Soil Physics. Lecture Notes
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Roth, K., 2012: Soil Physics. Lecture Notes. Institute of Environmental Physics, Heidelberg University, Germany. https://ts.iup.uni-heidelberg.de/fileadmin/user_upload/misc/teaching/sp-2.2.pdf Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Global Terrestrial Water and Energy Fluxes . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Anthropogenic Use of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 Water Quantity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2.2 Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 Why Study Small-Scale Processes in Soils? . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2 Fluid Dynamics 13 2.1 Generic Formulation of Single Phase Dynamics . . . . . . . . 14 2.1.1 Forces and Fluxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.1.2 Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.1.3 Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.2 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.1 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.2.2 Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.3 Flow of Incompressible Newtonian Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3.1 Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2.3.2 Approximations of Navier-Stokes Equation . . . . . . . 24 2.3.3 Similarity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3.4 Initial and Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.3.5 Particular Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3 Fluids in Porous Media 31 3.1 Architecture of Porous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.1.1 Simple Porous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 3.1.2 Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 3.1.3 Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 3.2 Multiple Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.2.1 Interfacial Energy and Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3.2.2 Discontinuity of Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 3.2.3 Equilibrium Distribution of Multiple Phases . . . . . . . 42 3.3 Transition to Continuum Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3.1 Representative Elementary Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.3.2 Texture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.3.3 State Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.3.4 Mass Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.3.5 Empirical Flux Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.4 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.4.1 Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 3.4.2 Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 3.4.3 Flux Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 3.4.4 Compressibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4 Solutes in Porous Media 77 4.1 Transport at the Pore-Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.1.1 Molecular Diffusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.1.2 Taylor-Aris Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 4.1.3 Dispersion in Pore-Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 4.2 Transport in Porous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 4.2.1 State Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.2.2 Mass Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 4.2.3 Empirical Flux Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.2.4 Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.2.5 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 5 Groundwater Flow 101 5.1 Dynamics of Flow in Confined Aquifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 5.1.1 Stationary Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 5.1.2 Large Aquifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.2 Stationary Flow in Uniform Aquifer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 5.2.1 Pumping Well in Regional Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.2.2 Dipole Pumping in Regional Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 5.3 Stationary Flow in Heterogeneous Aquifer . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.3.1 A Field Study: The Borden Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 5.4 Simulated Single-Scale Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.4.1 Hydraulic Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 5.4.2 Simulation of Stationary Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.4.3 Effective Hydraulic Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.5 Dynamics of Flow in Unconfined Aquifer . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 5.6 Case Study: Groundwater in Rhein-Neckar Region . . . . . . 121 5.6.1 Groundwater Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 5.6.2 Model Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.6.3 Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6 Soil Water Flow 133 6.1 Dynamics of Soil Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 6.1.1 Degenerate Multiphase Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 6.1.2 Continuous Multiphase Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 6.1.3 Discontinuous Multiphase Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 6.2 Stationary Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.2.1 Uniform Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.2.2 Layered Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6.2.3 Heterogeneous Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.2.4 Effective Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.3 Transient Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.3.1 Infiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.3.2 Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 6.3.3 Infiltration Event . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 6.3.4 Evapotranspiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 6.3.5 Natural Atmospheric Forcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 6.4 Inverse Estimation of Hydraulic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . 175 6.5 Preferential Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 6.5.1 Macropore Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 6.5.2 Flow Instabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 7 Solute Transport 195 7.1 Transport with Stationary Groundwater Flow . . . . . . . . . 197 7.1.1 Generic Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 7.1.2 Near-Field: Stochastic Convection (SC) . . . . . . . . . 200 7.1.3 Far-Field: Convection-Dispersion (CD) . . . . . . . . . 201 7.1.4 Transfer Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 7.1.5 A First Glimpse at Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 7.1.6 Heterogeneous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 7.1.7 Aquifers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 8 Soil Heat 241 8.1 Thermodynamics of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 8.1.1 Free Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 8.1.2 Water in Porous Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 8.2 Heat Conduction in Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 8.2.1 Dynamics of Conductive Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . 249 8.2.2 Ground Temperature as Archive for Paleoclimate . . . . 254 8.3 Heat Conduction in Porous Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 8.3.1 Effective Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 8.3.2 Effective Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 8.4 Permafrost Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 8.4.1 High-Latitude Permafrost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 A Mathematical Tools 291 A.1 Vector Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 A.1.1 Gauss Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 A.1.2 Total Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 A.1.3 Conservation Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 A.1.4 Stream Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 A.1.5 Lagrangian Multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 A.2 Statistical Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 A.2.1 Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 A.2.2 Central Limit Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 A.2.3 Random Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 A.2.4 Geostatistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 A.3 Laplace Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 A.3.1 Transforms of Derivatives and Integrals . . . . . . . . . 313 A.3.2 Transformed Solution of Differential Equations . . . . . 314 A.3.3 Statistical Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 A.3.4 Inverse Laplace Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 A.3.5 Table of Laplace Transform Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 A.4 Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 A.5 Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 A.5.1 Ordinary Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 A.5.2 Partial Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 B Numerical Methods 325 B.1 Partial Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 B.1.1 Finite Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 B.1.2 Finite Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 B.2 Nonlinear Parameter Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 C Modeling Exercises 333 C.1 Stationary Water Flow in Layered Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 C.2 Simple Atmospheric Forcing of Soil Water Flow . . . . . . . . 338 C.3 Fluctuating Water Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 C.4 Solute Transport with Stationary Water Flow . . . . . . . . . 341 C.5 Flow and Transport under Irrigated Field . . . . . . . . . . . 344 D Solutions to Problems 349 D.1 Problems in Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 D.2 Problems in Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 D.3 Problems in Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 D.4 Problems in Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 D.5 Problems in Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 D.6 Problems in Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 D.7 Problems in Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 E Some Constants and Material Properties 365 E.1 General Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 E.2 Material Properties of Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 E.3 Material Properties of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 E.4 Properties of Geologic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Dictionary English-Deutsch and Glossary 367 Bibliography 371 Index 381
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