fulalan]Fula! r I: 5.3.5 Sereerlan]Sereer! r I ~ Fulalan]Fula! d II: 6 Initial unmutated consonants. Unclear correspondences. Conclusions 6.1 Nasals 6.1.1 *m-: 6.1.2 *n-: 6.1.3 *ɲ-: 6.1.4 *ŋ-: 6.2 Glottalized consonants 6.2.1 *ɓ-: 6.2.2 *ɗ-: 6.2.3 *ƴ-: 6.3 Sonorants and the glottal stop: *w, *l, *y, *Ɂ 6.3.1 *l-: 6.3.2 *y-: 6.3.3 *Ɂ: 6.4 Unclear or controversial correspondences 6.4.1 Unclear correspondences 6.4.2 Correspondences between nasals and non-nasals 6.5 Frequencies of initial consonants in *PFS and their diachronic interpretations 6.5.1 Summary of statistics 6.5.2 The voiceless consonant series 7 Root-final consonants 7.1 Transformations of consonantal combinations in Fula 7.1.1 Nasalization of the root-final consonant 7.1.2 The assimilation of consonants resulting in geminates 7.1.3 The deletion of the root-final consonant and the lengthening of the vowel 7.1.4 The devoicing of the final consonant before the voiceless consonant of a suffix 7.1.5 Metathesis 7.1.6 The change of fricatives into sonorants 7.1.7 Lenition 7.2 Comparison of the Sereer and Fula non-initial consonants 7.2.1 Comparison of root structures 7.2.1.1 Fula 7.2.1.2 Sereer 7.2.2 Consonant clusters 7.2.3 Prenasalized consonants 7.2.4 The problem of prenasalized voiceless consonants 7.2.5 Prenasalized voiced consonants 7.2.6 Labials 7.2.7 Dentals 7.2.8 Palatals 7.2.9 Postvelars? 7.2.10 Geminates 7.2.11 Formation of dental and palatal geminates CC from clusters C1C2 at the junction of the root and a suffix. 7.2.12 Formation of geminates before the causative suffix -in- 7.2.13 Variant forms -CC ~ -C and their interpretations 7.2.13.1 Voiceless stops 7.2.13.2 Voiced stops 7.2.13.3 Prenazalized stops 7.2.13.4 Other series 7.3 The general system of non-initial consonant correspondences 7.3.1 Labialized consonants 7.3.2 Fricative velar 7.3.3 Retroflex *-ʈ 7.3.4 Correspondences not included in the table 7.3.5 Sereerlan]Sereer! -ɗ ~ Fulalan]Fula! -r (*d/r) 7.3.6 Sereerlan]Sereer! -d ~ Fulalan]Fula! -r (*d/r) 7.3.7 Sereerlan]Sereer! -d ~ Fulalan]Fula! -ɗ (*d/ɗ) and Sereer -d ~ Fula -ɗɗ (*d/ɗɗ) 7.3.8 Sereerlan]Sereer! -t ~ Fulalan]Fula! -d (*t/d) and Sereer -t ~ Fula -ɗ (*t/ɗ) 8 Vowels 8.1 Correspondences between differing vowels 8.2 Vowel length 9 PFS noun classes 9.1 Fula 9.1.1 Human classes 9.1.2 Size classes 9.1.3 Classes outside of SG/PL correlations 9.1.4 Neutral classes 9.1.4.1 Plural neutral classes 9.1.4.2 Singular neutral classes 9.1.4.2.1 Class ka 9.1.4.2.2 Class ki 9.1.4.2.3 Class ko 9.1.4.2.4 Class ndi 9.1.4.2.5 Class ndu 9.1.4.2.6 Class mba ~ nga 9.1.4.2.7 Class nge 9.1.4.2.8 Class ngo 9.1.4.2.9 Class ngu 9.1.4.2.10 Class ngal 9.1.4.2.11 Class ngol 9.1.5 SG/PL correlations and consonant mutations 9.2 Sereer 9.2.1 Singular classes 9.2.1.1 Class o-… ox 9.2.1.2 Class (g)o-... ol 9.2.1.3 Class (g)a-... al 9.2.1.4 Class fo-… ol 9.2.1.5 Class (gi-)… n 9.2.1.6 Class (gi-)… l 9.2.1.7 Classes Ø-… fan, fa-… fan 9.2.2 Plural classes 9.2.2.1 Class Ø-… w 9.2.2.2 Class fu-… n 9.2.2.3 Classes a-… ak, (x)a-… -ax, Ø-… k 9.2.3 Determiners 9.2.4 The correlation between nouns classes and derivational suffixes 9.2.5 The correlation between noun classes and phonetic segments of lexical stems 9.3 Problems of PFS class reconstruction 9.3.1 Size classes 9.3.2 Correspondences of Sereerlan]Sereer! classes with f- in Fulalan]Fula! 9.3.3 Fulalan]Fula! classes with ɗ- and their possible correspondences in Sereerlan]Sereer! 9.3.4 PFSlan]PFS! class reconstruction 9.3.4.1 Sereer C- (determiner) ~ Fula -CV (suffix) 9.3.4.2 Sereer VC- (determiner) ~ Fula -(C)VC (suffix) 9.3.4.3 Correspondences with differing structures in Fula and Sereer 9.3.4.4 The absence of correspondences 9.3.5 PFSlan]PFS! noun class system 9.3.5.1 Singular classes 9.3.5.1.1 Class *KO II (*Ø-… ko) – Proto-Niger-Congolan]Proto-Niger-Congo! class 1 9.3.5.1.2 Class *DE I (*Ø-… de) –Proto-Niger-Congolan]Proto-Niger-Congo! class 5 9.3.5.1.3 Class *GO I (*Ø-… go) (with the development in Sereerlan]Sereer! of the derived class (g)o-… o-l I) 9.3.5.1.4 Class *KWI III (*Ø-… kwi) 9.3.5.1.5 Class *A-DA II (*(a-)… a-la) 9.3.5.1.6 Class *GE I (*Ø-… ge) 9.3.5.1.7 Class *KWO-… KWO I (*kwo-… kwo) 9.3.5.1.8 Class *KWA I,II (*Ø-… kwa) with the subsequent appearance of 0pt!-nheight-0.5 -widthheightdepth- widthheightdepthheight in Sereerlan]Sereer! 9.3.5.1.9 Class *DU I (*Ø-… du) and the derived classes *O-DU I (*o-…o-du) and *DU III 9.3.5.1.10 Class *GU~WU III (*Ø-… gu/wu) 9.3.5.1.11 Class *WA III (*Ø-… di) with the correspondence Sereerlan]Sereer! Ø-… n ~ Fulalan]Fula! mba ~ nga and, possibly, derived from *WA-… WA III with the correspondence fa-… fan ~ Fula mba~nga 9.3.5.1.12 Class *KA III (*Ø-… ka) – Proto-Niger-Congolan]Proto-Niger-Congo! class 12? 9.3.5.1.13 Class *DI III (*Ø-… di) 9.3.5.1.14 Class *GU-N III (*Ø-… ngu-N) 9.3.5.2 Plural classes 9.3.5.2.1 Class ƁE I (*Ø-… ɓe) 9.3.5.2.2 Class *-ɁEN (*Ø-…-Ɂen) 9.3.5.2.3 Class *ƊE ~ LE II (*Ø-… ɗe ~ le) 9.3.5.2.4 Class *ƊI ~ LI II (*Ø-… ɗi ~ li) 9.3.5.2.5 Class *(A)-XA II? (*(a-)… a-xa) 9.3.5.2.6 Class *KWO-N III (*kwo-… kwon) 9.3.5.3 Classes outside of number correlations 9.3.5.3.1 Class *A-MA III (*Ø-… a-ma) 9.3.5.3.2 Class *U-MU II? (*Ø-… u-mu) 9.3.5.4 PFS class system 10 Basic lexicon in PFS reconstructions 10.1 Presumptive PFS roots, reflected in Fulalan]Fula!, but not in Sereer 10.2 Presumptive PFS roots, reflected in Sereer, but not in Fula Appendix A: The PFS reconstructions References Index Name index Language index